parisa sedaghati

Proper posture is essential for maintaining musculoskeletal health. The stability of the spine depends largely on the curvature of the human upright spine, and deviations in sagittal arches may signify a displacement in the body’s center of gravity. This study aims to investigate the relationship between spinal curvature and postural stability to promote optimal spinal health.

In this cross-sectional study, 120 recreationally active university students (60 men and 60 women) were selected and grouped by gender. Postural stability was assessed using the balance error scoring system (BESS), and the craniovertebral angle (CVA) was evaluated through photographic methods. Kyphosis and lordosis angles were also measured using specific anatomical landmarks. Correlation analyses were performed using Pearson’s and Spearman’s tests, with a statistical significance of P≤0.05, to explore the relationship between the variables

The study’s results showed no significant correlations between thoracic kyphosis, lower back lordosis, and the CVA with BESS scores, except within the male group, where a significant correlation was found between BESS and kyphosis (P=0.01). 

This study suggests that evaluating thoracic kyphosis can be crucial to enhance postural stability in recreationally active adults. Further research can investigate interventions aimed at improving postural stability among individuals with kyphosis.

The purpose of current review was investigating the effect of core stability exercises (CSE) on volleyball players. 

Current research was a PRISMA systematic review. It reviewed comprehensively the Impact of CSE on volleyball players. It carried out searching in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, PEDro, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and in Persian Google Scholar, Megapaper databases, IRANDOC, Magiran, SID, Medilib, IranMedex. The keywords in two groups including: Group 1: “Core stability exercise” OR “core stability training” OR “core stability endurance” OR “trunk stability” OR “central stability exercises” OR “core intervention” OR “core stability control” OR “core strengthening exercise” OR “trunk resistance exercise” and group 2: “Volleyball” OR “volleyball player“ OR “volleyball athletes” from 2000 to February of 2023. Current research used both English and Persian languages.

We got 146 articles. After removing duplicate titles, we selected 127 abstracts for review. Finally, 18 articles were included in the present review.

The outcomes of current review show that CSE have the ability to improve movement capabilities, performance, and sports skills as well as prevent injuries from volleyball players. Of course, to interpret the outcomes of the current research caution needs to be taken, considering the restrictions such as the difference in the sample size under study, measurement methods, and components of different core stability protocols.

High-arch and flat foot deformities can negatively impact an individual’s performance in different situations. They may also balance as well as disturb postural control, which is essential for performing optimal routine and port activities, in addition to preventing injuries. This is a comparative meta-analysis of postural control in people with high-arch and flat foot deformities with normal feet.

This is a systematic review of articles published from 2004 to 2021 in Medline/PubMed, Embase/Scopus, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL (cochrane central register of controlled trials), Web of Science, PEDro, and Google Scholar databases.

The results revealed that the total balance score in people with high-arch and flat foot deformities was lower (P=0.001), compared to normal people. However, no significant difference was observed in the total balance of people with high-arch and flat foot deformities (P>0.05). Additionally, flat-foot people showed a weaker balance in the postural control test on a force plate, when compared to individuals with high-arch feet (P=0.001). Nevertheless, the results of dynamic balance were the same for all groups (P>0.05).

Our findings indicate that people with high-arch and flat foot deformities suffer from weaker postural control when compared to their normal peers. Moreover, flat-foot people showed lower scores on postural control tests on force plates, compared to subjects with higharch feet, even though they had no significant differences for static and dynamic tests. There was no difference in the results of dynamic balance among the 3 groups.

Eating disorder is one of the most common disorders reported among young girls. This study aimed to identify the relationship between eating disorder (nutrition attitudes) and nutrition knowledge, physical activity levels, and corona-induced anxiety in female students.

This is a cross-sectional and correlational study. The statistical population included the female students of Farhangian University of Mashhad, Shahid Hasheminejad Campus (n=655) in the academic year of 2021-2022, out of which 247 female students were randomly enrolled. They completed questionnaires of nutrition knowledge, eating disorders, corona-induced anxiety, physical activity level and anthropometric indicators related to health. Data analysis was done by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson and linear regression tests in SPSS version 21 software.

Eating disorders had a significant correlation with corona-induced anxiety, and the level of physical activity (P˂0.01). The results of Linear regression showed that corona-induced anxiety can predict eating disorders among female students (P˂0.01). Despite the significant negative relationship between eating disorders and physical activity levels, the results of the regression model showed that physical activity levels could not predict eating disorders in female students (P>0.05).

In crisis situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, increased levels of anxiety can cause a higher frequency of eating disorders. It seems that decreased anxiety levels and techniques for coping with anxiety can be useful ways to overcome eating disorders among female students.

This study addresses only those interventions, such as feedback and kinesio taping, that affect lower limb function in athletes with impaired lower limb movement patterns.

This research is a systematic review study that examined all published articles in English about the effect of feedback and kinesio taping on correcting defective movement patterns and reducing injury risk factors. The current study was conducted by searching foreign databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect and domestic databases, including Magiran and Irandoc with the keywords of “videotape augmented feedback,” “taping,” “kinesio taping,” and “lower extremity” from January 2000 to January 2021.

After reviewing the full texts of 45 articles, 24 articles were finally selected according to the purpose of the research. Of 24 articles, 20 were interventional studies, 1 was a systematic review, 1 was a meta-analysis, and 2 were meta-analysis and systematic reviews. In all studies, feedback training methods positively affected lower limb biomechanics, and tipping methods improved pain.

After comparing the effects of feedback and kinesio taping interventions in the studied studies, it can be concluded that feedback is better than kinesio taping taping in improving kinetic and kinematic variables in people with lower limb movement pattern defects.

Karate is one of the most popular martial arts worldwide, and flat foot deformity is one of the most common disorders in people participating in this sport. This disorder can negatively affect the static and dynamic balance in individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of corrective exercises on foot posture and balance in female karate athletes with flat foot.

This research was a quasi-experimental study performed in two phases: pre-test and post-test. Forty female karatekas with flexible flat foot postures entered the study as subjects. They were randomly divided into exercise group (Mean±SD age: Mean±SD 20.00±1.81 y, Mean±SD height: 161.4±6.49 cm, and Mean±SD weight: 55.27±6.56 kg) and control (Mean±SD age: 21.02±2.19 y, Mean±SD height cm: 160.4±4.23, and Mean±SD weight: 55.75±3.90 kg). As one of the inclusion criteria, a navicular drop test was performed for all subjects to assess the condition of the foot posture. Also, the balance error scoring system and Y balance tests were used for all subjects to check the static and dynamic balance. Then, the exercise group performed 6 weeks of corrective exercises, but the control group did not perform any specific exercises during this period. After 6 weeks, the tests were repeated. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software version 26. A covariance analysis test was used to evaluate the between-group differences, and paired sample t test was used to evaluate the within-group changes.

This study’s findings showed that the corrective exercise group in thepost-test had a better performance than the pre-test in the navicular drop test, in all three directions of the Y balance test, and in the balance error scoring system (P=0.0001). But in the control group, no significant difference was observed between the two stages of the test (P>0.05). It was also observed in the comparison between groups that in thepost-test in the variables of the navicular drop test and also in all three directions of the Y balance test and the test of the scoring system, the balance error scoring system of the experimental group achieved better results than the control group (P>0.05). 

This study showed that 6 weeks of corrective exercises has significantly improved foot posture and static and dynamic balance in karate women with flexible flat feet. According to the results obtained in this study, it seems that comprehensive corrective exercises can be used in this group to improve balance and posture.

 Balance disorders and frequent falling are the important problems in the elderly, which is directly related to changes in their body structure and function. Many studies have been conducted to find new and safe ways to improve the balance of the elderly. This study aims to compare the effects of Pilates exercises on stable and unstable surfaces on the functional balance and core stability of older women.

Methods :

In this quasi-experimental study, the study population includes all older women living in private nursing homes, in Rasht, Iran. Of these, 36 women aged 60-75 years were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups of control, Pilates on stable surface, and Pilates on unstable surface. The variables were assessed using the Fullerton advanced balance test, timed up & go test, and the McGill core endurance test. Experimental groups performed Pilates exercises for 8 weeks, while the control group performed their routine daily activities. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, t-test and Bonferroni’s post hoc test. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results:

 There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups; however, there was no significant difference between the experimental groups performed exercises on stable and unstable levels (P>0.05) 

Conclusion:

 It is recommended to use Pilates exercises on stable or unstable surfaces for older women, especially residents of nursing homes with low mobility, to achieve their personal autonomy.

Karate is one of the most popular martial arts around the world, and flatfoot deformity is one of the most common disorders in people participating in this sport. This disorder can negatively affect the function and joint position sense (JPS). This study aimed to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of comprehensive corrective exercise training on the function of the lower limb and JPS in female karatekas with flatfoot.

In this field trial study, 40 female karatekas with flexible flatfoot postures were recruited and randomly divided into two groups of exercise and control. The Staheli index test was performed for all subjects to assess the condition of the foot posture, as one of the inclusion criteria also, single leg 6-m timed hop test, single leg triple hop for distance test, and ankle joint JPS were used to evaluate the function of the lower limb. Then, the exercise group performed 6 weeks of corrective exercises, but the control group did not perform any specific exercises during this period. After 6 weeks, the tests were repeated. A covariance analysis test was used to evaluate the between-groups differences, and paired sample t-test was used to evaluate the within-group changes.

Corrective exercise group in the post-test had a better performance than the pre-test in the Staheli index test, JPS, the single leg 6-m timed hop test, and single leg triple hop for distance test (P=0.0001). However, in the control group, no significant difference was observed between the two stages of the test (P>0.05). Also, by comparing groups in the post-test via the Staheli index test, JPS, single leg 6-m timed hop test, and single leg triple hop for distance test. It was found that the experimental group achieved better results than the control group (P>0.05).

Six weeks of comprehensive corrective training has significantly improved foot posture, JPS, and function of the lower limb in female karatekas with flatfoot. Thus, comprehensive corrective exercises can be used in this group to improve foot posture, JPS, and function of the lower limb.

It is assumed that hearing loss is associated with the labyrinth dysfunction and may interfere with postural control. Therefore, the present study aimed to collect functional tests for balance assessment in the hearing impaired people.

This is a systematic review, in which, a comprehensive review was performed on functional tests for balance assessment in hearing impaired people. Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched. The search period lasted from the beginning of 2021 to April 2021.

15 articles were selected in which 21 different tests had been used to assess the balance of the hearing impaired. After careful examination of the tests used to assess the balance of the hearing impaired, it was found that the studies used 9 tests to assess static balance, 8 tests to assess dynamic balance and 4 multidisciplinary tests to assess balance in the hearing impaired.

The functional tests that have been used to evaluate the balance in people with hearing impairment are the tests that have been used for other groups as well, and there are no functional tests that specifically evaluate the balance of these people. It seems that in order to determine which functional tests provides an accurate and correct evaluation of the balance of the hearing impaired, it is necessary to conduct studies to evaluate the validity of functional tests using advanced and accurate balance assessment tools.

 An increase in the movement of one or more joints beyond the normal range of motion is known as hyper-mobility. However, in most cases, joint hyper-mobility is observed as a confined phenomenon referred to as generalized joint hyper-mobility (GJH). The present study aims to compare and evaluate the prevalence of GJH among Iranian students.

 The present cross-sectional and retrospective study enrolled both male and female students aged 8 to 18 years who were willingly enthusiastic to participate in this study. For this, 1225 students (726 girls and 499 boys) were chosen through the convenience and targeted sampling method. The research tool was a self-assessment 5-part questionnaire for identifying GJH (5PQ; Sensitivity: 80-85%; Specificity: 80-90%) (Hakim & Grahame). Due to the Covid-19 pandemic and no direct access to students, the questionnaire was designed in Google Forms Survey Administration software and distributed online among sports teachers or students through social networks. The data gathered from completed questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS version 22 using the two-way chi-square test.

 The prevalence of GJH among female students (41.2%) was higher than that among male students (30.7%). The two-way chi-square test revealed a significant difference in the rate of GJH between female and male students (p=0.001, ƛ=13.97). According to the results, "gender" accounted for 10% of the prevalence of hyper-mobility in students. The statistical tests revealed that "age" causes no significant difference in the rate of hyper-mobility among students (p=0.54, ƛ=10.79).

 The present study revealed a high prevalence of GJH among Iranian students. The prevalence of GJH among female students was higher than that among male students. Thus, these results entail paying more attention to this phenomenon, as it may provoke physical and psychological complications in the future for students affected by GJH.

Balance is one of the important factors that help to maintain the independent life of people with intellectual disabilities. A variety of methods are used to assess balance in these individuals. However, so far no review study has been conducted to determine what kind of tests are used to assess balance in this group. Therefore, The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods of assessing postural control and balance used in studies on intellectual disabilities.

In this study, a comprehensive search was performed on functional assessment tests of balance in people with intellectual disabilities. PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, Google Scholar, Scopus, Magiran, IranDoc, Iran Medex, MedLib, and SID were searched from 1991 to November 2020. After collecting the search results, first, the title and then the summary of the articles were studied. If the articles met the inclusion criteria, the results were used in the review study and otherwise discarded.

Based on the criteria and objectives of the research, 20 articles were selected after the evaluation process. All articles were provided in full text. Then, 23 Functional Balance Assessment Tests were used to measure functional balance in people with intellectual disabilities.

Studies had examined the evaluation of functional balance in intellectual disabilities in several ways; therefore, it seems that a specific test cannot be suggested to measure the balance of intellectually disabled people.

Inadequate mobility in intellectual disability causes imbalance. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to investigate the effect of motor interventions on improving the balance of intellectual disability.

Methods :

In this study, a comprehensive review of the effect of motor interventions on improving the balance of the intellectual disability was done by searching the Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases with the keywords balance, equilibrium, balance in intellectual disability, balance in mentally retarded, intellectual disabled, and also Persian databases of Google Scholar, Megapaper, IranDoc, Magiran, SID, MedLib and IranMedex from 2000 to February 2021. In this search, two languages, Persian and English, were used. After collecting the search results, first, the title and then the abstract of the articles were studied. If the articles complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, their results were used in the present review study and otherwise discarded.

Results:

 In the search of texts, a total of 110 articles were found and after deleting similar cases, 44 articles (18 Persian articles and 26 English articles) were selected from the articles that were very closely related to the studied subject.

Conclusion :

A review of studies has shown that performing motor interventions in most studies improves the balance of intellectual disability. However, due to the limitations of the studies, the conclusions of the present study should be interpreted with caution. Although these results can help coaches, exercise teachers, physiotherapists, and therapists improve the balance of intellectual disability, more detailed studies are needed.

Objective :

Excessive dynamic knee valgus, as a defective movement pattern, predisposes patients to lower limb injuries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to study dynamic knee valgus in male soccer players.

Methods :

In this review article, an attempt was made to collect studies conducted on the subject of research from 2000 to June 2021. The websites Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SID, ISC and Magiran were used and keywords related to the topic were used to search for articles.  

Results:

 According to the search method, 50 articles were found, which were finalized according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 12 articles. Finally, 7 articles were reported in the present study. Dynamic knee valgus condition is more common in women than men, and varus are more common with increasing age of male soccer players. Different situations during the game such as tackling, jumping, imbalance after strike to the ball and landing after jumping are also among the situations that are associated with increased dynamic knee valgus and players are exposed to knee injury. The first minutes of the halves due to the lower angle of flexion of the knee and also late in the game due to fatigue can increase the dynamic valgus and increase the risk of knee injury. 

Conclusion:

 All studies have pointed to the role of dynamic valgus in the incidence of knee joint injuries, especially the anterior cruciate ligament, so it is necessary to identify the mechanism of injury and correct the direction of dynamic valgus among soccer players.

 Decreased balance in the elderly is associated with an increase in the risk of falling. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of combining Cawthorne-Cooksey and Frenkel exercises on functional balance and risk of falling in the elderly with a history of falling.

 This is a quasi-experimental study. Participants were 28 eldery men and women with a history of falls living in nursing homes in Rasht, Iran. They participated voluntarily, were selected based on the entry and exit criteria, and were randomly divided into two groups: exercise (n=14) and control (n=14). The exercise group performed the combined Cawthorne-Cooksey+Frenkel exercise program for six weeks, three sessions per week, each for 60 minutes. The berg balance scale was used to evaluate the functional balance, and the timed up and go test was used for assessing the risk of falling. The paired t-test was used for within-group comparison and the analysis of covariance was used for between-group comparison. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS v. 26 software. The significance level was set at 0.05.

 The results of paired t-test showed that the balance score (P= 0.007) and the risk of falling (P= 0.001) in the exercise group improved significantly after the intervention, while these scores were not significantly improved in the control group. The results of analysis of covariance showed that the two groups were significantly different in balance and risk of falling after the combined exercise.

 The combination of Cawthorne-Cooksey and Frenkel exercises can have a positive effect on functional balance and the risk of falling in the elderly. These exercises can be used to improve balance and reduce falling the vestibular and vision systems.

 Stroke is a major cause of neurologic disability worldwide. Most cases of stroke have a sedentary lifestyle and diminished aerobic capacity. The present study aimed to systematically investigate the effect of aerobic exercise training on motor function improvement of patients following stroke.

This research is a systematic review. Keyword studies of aerobics, exercise, mobility, rehabilitation, stroke, walking, and treadmill were conducted in the Embase, Science Direct, PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases from 2000 to 2019. Studies in two categories of aerobic exercise and motor ability, including adults with a history of stroke more than six months with the ability to move independently, have exercise intervention and assessment of motor abilities. Of 87 articles in the initial search, 31 were included in this study.

Among 31 studies reviewed, 10 studies focused on the effect of continuous passive exercise and 12 studies on the effect of aerobic exercise on the motor abilities of stroke patients. Meanwhile, although six studies showed a positive impact of using the treadmill on functional capacity, five studies did not show an improvement in the balance of these patients under the treadmill.

A review of the research findings showed that the specific type, intensity, and duration of various types of motor interventions could improve parts of the physical fitness of stroke patients during the rehabilitation programs;  therefore, the risk of re-stroke and cardiovascular disorders is reduced.

Asthma is a chronic disease causing morbidity and reduced quality of life. Asthmatics are less active than their peers, inducing a more sedentary lifestyle for the patient. Asthma can cause postural changes in the spine. Shoulder girdles are suitable options for their correction and prevention. Another possible solution is corrective breathing exercises. Hence, this study’s objective was to investigate and assess the impact of combined corrective and home respiratory exercises on kyphosis angle and respiratory capacity in asthmatic children.

The present study was a clinical trial with a pretest and posttest design. For this purpose, with the approval of a pediatric pulmonologist, 30 mildly asthmatic children living in Rasht were voluntarily included in the study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (15 individuals with a mean age of 10.53±2.09 years) and control (15 kids with a mean age of 11.40±2.13 years). Written informed consent forms were obtained from the children’s parents. Respectively, a flexible ruler, spirometry, and bone caliper were deployed to evaluate the curvature of the thoracic spine, respiratory capacity, and the chest’s anthropometric indices. To analyze the study’s results, a dependent t-test and analysis of covariance were utilized (significance level: P<0.05).

The findings revealed a significant difference between the thoracic spine curvature (P=0.004), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (P=0/001), (FEV1)/ forced vital sapacity (FVC) (P=0/02), and chest anthropometric indices (P=0.001).

In line with the findings, it appears that combined corrective and respiratory exercises can positively influence the chest’s extensor muscles inducing improvements in lung function and postural correction in asthmatic children. Therefore, it is hereby recommended that therapists, coaches, and exercise teachers utilize combined corrective and respiratory exercises to improve the physical, postural, and respiratory conditions of asthmatic children.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Pilates exercises and myofascial release on balance, trunk muscle endurance and flexibility in people with multiple  sclerosis, 24 patients with MS with expanded disability status scale (EDSS) between zero and three were selected and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in 24 training sessions, central stability, functional balance and hamstring flexibility were measured using McGill, timed up and go (TUG) test and seat and reach (SRT) before and after the exercise period in both groups. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. Performing eight weeks of Pilates exercises and myofascial release made a significant difference in the functional balance of the experimental and control groups (P < 0.01). While in the control group, no significant difference was observed. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that this exercise program will be effective in improving functional balance of MS patients. Therefore, this treatment plan is recommended for this group of patients.

Due to their occupational nature, dentists may be prone to musculoskeletal disorders in the upper body. The aim of the present study was to study of musculoskeletal disorders of the cervical spine and upper extremity in dentists with a review approach.

In this review article, an attempt was made to collect studies conducted on the subject of research from 2000 to June 2021. The websites Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SID, ISC and Magiran were used and keywords related to the topic were used to search for articles. 

According to the search method, 140 articles were found, which were finalized, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria abstract of 45 articles. Finally, 29 articles were reported based on the full text and compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria in the present study. Most studies have reported the cervical spine as the most common area. Other results were included more than half of Dentists experience musculoskeletal disorders, more among women than men, at least one disorder in the last 12 months, as well as temporary disability and lack of daily activities due to pain and musculoskeletal disorders.

In general, the knowledge of specialist dentists about the use of protective glasses and their performance is better than general dentists and there is a need for further education in the field of eye injuries and the use of protective glasses.

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is common among intellectual disability children that can worsen motor problems, especially motor skills. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of combining core stability exercises with coordination exercises on motor proficiency of intellectual disability children with DCD.

The population was boys with intellectual disability and DCD studying in Golestan School of Tabriz randomly that were divided into two groups of 15 subjects in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. Motor skills were evaluated using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in the pre- and post-test. The experimental group performed three sessions (every week) of 60 minutes of combined core stability with coordination training for eight weeks. SPSS v. 21, dependent t-test, and analysis of covariance at the significance level of P<0.05 were used for statistical analysis.

Comparing the means of the two groups showed a positive significant difference in running speed and agility (P=0.001), balance (P=0.001), two-way coordination (P=0.001), strength (P=0.001), upper limb coordination (P=0.001), response speed (P=0.001), speed motor vision control (P=0.001), upper limb agility (P=0.001), and the overall gross and fine motor skills scores (P=0.001) and the combined score of the short scale (P=0.001).

The results indicated that combining core stability with a coordination training program can be used to enhance the motor skills of DCD children with intellectual disabilities. Thus, sports coaches and experts, and specialists in other related fields are recommended to use these exercises to enhance the gross and fine motor skills of students with intellectual disabilities, especially those with DCDs.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Numerous studies have reported Fear of Falling (FOF) among MS patients. FOF is a factor limiting physical activity. Regular physical activity is very important for maintaining good health and preventing the complications of MS patients and can make these people more active and reduce FOF.

The aim of the present study was to do a meta-analyze about the effect of exercise programs on FOF among MS patients

Primary sources were obtained from 9 databases including, PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PEDro, and Google Scholar, from inception until April 2021. Data analysis was carried out using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis ver. 2.

Nine studies with 350 participants were included in the review. The results of the meta-analysis showed the effect of exercise programs on the FOF among MS patients. The Hedges’ adjusted Effect Size (ES) regarding the effects of exercise programs on FOF among MS patients was -0.15 (95%CI: -0.52 - 0.22). The results of the meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the effect of exercise programs on FOF among MS patients (p=0.44).

It was found that all exercise programs have a significant effect on FOF among MS patients. There was no statistically significant difference between exercise programs regarding which exercise programs led to a higher reduction in FOF among these patients; however, Pilates and virtual reality exercises were more effective than other exercise programs.

Although the outbreak of coronavirus has caused problems in all aspects of human life. Still, this disease has caused severe damage to the health of the elderly community and the level of physical activity and free movement of the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the effect of one year of coronavirus limitation on the motor function of the elderly living in care centers.

The present study was a cohort study that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of this study was male and female elderly over 60 years of age from two nursing homes in Rash City. Berg functional balance tests evaluated the motor function of the elderly, Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test or fall probability test and walking speed test or 10-meter walk test. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data, descriptive statistics were used to determine the mean and standard deviation, and paired t-test and McNemar was used to analyze the data and examine the intra-group differences between the data in SPSS software version 26.

The results of the correlated t-test showed that the time up and go test in the elderly under the influence of one year of movement limitation in the post-coronary period had a significant increase (p=0.001), also in functional balance index (p=0.03) significant changes according to For a year, the elderly had limited mobility. There was a significant decrease in the walking variable (p=0.001) following this period. It also showed a significant increase in the probability of falling index (p=0.021).

According to the findings of the present study, elderly cares centers and families with the elderly should pay close attention to the need for a level of physical activity and exercise in this critical period of coronation for these people and in addition to planning to increase the level of physical activity These people, they are encouraged to participate in physical activity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected strength training at an unstable level and hydrotherapy on lower limb muscle strength, balance and fear of falling in the elderly. All subjects included 36 elderly men aged 60 to 70 years who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups of 12: strength, hydrotherapy and control. To assess static balance, dynamic balance, lower limb muscle strength and fear of falling, the Sharpened Romberg test, the time of getting up and going, getting up from the chair and the Falls Efficacy Scale International were used, The control group did not have a specific exercise program. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that between the groups of strength training, hydrotherapy and control in the variables of static balance (P= 0.001), dynamic balance (P= 0.001), lower limb strength (P= 0.01) and fear of falling (P= 0.001) there is a significant difference. By using strength training at an unstable level, you can improve the strength of the lower limbs and improve balance and reduce the risk of falls, and it is one of the appropriate solutions. It is effective in improving balance, lower limb strength and reducing the risk of falling in older men. However, strength training was more effective.

People with asthma often have sedentary lifestyles and are less physically, mentally, and cardio-respiratory prepared than their peers. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of selected Yoga exercises on thoracic spine alignment and respiratory capacity indices in children with asthma.

The present research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. For this purpose, 30 children with mild asthma were included in the study purposefully and voluntarily. The subjects were randomly divided into a control group (15 people with mean [SD] age: 11.40 [ 2.13] years) and an experimental group (15 people with mean [SD] age: 10.60 [1.76] years). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents of the children. Flexible ruler and spirometry were used to evaluate the curvature of the thoracic spine and respiratory capacity, respectively. To analyze the results of this study, we used a dependent t test and analysis of covariance at a significance level of P<0.05.

The present study results showed a significant difference between the thoracic spine curvature (P = 0.001) and increased respiratory capacity (P = 0.001).

Breathing exercises and asanas of Yoga positively influence the extensor muscles of the chest and improve lung function and postural misalignment in children with asthma. Therefore, therapists, coaches, and exercise teachers are recommended to use Yoga exercises to improve the physical, postural, and respiratory indices of children with asthma.

 Perform repetitive movements or long-term positioning causes adaptations in muscles and jointsand it can cause various disorders. To correct it, it is necessary to correct the movement pattern and use exercises to return to the desired muscle and joint position. The aim of this study was to investigate The effect of comprehensive corrective exercises on posture of the wushu athletes with upper cross syndrome.

 The method of the present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study included wushu men living in Kerman province with at least 3 years of sports experience. To this end, 30 Wooshakar males with forward Head, forward shoulder and kyphosis malalignment participated voluntarily in this study. A randomized placebo group was divided into two control groups and experimental were divided. Experimental group was selected for correction exercises for 10 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 20 to 60 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training program during this period. The evaluation of forward Head and forward shoulder and kyphosis angle were performed in two stages. Paired t-test and covariance analysis were used for data analysis. SPSS software was used at the significance level (P≤0.05).

 The results showed that the mean forward Head and forward shoulder and kyphosis angle of the subjects decreased after participating in the corrective training program (P=0.001).

 Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to use the selected corrective exercise program to reduce the amount of head forward, shoulder forward, kyphosis and improve the upper limb function of athletes prone to the upper cross syndrome. Therefore, in addition to reducing the mentioned complications, it can also affect their performance.

The motion of the deaf is often inhospitable and without rhythm, and the imbalance in functionality is the root cause of such a phenomenon. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Vestibular Stimulation Training on functional balance in children hearing impaired.

This study was a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included the children of preschool and pre-school children of Ghotbzadeh in Rasht city. Among the statistical population, 24 were available and randomly divided into two groups: control (12) and experimental (12 people). Experimental group performed weekly three sessions of Vestibular stimulation exercises for six weeks. Before and after the training period, the static and dynamic equilibrium was measured by the Bronkins-Oseretsky sub-test and the functional equilibrium was measured by the Timed Up and Go.

There was a significant difference on the static equilibrium (p = 0.001), dynamic (p = 0.02) and functional (p = 0.001) in the experimental group after the intervention period.

The assessment of the balance of hearing impaired children showed improvement in their motor abilities after six weeks of Vestibular stimulation exercises Considering the results of this study and the importance of balance for hearing impaired, it is suggested that coaches, parents and authorities of special centers and schools use these exercises because of their simplicity, cheapness and side effects to improve the balance in the program for the rehabilitation of hearing impaired children.