parisa mohammadi

Paper substrates are highly susceptible to fungal degradation, as fungi produce enzymes that decompose paper materials. This study investigates and compares the antifungal efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through various physical and biological methods. The fungal strains tested, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp., were isolated from paper samples in a previous study, chosen for their more prevalence in contaminated paper. Five types of AgNPs, synthesized using both biological and physical methods, were evaluated. The biological methods involved the use of extracts from Juglans regia green husk, Malva sylvestris leaves, and cyanobacterial cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the AgNPs were determined using standard protocols. The MIC values of the AgNPs synthesized from different sources exhibited varying degrees of antifungal activity against the tested fungi. The AgNPs’ effectiveness ranked as follows: (1) AgNPs produced by Nostoc pruniforme, (2) AgNPs produced by M. sylvestris, (3) AgNPs produced by Nostoc IBRC-M5064, (4) AgNPs produced by J. regia, and (5) physically synthesized AgNPs. These findings highlight the potential of biologically synthesized AgNPs as environmentally friendly biocidal agents for preventing and controlling paper biodegradation.

The use of evidence-based policymaking in education policy and student health promotion can enhance the precision and reliability of policies. The current study aimed to identify the intervening factors of evidence-based educational policy and the possibility of improving them in the education and promotion of students' health.

The current study employed a mixed-methods design, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, utilizing thematic analysis and survey methods. In 2022, the study began by exploring the perceptions of experts and policymakers through semi-structured interviews with 18 participants. In the next step, a questionnaire was administered to 366 school principals to assess the extent to which intervening factors in the education system can be addressed. The qualitative phase employed a purposeful sampling method, while the quantitative phase utilized proportional random sampling. In order to ensure the accuracy of information in the qualitative phase, triangulation method was used, and in the quantitative phase, data model fit evaluation was conducted using first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analyses. Qualitative data analysis was done using Esterberg's thematic analysis method, and quantitative data was done using a one-sample t-test.

Based on the themes extracted from the research, the obstacles of evidence-based educational policymaking in the education and health promotion of students included a lack of dynamism of research policy and evidence collection, a lack of political decision-making, resource limitations, the evidence-policy gap, a lack of science uptake, and the possibility of paying attention to each of them in the educational system, which is regarded above average.

The effective application of evidence-based educational policy requires attitudinal changes at the higher and macro levels of the educational system and health education.

Endothelial cells (ECs), as the main cell types in the micro- and macro-vascular structure, are crucial to many vital physiological processes occurring in human body among which are both physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Due to their great heterogeneity, it is recommended that the ECs of each tissue should be studied separately. Recently, targeting angiogenesis in cancer has become one of the main strategies for cancer management. Accordingly, this study aimed to introduce a simple, costeffective, and practical model for studying tumor angiogenesis, which can contribute to studies focused on antiangiogenic-based treatments for cancer.

In this original study, the explants of both normal and tumor tissues of mouse lung and 4T1 mouse cancer model were cultured separately in a collagen type 1 bed. Sprouting ECs formed a network of vessel-liked structures that were photographed as a model for investigating cancerous and normal angiogenesis. These ECs were then isolated from the collagen matrix using collagenase to confirm their endothelial nature.

The results showed that the cells invading the collagen matrix and forming a vessel-liked network were of endothelial nature. They were also found to have EC-specific characteristics and express EC-specific markers. These embedded cells may have been treated with the desired drug or further isolated from the collagen matrix and investigated in a genome or protein level.

In sum, this modeling had the potential to become a suitable model for studying the pathological angiogenesis such as tumors in human and animal tissues.

Gold mine operations release toxic arsenic and other heavy metals into the environment, which can be accumulated in water resources and the food chain. As microbial bioremediation has been a promising method for pollutant removal from contaminated sites, the identification of bacterial communities in arsenic-contaminated resources has recently been in focus. The bacterial communities of tailings dam effluent (TDE) of a gold mine in Iran were analyzed. The bacterial communities were examined using the next-generation sequencing method (Illumina platform) targeting the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. The 16S rRNA dataset from this study was compared with three arsenic-contaminated groundwater (GW) microbiomes from SRA databases, using the bioinformatics tool QIIME 2. Our findings revealed that the prevalent taxonomic groups observed in all of the samples belonged to Proteobacteria (8.06-45.49%), Bacteroidetes (1.85-50.32%), Firmicutes (1.00-6.2%) and Actinobacteria (0.86-5.09%). Metagenomic analyses showed that Algoriphagus, Rhodobacter, Anaerospora, Limnobacter, Halomonas and Yonghaparkia are the main bacterial genera in TDE. Despite the limited similarities in the prokaryotic community of the samples, the most of the retrieved genera of the TDE are unique and the native bacteria of Iran. Conclusions Long-term exposure to arsenic causes changes in bacterial abundance and richness. This resulted in natural selection and expression of the most compatible genes in existing condition. Although there are similarities in some microbial communities of ground waters, but it can be found some native microorganisms, which was adapted to the harsh environment of TDE.

 Women referring to health centers are one of the most important groups at risk of disease. Thus, in order to enjoy a high level of health, it is necessary for them to have health literacy. The purpose of this research was to find the demographic predictors of health literacy in women referring to comprehensive health service centers in Zahedan, Iran.

This was a descriptive-analytical study including 400 women selected by random cluster sampling from health centers under coverage of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The short form of the HELIA standard questionnaire was used to measure health literacy of the women. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software, the statistical tests being ANOVA, Kendall's correlation, and multiple regression.

The subjects were between 18 and 60 years old. They were found to have obtained most of the information related to health and disease by asking doctors and healthcare workers (about 52.25%). The scores of the components of the subjects’ health literacy were as follows: average health literacy 69.91±23.34, reading 72.17±29.80, access 34.73±27.91, understanding 71.41±29.43, assessment 62.10±25.51, and the scope of decision-making and behavior 71.49±20.27. The strongest predictor of health literacy was found to be education, such that with an increase in the level of education, the health literacy of a woman would increase by 0.53 units. In addition, education variables, income level, age and ethnicity would predict 55% of the health literacy of the women.

This study shows that the health literacy score is related to age, education level, marital status, occupation, economic status and ethnicity, the strongest predictor of health literacy being the a high level of education. Therefore, considering the available evidence on the importance of health literacy and factors related to it and the low level of health literacy of women in this study, it is clear that women need to acquire, process and understand the basic information on health and therapeutic services in order to be able to make appropriate decisions. Briefly, women need to receive simple and understandable information and have more time to communicate with the health service personnel to understand health information.

Hospital sewage is believed to be an important source of the spread of pathogenic microorganisms including the emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus in the environment. In this study, the performance of wastewater treatment system of three hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 patients in Tehran in removal of SARS-CoV-2 was investigated.

Wastewater samples were collected from the influent and final effluent of two hospitals. Samples were characterized in terms of temperature, acidity, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) as well as total suspended solids (TSS). To concentrate RNA, Ultrafiltration and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation methods were done followed by RNA extraction and viral quantification using RT-qPCR. Finally, through Multiplex One Step q-Real Time PCR method, two N and RdRP regions in the genome of the SARS-CoV-2 were investigated.

The reduction of organic load (BOD and COD) and TSS content of wastewater show that wastewater treatment of hospital 1 was more efficient. Moreover, the results of this study show that concentrating by using both methods of Ultrafiltration and PEG precipitation method has been successful in tracking the presence of the viral RNA in wastewater. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 genome has been confirmed in influent and final effluent of two hospitals.

SARS-CoV-2 in the hospital effluents can be a warning for sanitation authorities to establish new standards for hospital wastewater management. Besides, monitoring of sewage can be considered as a tool for early warning of the outbreak of pandemics.

Respiratory infections are the most serious condition in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients; there- fore, a thorough comprehension of the diversity and dominant microbial species in CF airways has a crucial role in treatment. Our objective was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of CF airways microbiota and compare culture methods and PCR-DGGE to evaluate bacterial diversity.

Pharyngeal swabs from 121 CF patients were collected. The samples were then cultured, identified and antibiotic resistance testing was performed. Thirty samples were subjected to further molecular surveys. DNA contents of these samples were extracted and amplified using nested-PCR technique and their bacterial diversity was assessed by DGGE. The DGGE patterns were visualized and certain bands were excised and purified. Next, the DNA was amplified by another round of PCR and sent out for sequencing.

Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most prevalent species isolated using culture methods. S. aureus was the most common bacteria among 6 years and younger patients; while, P. aeruginosa had more prevalence among older ones. The PCR-DGGE results showed more diversity than culture methods, particularly in younger patients who exhibited more bacterial diversity than the older groups. Sequencing results unveiled the presence of certain bacterial species including Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia which were completely missed in culture.

Even though culture-dependent methods are cost-effective, PCR-DGGE appeared to be more efficient to de- termine bacterial diversity. PCR-DGGE detects less abundant species, though their viability could not be determined using this method.

With entering the “post-antibiotic era”, antibiotic resistance is one of the most important prob- lems in food security, health and medicine. Invention of nanoparticles with intrinsic antimicrobial activity has been provided a new tool to combat the problem, including some metal nanoparticles. But protein nanoparticles have been often used as nano-carrier for antibiotic drugs, not for their own antibiotic activity. In this article we have fabricated a very small BSA-NP without any chemical modification on BSA molecules showing antibacterial activity.

Bovine serum albumin nanoparticle (BSA-NP) was synthesized using botton-up approach, by dissolution of BSA in urea-containing Tris buffer for 60 min at 60°C. Then, the BSA solution was dialyzed against distilled water in order to nanoparticle formation. The resulted BSA-NP has been characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission surface electron microscopy (FESEM), SDS-PAGE, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-spectrophotometery. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method was used for evaluation of antibacterial activity of BSA-NP against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The results obtained by DLS technique indicated that BSA molecules were self-assembled into small aggregates with a hydrodynamic diameter of 23.23 ± 2.1 nm. With a small polydispersity index (PDI=0.522), the nanoparticles had good spherical uniformity. The nanoparticles made from a single type of protein molecule (BSA) and have a relatively transparent appearance. The BSA-NPs caused a decrease in cell growth of both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Moreover, they had a bac- teriostatic effect on P. aeruginosa (MIC=112×10-5 μM).

In this study, using a green synthesis method, we succeeded in synthesizing a very small uniform BSA nanopar- ticles without any chemical modification on BSA molecules. It also has bacteriostatic properties against P. aeruginosa. Therefore, it is hypothesized that our BSA-NPs may be effective as a new approach to combat antibiotic resistance.

Retaining skilled nurses is paramount in providing quality nursing care for patients and thus improving their satisfaction. This study aimed to determine the intention to stay (ITS) in the profession of nurses and its related factors.

This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted on 263 nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated with Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from September 2020 to February 2021. Participants were selected by simple randomization. A researcher-made ITS questionnaire was used to collect data, which were then analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation via SPSS version 16.

The findings revealed that 109 participants (41.45%) of the nurses intended to stay in their profession. The total mean ± SD score of ITS for the nursing profession was 60.44±12.39 out of 100. From the participants' perspective, 5 factors of high responsibility and commitment (86.01±13.71), professional competence (77.95±13.66), feeling useful in nursing (77.79±18.23), the importance of being employed for me (74.83±20.01), and the possibility of learning skills and acquiring new information by continuing nursing (74.30±18.22) had the highest average score. There was a statistically significant relationship between ITS and the demographic variables of education level, job position, marital status, working shift, age, and the number of children of participants (P < 0.05).

The frequency of nurses with ITS in the profession is a cause of concern, sounding the alarm for the Iranian nursing system. The findings of this study could be useful for health care policymakers to increase nurses' intention to stay in the profession and, as a result, improve retention rates.

The present study was to evaluate the microbial diversity inhabiting biodeteriorated precious manuscripts of the Holy Quran placed in one of the repositories of the Library of Astan Quds Razavi (AQR), and its relation to the air microbial diversity.

Three non-invasive sampling methods, culture-based techniques, and molecular identification were used to investigate the microorganisms involved in deterioration. To investigate the air microbial quality and its role in the destruction of the repository objects, air samples were taken from six different points inside the repository. Biomodeling studies were designed to verify the impact of microbial isolates.

14 fungal isolates were obtained from three deteriorated ancient Quran manuscripts. The most frequently isolated fungi from the different substrates were Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. In the air, the prevalence across fungal genera was rather uniform. 30 species of the identified bacteria were collected from three manuscripts. The results obtained in the present study showed that the bacterial species from different genera belonged to three phyla: Proteobacteria (n = 2), Actinobacteria (n = 4), and Firmicutes (n = 24). The paper strips were artificially colonized by Aspergillus sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, and Talaromyces diversus producing spots which were visible to the naked eye. In the scanning electron microscopy images, the colonization of the selected organism was observed.

The characteristics of paper inoculated artificially with these microbial isolates confirmed their deteriorating effects. Based on molecular identification, the similarity of fungal and bacterial species isolated from both substrates and air samples suggest the direct relationship between microorganisms from the air and those isolated from the manuscripts.

The Julfa region in East Azerbaijan Province exhibits one of the best continuous marine sedimentary successions across the Permian to Triassic boundary. The present study is focused on the brachiopod contents of the Julfa beds in Qareh-Goz section (41.5 m thickness) in the south of Julfa. This study is led to the determination of 11 genera and 21 species of the orders Athyridida, Orthotetida, Orthida, Productida, Spiriferida, and Terebratulida, all representing the Cathaysian bioprovince for this area in the Western Paleotethys. Accordingly, four Wuchiapingian biozones, including Araxilevis intermedius Zone, Araxilevis intermedius-Permophricodothyris ovata Interval zone, Permophricodothyris ovata Zone, and Transcaucasathyris araxensis Zone, have been detected. These biozones correlate well through the other stratigraphic sections of the Julfa area in the Ali Bashi and Zal Mountains, Dorasham section in the Transcaucasia, Hembast Formation in the Abadeh area, and Nesen Formation in the central Alborz, approving the potential of these brachiopods in biocorrelation at a regional scale in the Late Permian.

Today, in all countries, the prosperity of the capital market is recognized as one of the indicators of economic dynamism. The extension of the capital market leads to an increase in the depth of this market and in the long run, will lead to financial development, such that this financial development ultimately will lead to stable economic growth. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic policy uncertainty on the ratio of current stock value to GDP as an indicator of the development of the Iran capital market during the years 1991-2018. To achieve this goal, first, using the Gregory-Hansen co-integration approach, the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables of the model was tested and then the experimental research model was estimated using the dynamic least squares method. The results of model estimation showed that there was a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables, and the inflation rate and the uncertainty of economic policies have a negative impact. Also, other variables of the research, i.e., degree of economic openness, GDP, and private sector investment had a positive and significant effect on the Iran capital market development index during the study period.

Fine dust includes dust and particles suspended in the air, which reduce visibility and have different origins. The present study aimed to investigate the abundance of air bacteria during micro dust storms in Lorestan province using classical methods.

In this study, sampling was performed in three cities of Lorestan province. Air bacteria were isolated by classical methods, and data analysis was carried out using the Chi-square test. The relationship between the abundance of bacteria and meteorological parameters was investigated and analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficient test.

The results of the present study demonstrated that 96 colonies grew on the TSA medium. Moreover, %55.2 of these colonies were bacteria, and %44.8 were yeast. Poldakhtar and Khorramabad stations showed the highest (%25) and lowest (%8.33) frequencies. On the R2A medium, 184 colonies grew. In addition, %69 of these colonies were bacteria, and %31 were yeast. Kohdasht and Khorramabad stations had the highest (%34.8) and lowest (%4.3) frequencies. In TSA and R2A environments, the most and least frequently observed isolates were Bacillus and Actinomycetes, and the highest microbial frequency was related to Kohdasht and Poldakhter. According to Spearman's correlation test, there was a direct relationship between the amount of fine dust and the abundance of bacteria (P=0.637, r=0.026), and a significance inverse linear relationship was observed between wind speed and the number of colonies (P=0.048, r = -0.569).

Bacterial abundance was higher in the R2A medium. The dominant bacteria in the TSA environment were Bacillus and Micrococcus, and in the R2A environment, Bacillus and Corynebacterium. The results pointed out that the amount of fine dust and wind speed have an effect on the abundance and diversity of air bacteria.

The biodeterioration of cultural heritage is a worldwide phenomenon. It is closely linked to the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, lichens, and their metabolites. Microbial colonization leads to physical and chemical damages as well as aesthetic changes of ancient objects. Biocides have been used for all kinds of cultural heritage material to control microbial growth as well as its deterioration. The present study focuses on applying current chemical biocides to improve conservation strategies of the cultural heritage and develops a way to reduce consumption of biocides to prevent the growth of microorganisms and reduce environmental biological damages.

In this study, the antimicrobial effects of commonly used biocides including benzalkonium chloride, isothiazolinone, formalin, glutaraldehyde, and active oxygen-based disinfectant powder were examined against bacteria and fungi isolated from Cyrus the Great tombstone by microdilution broth methods and the combined effect of biocides was studied by the microdilution chequerboard method.

Microdilution tests showed that glutaraldehyde and active oxygen-based disinfectant powder had higher MIC values than other biocides, benzalkonium chloride, isothiazolinone, formalin. On the other hand, other biocides were more effective against the tested bacteria.

The results of the study showed that all selected biocides had acceptable antimicrobial effects on microorganisms isolated from Cyrus the Great tombstone alone. When biocides were combined, they had a better antimicrobial effect resulting in less use of these materials.

The fugal importance in terrestrial ecosystems is significant. However, our knowledge based on fungal distribution and its diversity in natural communities, especially in semi-arid ecosystems, seems to low. To have proper information on fungal community structure and the impact of environmental factors on the community composition, we assessed fungal diversity accompanied by soil chemical properties.

Soil sampling was done in two seasons, spring and autumn, from two different sites, which were both cold and warm in a semiarid ecosystem located in Kerman province, Iran. Soil chemical properties were measured according to standard methods. The fungal community was estimated by the next-generation sequencing of the ITS region (ITS1f-ITS2).

By Illumina Miseq data analysis, 1542 Operational Taxonomic Units in soil samples were identified. Variation in the fungal community between the two sampling sites may be because of remarkable differences in environmental conditions, such as moisture and soil organic carbon. The dominant phylum was Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota.

Various fungi were identified in this ecosystem. Further studies are necessary to reveal the possible roles of the dominant fungal species inhabiting semiarid soils.

Khabr National Park is one of the valuable natural resources in Iran, and its cyanobacterial population has not been studied yet. Cyanobacteria are the most important nitrogen-fixing bacteria in all aquatic and terrestrial environments, playing a vital role in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The present study aimed to determine the role of different cyanobacterial species isolated from the grazed and not grazed areas in two cold and warm steppes of Khabr National Park on some soil properties and the effect of the selected cyanobacteria on Secale montanum growth.

In the present study, cyanobacteria were isolated from a harsh terrestrial ecosystem and cultured on a BG11 medium. Next, the expression of the nifH gene was assayed in all nitrogen fixing isolates using the Real Time-PCR. Then, the best nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (Nodularia. sp.) was selected and its activity was investigated in pot experiments alone and in combination with chemical fertilizer. Three different soils in terms of physical and chemical properties were analyzed.

The results indicated that the treated soils with Nodularia sp. as a biofertilizer can significantly increase nitrogen content of both agricultural soil and mixed soil. Consequently, Nodularia sp. has the ability to promote some characteristics of the studied soil through improving TN, SOC, SOM, and enzyme activities.

It can be concluded that the selected cyanobacterium increase soil stability in terms of mechanical fracture and resistance to desiccation and improve soil structure, which is very important, especially in arid and desert soil.

Nurses are a vital element of the health care delivery system, and their shortage has a negative effect on the quality of patient care.

This study was performed aimed to investigate nurses' intention to leave the profession (ITL) and its related factors.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 265 nurses working in the teaching hospitals of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from September 2020 to February 2021. Data was collected using demographic and researcher-made ITL questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.  

Among the 265 nurses surveyed, 154 (58.55%) intended to leave the profession. The total score of intention to leave the profession was 60.21±14.46. From the perspective of nurses, "lack of welfare facilities," "high workload," "high working hours," "lack of proper management processes," and "low income" have higher priority for the intention to leave the profession. There was a statistically significant relationship between the type of shift work (p<0.05) and the amount of income (P<0.001) with intention to leave the profession. Age, gender, and income were identified as the predictors of the nurses' intention to leave the profession (P<0.05). 

Implications for Practice:

 The intention to leave the profession is alarmingly high among Iranian nurses. Managers and policymakers can consider the factors identified in this study to diminish the nurses' intention to leave the profession.

The main purpose of this study is to explain how the variables of real GDP growth rate, investment, inflation rate, degree of economic openness and macroeconomic policy uncertainty as macroeconomic variables affect the share of appropriations allocated to the non-governmental (private) sector. The title of the index of development of Iran's banking sector during the years 1397-1397. To achieve this goal, first using the Gregory-Hansen co-integration approach as one of the appropriate co-integration methods in terms of structural failure, the existence of a long-run relationship between model variables was tested and then the experimental research model was estimated by dynamic least squares method. . The results of model estimation showed that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between variables and inflation rate and macroeconomic policy negative impact and variables of the degree of openness of the economy, real GDP growth and private sector investment have a positive and significant effect on the share of allocated credit. To the non-governmental sector of Iran during the study period. Based on the research findings, it is suggested that economic policy makers, by controlling the general level of prices and inflation rates and creating stability in the macroeconomic environment, provide the ground for improving the facilities granted to the private sector.

The growth and development of children affect biochemical variables. This population-based study was designed to evaluate the reference interval for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) routinely measured in the clinical laboratory.

For this examination, 873 cases were selected among the healthy children and adolescents aged 1-18 years who referred to the endocrinology clinic of Amirkola Children's Hospital for growth evaluation. After overnight fasting, early morning blood samples were obtained to measure the ALP level and other biochemical parameters using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Subjects were categorized by age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) values. The age groups were categorized as follows: 1-4 years, 5-8 years, 9-13 years, and 14-18 years.

There was a significant difference among the age and sex categories; on the contrary, there was no meaningful variation between the two groups categorized by BMI. The reference range for ALP was 474.14-517.71 U/L for children aged 1-4 years, 273.47-871.44 U/L for 5-8 years, 215.04-893.69 U/L for 9-13 years, and 228.9-739.22 U/L for 14-18 years. Also, significant positive correlation was found between ALP with length (P=0.000, r=0.134), weight (=0.04, r=0.073), phosphorus (P) (P=0.001, r=0.122), and alanine aminotransferase (SGPT) (P=0.000, r=0.142) respectively.

This project's data established a reference interval for ALP in healthy children and adolescents, which will prepare a basis for diagnosis and monitoring liver- or bone-related disorders.

The Fatimids dynasty was Ismaili Shiite who related themselves to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The Fatimids Caliphate originated in Tunisia and ended in Egypt. The history of this period cannot be ignored in the formation of art industries such as glassware art. The aim of the present study is to identify some animal species and the function of these motifs in the Fatimids Glassware. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer two questions. A. What are the animal species used in Fatimids glassware decoration? B: What is the function of animal motifs on the glassware of this period? This study has been conducted in a historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach and with reference to library resources. The results show that the animal species performed on the Fatimid glass include birds, aquatic animals, quadruped and mythical creatures that have been performed on the works due to not only their aesthetic aspect but also their symbolic aspect. These motifs are associated with special meanings and concepts rooted in the cultural beliefs of this period, which is manifested in animal motifs and is also reminiscent of the goddesses and family symbol of the Fatimids. The motifs are often seen in a consecutive trajectory around the works, sometimes the animal motifs are performed alone or in combination with calligraphy, geometric and plant motifs by engraving, molding and coloring.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of primers in evaluating soil bacterial community structure. For this purpose, soil samples were taken from cold and warm area which grazed (disturbed) or not grazed (undisturbed) in spring and autumn. Microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced after amplification by two primers which amplify V1-V3 and V4-V5 area of 16S rRNA. Next generation sequencing data were analyzed by QIME to determine bacterial community structure. Results showed the effect of area, grazing and season on bacterial community structure. NGS data analysis showed that primers which amplified V4-V5 area identified more bacteria (97.9%) in compared to V1-V3 primers (90.4%). V1-V3 primers had better efficiency to identify Proteobacteria (37.85%) in compared to V4-V5 which identified more Actinobacteria (33.6%). In addition, V4-V5 primers identified more bacteria in class, family and genus taxonomic groups in compared to V1-V3 primer. Although V4-V5 primer had better efficiency in bacteria identification, it is recommended to use both primers to evaluate precisely bacterial community structure.

Biological soil crusts including cyanobacteria, fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae, viruses, mosses, lichens, and plants are formed on the soil surface. Cyanobacteria are key microorganisms in the formation of the biological soil crust, especially in arid and desert areas. Cyanobacteria increase carbon and nitrogen content in soil via increasing colony formation and Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and play an important role to strengthen soil structure especially in poor soil and prevent it from eroding.

In the present study, three cyanobacteria with the highest secreted carbohydrate production were selected among 19 isolates of different provinces’ soil. The amount of carbohydrate production of the selected strains was determined by using the phenolic sulfuric acid method. Then, three selected strains, with the highest amount of secreted carbohydrate were inoculated to the pot filling with poor soils. After 7 weeks of cyanobacterial inoculation, some physical and chemical alterations of the soil were measured. Furthermore, the rate of formation of the biological soil crust and the adhesiveness of the soil particles were microscopically investigated.

The carbohydrate content was 86.66 µg/ml for Anabaena sphaerica, 55. 91 µg/ml for Geitlerinema.sp, and 64.19 µg/ml, for Nostoc pruniforme. The results of the study also show that these three strains are capable of forming biological soil crust on the soil surface.

Anabaena sphaerica, due to its high growth rate, more biomass production, and more secreted carbohydrates increased soil nitrogen and carbon content, as well as better formation of biological soil crust was selected for further investigation. This strain improved some soil texture characteristics and probably it can have a positive effect on soil fertility.

Today bioremediation by microalga is an effective method to remove radionuclides and heavy metals from wastewater. Bioremediation of radionuclides and heavy metals is an efficient method of treating heavy metal contaminated effluents. In this study, the bioremediation of uranium from aqueous solutions was evaluated using live microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in a batch system. The Plackett-Burman method by Minitab statistical software was used to screen for effective factors such as initial uranium concentration, temperature, time, pH and amount of biomass on the removal of uranium by C. vulgaris. The results showed that the initial uranium concentration and pH factors were statistically effective by software. Optimization of effective factors in uranium bioremediation was evaluated by the response surface methodology (RSM). To determine the main effects and interaction of factors affecting uranium removal by C. vulgaris, central composite design (CCD) was used. The experimental data were then processed and the equation was evaluated to match the experimental data, and then the optimal removal values were determined. Finally, the results showed that C. vulgaris in optimal conditions proposed by Design-Expert software can remove 99.63% of existing uranium from aqueous solutions containing 7.1 mg / l uranium with pH 4.3.

Microbial colonization of cultural heritage objects is inevitable. Microorganisms cause physical, chemical, and aesthetic alteration in valuable works of art, leading to the loss of both financial and cultural value. To prevent and control microbial colonization and their growths, physical, chemical, and biological methods are used. However, physicochemical methods are often ineffective on treated works of art, and can be dangerous for people involved in the conservation process. Due to inherent characteristics, chemical compounds and biocides, they are hazardous for humans, animals, and the environment. Given the significant weaknesses of these conventional methods, new approaches are continuously being developed to reduce the negative impact of deteriogenic microorganisms. These new approaches are environmentally friendly, safe, low-cost and low-risk. However, more research is needed to monitor the safety and effectiveness of these approaches. The lack of simple, reliable and standard measurements remains a limitation in the selection ofeffective treatments. Field experiments are necessary and useful for evaluating the effectiveness of these methods however, their design and implementation face several challenges. Therefore, researchers are seeking to develop methods to investigate how these new approaches work. Laboratory model systems are tools for testing the efficacy of antimicrobial compounds before field application on art works. In this study, we will first review the types of biological control methods, and then introduce the new and environmentally friendly approaches, that have been developed in this field. Finally, we will discuss methods of testing the effectiveness of new strategies using laboratory model systems.

This study investigates the effect of corporate governance on the relationship between CEO compensation and audit fees in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and is causally (post-event) in terms of correlation methodology. The statistical population of the study is all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and using the systematic elimination sampling method, 111 companies were selected as the research sample and were surveyed in a weekly period between 2013 to 2019. Eviews software version 9 and multiple regression based on composite data were used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the study show that there is a positive relationship between CEO compensation and audit fee, which means that with increasing CEO compensation, audit fee will increase; In addition, corporate governance affects the relationship between CEO compensation and audit fee.