payman salehi

Semiotics is one of the methods of literary criticism which has a special place in modern literature. Charles Sanders Peirce, an American semiotician, made a frame for semiotic studies by rejecting the two-dimensional structure of the sign and presenting his three-dimensional model. Linguistic signs play an essential role in the production of new poetic texts, so Peirce's semiotics model is considered an accurate and appropriate method for analyzing modern poetry. Abdul Azim Fanjan, a modern Iraqi poet whose main poetic motives are love and romantic themes, has a particular style of expression by his new poetic language and artistic use of linguistic signs. The present study tries to investigate the formation of signs that make up the concept of love in Abdul Azim Fanjan poetry by descriptive-analytical methods based on Pierce's three-dimensional model. It also expresses the role of three components of signs, namely representation, subject and interpretation. From the results, it is inferred that the signs related to love are produced in the form of temporal, spatial, intertextual codes and based on succession and companionship. According to the category of priority, duality and tertiary, representation of each one depicts the qualitative state of the sign, subject shows the practical dimension of the poet's emotional experiences in the real world, and sign interpretation expresses a general concept that is woven in all the verses of the poem, respectively.

Sigmund Freud provided the basis for analyzing literary works using psychoanalytic methods. The novel Honaa Al-warda, by the Jordanian writer Amjad Nasser, is one of the political novels in which the author paid special attention to psychological issues and the hidden struggle of the inner forces of the novel’s hero, Younis Al-Khattat, in dealing with its subject. Therefore, the current research attempts to study the internal conflict of Yunus Al-Khattat, the hero of this novel, based on Freud’s theory, and to analyze the outcome of the battle between the id, the ego, and the superego over his individual and social life. The results of the research indicate that heredity, family environment, relationships with peers, the tense political and social atmosphere, and the propaganda of intellectual and political organizations play a major role in shaping Yunus’s acute internal conflict. His comprehensive internal anxiety is caused by the establishment’s pressures on himself and his logical ability and its insistence on quickly meeting its irrational, material and emotional demands, as well as the destructive and false ideals of the superego that lead him to many adventures and ambitions, and work that leads to the assassination of the president and exposes his life, his fate, and the fate of his family to danger.

Metafiction is a post-modern narrative method in which the author tries to show its fictionality and story-likeness in different ways and reduce his god-like authority in narrating the events of the story. In this narrative method, the author avoids the rules of traditional and classic narration and highlights the artificiality of the story with metafictional techniques. This method of narration was also noticed by the writers of Arabic literature and many writers created famous meta-stories with this method of narration. Amjad Nasser, a Jordanian writer, is also one of the authors who used the metafictional technique in the novel "Hona Al Warde". Therefore, the present research has analyzed the application of the metafiction narrative method in the mentioned novel with a descriptive-analytical and statistical method and stated the author's goals of using this narrative method. Based on the findings of the research, with the help of metafictional techniques such as short connection, criticism of the story and reference to the way of writing the story, combining genres and styles and the uncertainty and multi-completion of the story, Nasser highlights the constructedness of his novel and with his interventions and metafictional comments, the imaginary world It connects the story and the world of reality and gives the reader an active role in the narrative process

The stigma as one of the most important concepts of Erving Goffman in dramatic sociology that investigates the identity that arises with the creation of a gap between social identity (that arises in the interaction with other people) and the potential identity (with which individuals define themselves). Such people are not able to follow the common norms of society and as a result they are not accepted by others and a "stigma" is put on their forehead. In the novel Chicago by Alaa Al  Aswany, we are witnessed to the stigma attached to two main female characters, Shayma (Egyptian) and Carol (American). These two Eastern and Western women who are dealing with the stigma. With a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to investigate the "Stigma" theory of Goffman and to analyze the action of each of the female protagonists against the stigma and find solutions for it. The results indicate that Shayma is facing the stigma of having an illicit relationship with her classmate and getting pregnant by him, and to get rid of it, she has an abortion. But Carol suffers from ethnic-racial stigma that has faced her with social rejection, she succumbs to other stigmas in order to get rid of it and achieve a desirable social status.

Introduction and goal:

Chaos theory is one of the new scientific theories born of the developments of the modern era, which examines complex systems and has a direct relationship with mathematical studies and believes in the existence of order in chaos. After the development of studies on the theory of chaos, the field of application of this theory expanded and entered the human sciences as well. Literature was one of the fields that was influenced by this theory, and literary and critical studies influenced by this theory came to the conclusion that literary works are not free of chaos and disorder. Novel is one of the literary genres that is the best example for the application of chaos theory due to its dynamic and unstable system. Due to their different, innovative and complex narrative structure compared to classic and modern novels, postmodern novels are considered the most obvious literary texts that reflect a kind of order in chaos in their inner world. Some features of postmodern novels such as "accident, chaos, uncertainty, stereotyping, ambiguity and complexity" (Hasan, 2018: 106; Nowzari, 2011: 110) distinguish them from other novels. In these novels, the method of narration is non-linear and probability prevails over certainty.Arab storytellers also turned to the postmodern narrative style and wrote countless works according to postmodern principles. Ibrahim Nasrallah is one of the most prominent postmodern story writers of Arabic literature who has used the postmodern narrative style in many of his works, and his novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” also has the most important postmodern components. With the non-linear narration of the events of this story and the multiple use of time failures, Nasrallah transforms the world inside his story into a world of a thousand of pieces, which, despite being multiplicity, chaos and disorder, has a certain order and coherence. The characters of this story are different parts of a whole unit whose actions affect each other's lifestyle and destiny. With the help of a special narrative method, Nasrallah wants to create a post-modern atmosphere in his story, to depict the wide-ranging developments of the new age in a metaphorical form and with the language of a novel, and to express the impact of human actions on the environment and the environment on humans, and also the perspective of the modern world. Based on the theory of chaos and its four characteristics, this article tries to analyze the formation of the world in the story of “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” and its relationship with the external and real world and the political, social, economic, cultural and environmental transformations in the new and ultra-developed world, and also the goals of the author to analyze the creation of such a postmodern story. This research tries to provide proper answers to these questions:1- How does the application of chaos theory in the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” highlight the postmodern components of this novel?
2- How does Nasrallah explain the rule of order in disorder in the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya”?

The present study tries to analyze the narrative style of the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” with a descriptive and analytical method, relying on the foundations of the scientific theory of chaos. It analyzes the reflection of the four characteristics of the chaos theory, i.e. the butterfly wing effect, strange attractions, self-immortal and dynamic adaptation in this novel and expresses their role in strengthening post-modern dimension.

Nasrallah creates a fragmented and postmodern world in the story of “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” and metaphorically refers to the extensive changes in the real world of the new age. The events of this chaotic world move in different and multidirectional channels, and countless and uncertain environmental, human and non-human causes, political issues and long-term social and economic plans of countries are repeated in a coherent framework and in the form of strange attractions in different forms and in time and space. They take on the effect of butterfly wing under the influence of sensitivity to their initial conditions, and lead to a big event called the second dog war.

With the help of various time jumps, Nasrallah causes the death of time in the structure of this novel, and the characters and events of this novel show irregular and unexpected behaviors in a non-linear and unpredictable manner, for which no causal relationship and no outcome can be imagined, and this leads to the ambiguity and complexity of the novel and causes the audience to construct the world of this story and consider it as a symbol of the outside world and its characters and events as a creation of the author's mind and find it full of possibilities and without any certainty. By arranging disparate elements side by side extensively, Nasrallah draws a chaotic world whose actors and characters, despite their different nature and independent identity, have a desire to converge and identify with the whole and move in the direction of its goals. This convergence makes the components of this system adapt themselves to any climatic, social and political changes and the laws issued by the Castle System and achieve dynamic and recurring adaptation. From these irregularities, an ultimate and hidden order will emerge and the chaotic world of the story will continue to exist.

The world within the text is full of unknowns that are represented and revealed by the discovery of linguistic signs. Literary semiotics extracts its secondary messages and expresses the main concept and purpose of the poem by analyzing the actions within the text, and the audience reaches a deep understanding of the meaning of the poem. Pierce's theory of semiotics is one of the appropriate models for the critique of literary works in which the formation of three components of signs, namely representation, subject and interpretation and the relationship between them is investigated. Adel Adham, a contemporary Iraqi poet, is one of the poets of modernity with poems in which concepts such as war, terror, extremism, peace, empathy and unity are widely reflected, and one of his great ideals is a world free of war and full of reconciliation. The present study tries to analyze the process of formation of linguistic signs related to the concept of peace in Adham Adel's poems using a descriptive-analytical method and based on Pierce's three-dimensional semiotic model, and to critisize the relationship between these three components and their role in producing signs. The results of the research indicate that the linguistic signs in Adham Adel's poetry are a single and coherent structure, which are formed from the semantic connection between the example, subject and interpretation, and are based on a qualitative sign and the expression of some visible events and drawing the appearance of things, and with a sign The detail and expression of the bitter and unfortunate events of the inflamed and war-torn Iraq and the practical experiences of Iraqis regarding terror, suicide operations, fear and insecurity are expanded and end with a general sign and the poet's attitude towards the category of war and peace.

As the use of new linguistic theories to study religious texts creates new horizons for the researchers in both fields, the present research using two descriptive-analytical and statistical methods aims to analyze the speech acts of the story of Prophet Joseph (AS) based on John Searle’s theory. The results show that this theory can reveal deeper layers of verses of the Holy Quran and derive various meanings from the common propositions and styles in the Quran according to the context of the verses. Among the five acts of Searle, expressive and persuasive acts have a higher frequency. The reason for this high frequency, which is mostly manifested in the indirect use and use of secondary meanings of interrogative, commanding and forbidding sentences, as well as the use of news sentences instead of essays, is to show the special care of God Almighty for His sincere servants and encouragement of the audience to think deeply about religion by learning from the events of this story and having a rational understanding of various issues. Some of the notable points of obligatory, emotional and declarative acts include trusting in God, adhering to morality and chastity, expressing the mental and emotional states of the characters in the story and expressing sympathy with them, declaring the oneness of God and hating the pagans, which has created a completely spiritual atmosphere in the story.

Researchers have shown great interest in the psychoanalysis of literary works, and in this regard, many theories and schools, including the theory of Jacques Lacan, have attracted their attention. Lacan believes that the unconscious mind of man has three imaginary, symbolic and real areas, which must be examined in order to understand it. In this article, the authors intend to analyze the novel Kwabis Beirut with a descriptive-analytical approach based on Lacan's psychological theory in order to achieve a new reading of the underlying layers of the text as well as a psychological analysis of the novel's main character. One of the most important findings of the article is that the novel is completely consistent with the fields that Lacan stated for the unconscious mind, and the field where the narrator is located - that is, the battlefield - is consistent with the characteristics that Lacan described for the field symbolically mentioned. The incompatibility of the narrator with the environment, the people of the house, the region and the values ​​in the society all confirm this claim. In addition, the narrator is a psychotic person who enters the imaginary realm with the memories of his wife, but in the end, he loses the patience of the existing situation and escapes from the symbolic realm and decides to build a new life, and this new life represents the true character that he wished for.

One of the important aspects of migration, which has been considered by various researchers, including the language community, since the second half of the twentieth century, especially in the recent decade, is the linguistic consequences of migration. The second generation of immigrants, who were born in exile or immigrated with their parents as children, are more prone to mother-tongue encounters.Novel “ Tahta Samae Kopenhagen” Contemporary Iraqi novelist Hura al-Nadavi narrates a group of second-generation Iraqi immigrants in Denmark who, as a result of their resemblance to the host society, the language and culture of their homeland, have faded has also led to some sort of identity confusion for them.This article intends to analyze the linguistic consequences of migration in the second generation of immigrants in this novel in a descriptive-analytical way and relying on the literature of language's society.The results indicate that the dominant bilingualism, borrowing of vocabulary and phonetics, language change and in some cases language preservation and language adaptation are the most important consequences of second generation. It should be noted that the role of parents in the occurrence of these consequences is eye-catching.

In literary works, descriptions and narratives are always intertwined in such a way that it is impossible to separate them. In recent decades, along with the research of psychologists, several theories about the various functions of description have been proposed and a specific form of description has been attributed to any literature. Given that today, the technique of storytelling has become a special and valuable scientific science, every narrative text, despite the fact that narrative and description are intertwined according to their nature, in a way represents events that It constitutes a narrative and, on the other hand, contains a description of objects and characters, which is called a description. In this regard, the study has tried with a descriptive-analytical approach, the functions of description and its place in the novel Quabis Beirut by Ghada Al-Saman, a Syrian author. The results indicates that the use of precise descriptions helps the reader to visualize the events of the story and its characters. Many descriptive components help to advance the events of the story and move them forward through intense tension in the narrative or even through descriptive camouflage techniques. In addition to introducing the characters and even their behavior, sometimes the description determines the spatial and temporal framework of the story and sometimes it plays an educational, emotional, epic and ironic role. However, sometimes using descriptions to make the story more beautiful and create short breaks in the storytelling work.

According to Halliday's theory, one of the characteristics of the text is to have coherence, therefore, by giving importance to the beginning-end structure and marking and unmarking of each paragraph, it determines the author's method and performance in inducing his intended message.  Based on the mentioned theory, by examining the grammatical, lexical and linking relationship of a text, a comprehensive analysis of how its different clauses are coherent and interconnected is obtained. This research has examined the jihad sermon of Imam Ali (a.s.) based on the meta-textual approach (Halliday's role-oriented approach) in a descriptive-analytical way. The results show that most of the clauses of the mentioned sermon have a compound beginning, and especially its expression with such a beginning was a suitable point for inducing the message and validates the coherence of the text. Also, other types of cohesion such as intra-textual reference, substitution, deletion, lexical cohesion, especially synonymous expressions, and also link cohesion are prominent elements of this text. The examination of this sermon from Nahj al-Balaghah based on Halliday's theory, further identifies its value and importance in both religious and literary contexts.

Abbas Mahmoud Akhad is one of the leaders of the school of Romanticism in Egypt, relying on the principles of Romanticism and the use of natural phenomena, has depicted events and events that had many negative effects on her personal and social life. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the elements that Akhad has used to express its pessimistic views in this field, along with their causes. The results show that factors such as the failure of love, the arrival of old age, the death of loved ones and the unfurtunate events that occurred for the land of Akhad led to the emergence of pessimism in his poems. The poet's bitter experiences in the context of the world of love and romance have caused her to express her inner feelings by taking refuge in nature and its manifestations. Having spent the bitter days of her youth, she likens her ruined life to a tree that withers its green leaves, a sign of life, hope and youth. He sees oppression as pervasive; But because he finds himself powerless against it, he expresses his thoughts by composing glorious poems, but it is an ointment for his pains. The dominance of the pessimistic view over the idea of belief has led to calling an element such as soil, which is a symbol for the protection of the homeland, oppression, which cruelly leads young people to the brink of death. The use of natural phenomena such as spring, sun, moon, stars, desert, soil, birds, etc. is a characteristic feature of those poems of this poet that are dominated by pessimism.

Poets and writers, for a long time, have figuratively or explicitly uttered their emotions and feelings in their works through various colors, in such a way that significant results can be achieved regarding their personality traits if their works are examined psychologically. The present study was an attempt to analyze the use of colors in Nizami-Ganjavi’s Eskandar-Nameh and al-Hariri’s Maqamat, recruiting descriptive-analytical approaches. The results revealed that Nizami-Ganjavi had exploited colors by 380 times in Eskandar-Nameh, namely, 261 times directly and 119 times indirectly, using words such as dark, light, pitch-black, and the like. Accordingly, black and its derivatives with 107 repetitions, respectively with 57 and 50 direct and indirect cases, had the highest frequency. The use of colors had been typically employed as a simile, a metaphor, and an irony to account for the inner states of humans, which was to a great extent in agreement with the views of contemporary psychologists about different colors. Al-Hariri had also referred to 37 colors in his Maqamat, with yellow having the highest frequency (14 repetitions). In contrast to Eskandar-Nameh, the use of colors in Maqamat had been more symbolic and ironic, often stemming from the nature of colors; for example, white signifying hopefulness, black representing despondency and misfortune, or yellow indicating sorrow, ailment, and demise in one place and a symbol of delight and exhilaration in another. Additionally, the frequency of the colors in these two works is illustrated in diagrams.

Literary semiotics is one of the new methods of literary criticism that analyzes the actions of the world within the text by exploring the secondary layers of the text and explores the role of linguistic signs in the formation of the semantic structure of poetry. Pierce's semiotic model is one of the most appropriate and accurate tools for criticizing literary works, with which the semantic system of poetry is analyzed and the role of linguistic signs in the creation of the poem is expressed. Badi 'al-Qasha'a is a Palestinian poet of resistance who composes and deals with the themes of resistance in his poems with his own poetic language and expresses his worldview in a virtual and implicit language. This article tries to analyze the formation of signs related to the concept of resistance in the form of the axis of accompaniment and substitution of words in Badi al-Qasha'ala poems with a descriptive-analytical approach and emphasizing Pierce's semiotic model, and the effect of the relationship between representation, subject and interpretation in creating this Criticize the signs. Findings of the research indicate that the signs of the concept of resistance in Al-Qasha'ala's poems in the axis of accompaniment appear from the combination and accompaniment of words together in the context of the text. They become linguistic signs that end in meaning. These signs are the result of the connection between the semantic triangle of representation, subject, and interpretation.

Resistance" is a central yet ambiguous and questionable category in Foucault's thought. This is due to Foucault's new and extensive analyzes and conceptions of power. He believes that power is not something that is concentrated in the hands of one person, one particular class or institution and applied to others, but is spread throughout society. Power relations are not possible without "resistance"; because wherever there is power, there is resistance, so resistance manipulates power with calculated strategies. The novel "Ta al-khejel" by the contemporary Algerian author Fazileh al-Farooq is a clear example of the blatant oppression against women in Algerian patriarchal and traditional society, an oppression that begins with the family and ends with society, institutions, law and religion. But the women of the novel resist to this all-encompassing dominations. The aim of the present study is to examine the resistance and struggle of women against the domination of the patriarchal system in a descriptive-analytical way and based on the concepts of power and resistance of Michel Foucault. The results show that the female protagonists of this novel have appeared in two types of positive and negative resistance. Positive resistance through challenge to patriarchy (resistance against tradition and imitation), continuing education (affirmation of female nature), writing (expressive language of women and awareness of their classes) and emigration and negative resistance through denial of femininity (struggle against patriarchal discourse), suicide and insanity have resisted male power.

The psychological criticism is one of the novel techniques in literary criticism which tries to examine what is beyond the literary work in order to find the interconnection between art and the artist. The American psychologist, Abraham Maslow, believes that human beings need to grow, and to achieve this growth and development, they need to fulfill five steps of requirements including physiological, security, social, esteem and self-actualization needs. In fact, these needs help the individual accomplish the ultimate goal and first, lower level needs must be satisfied so that the person can reach higher levels and finally self-actualization. In this regard, the present research, through the descriptive-analytical approach, examines the protagonist of the novel Ayyām maʻah by Colette Khoury, the Syrian author based on Maslow’s theory. The novel is mostly indicative of Koury’s character and her society whose restrictions are the biggest obstacles to the growth and excellence of the women. Despite the obstacles, most of the women are trying harder to resist them in order to reach perfection for creativity and self-actualization. The results of this study indicate that the aforesaid novel matches the indices mentioned by Maslow for self-actualization. Most women and girls do not have the chance to develop and nurture their talents and capacity because of obstacles like irrational customs and traditions. The most obvious need of the protagonist is the presence of a supporter who can remove the obstacles to her growth and grant her wishes. Although she does not have all self-actualization components, having characteristics such as resistance to acculturation, problem-centeredness, acceptance of herself and others, creativity, simplicity, and being natural is a sign of self-actualization. She tries to reach the requirements in steps 4 and 5 of Maslow’s pyramid, and on this way, along with the resistance to the dominant culture, she reaches self-actualization by developing her talents like composing poems and playing music.

The “unreliable narrator” is of high significance among the modern narrative issues, that is a person due to the restricted knowledge and having no enough information, memory and Alzheimer disorders, psychosis, no attention to the grammatical signs in narrating events, speech and behavior contradiction, fear and doubt, as well as prejudice narrate those events which are incredible. Through the descriptive-analytical approach, the proposed research compares novels “Quabis Beirut” written by Ghadat-al-Saman, the Syrian author, and “Prince Ehtejab” written by Houshang Golshiri, the Iranian author, based on the components of unreliable narrator. The results indicate that the narrators of both novels are psychotic and disturbed, and this psychosis is more evident in the novel “Quabis Beirut” and the nightmare title of this novel is a clear reason itself for undesired mental state of its narrator. Both narrators have less information about the events; therefore, they regularly use the word "maybe" in their speech, and even when using the word "for sure", the sentences’ context implies their uncertainty. Both narrators are permanently in fear and hesitation states and transmit it to their reader. Memory disorder, uncalled-for repetitions, as well as speech and behavior contradiction have invalidated their narration, of course, the narrator’ non-reliability in Prince Ehtejab was prominent more with another factor called his prejudice against the Qajar dynasty, which prevented some reports being impartially presented.

Philip Hãmoun, a contemporary French theorist and semiotician, is one of the intellectuals who has looked at the element of character from a new perspective. His theory, because it incorporates the views of previous theorists, can identify what, concepts, and implications lie behind the personality. This theory is one of the most comprehensive and accurate theories about the character. Considering that the character plays a very prominent role in the novels of Rijãl Fee al-Shams by Ghassãn Kanfani and Sound and Fury by William Faulkner, character types, characterization, effective character, and cause character are examined. The results show that Kanfãni and Faulkner used historical, social, mythical and virtual characters to give all the characters the opportunity to play a role. Despite the fact that the narration in many parts of the two novels is based on the technique of stream of consciousness, but the presence of two authors in cases such as expressing details, expressing the thoughts of the characters, describing scenes and .... are visible. On the other hand, the questions posed by the narrator in the novel indicate a consideration for the reader. These two authors have been able to harmonize the names, descriptions and titles of the characters with their narrative functions and by describing the different dimensions of the characters, they put the reader in front of a complete picture of them.

The Free association is one of the techniques that novelists use to interpret the events of the story and introduce its characters to the reader. Operations in which thoughts and memories recall each other based on the principles of similarity, proximity and contrast. Considering that free association in the novel "Zakerat-al-Jasad" by Algerian author Ahlam Mostaghanemi has a high place; therefore, this study investigates the novel based on the free association technique using descriptive-analytical method and it's got the following results Free association has created a lot of beauty, diversity of contents and colorfulness of images to this literary work, and it has taken it from a repetitive state that makes the reader tired. Recalling the memories of the novel's characters and using the similarity principle that seems to be most applicable to the novel, the author details the characters' personalities, problems, wishes, and psychological and behavioral characteristics. Using the principle of temporal and spatial proximity, she introduces many celebrities, including the real people of the Algerian revolution, painters, poets and many historical trends and disasters, as well as the locations of these events to the reader. Despite the fact that the main axis of fiction is often based on two types of similarity and proximity, in some instances the narrator of the story remembers the memories based on the contradiction in them without prior decision, but recalling those memories is not always based on famous and traditional contrasts.

The great tendency of contemporary Arab fiction literature critics to new approaches of Western criticism, especially in the last decade of the twentieth century and concerns about the severance of their relationship with the old Arabic critique and the urgent need of Arab libraries for works on criticism of critiques, made the Syrian Abu Heif to write the book “New Criticism of Story, Novel and Narrative in Arabic Literature”. This research examined Abu Heif’s criticism method based on two methods of reading the work and descriptive-analytical approach and has reached the following The way the eight chapters of the book are presented in a very eloquent pen, illustrates that it has had a pre-determined engineering and the content topics have a logical and acceptable sequence. The data and examples in this book are vast; and in fact, Abu Heif has turned his book into an encyclopedia. Despite the fact that Abu Heif did not consider specific criticism criteria to criticize other critique works, and this is one of the main drawbacks of the book, his analysis of different critique works has a very solid base and is convincing for the reader. Citing of almost 500 works by critics from different Arab countries could be a strong reason for his lack of prejudice in using critical evidence.

The present research intended to investigate the social status of women in the novels; “Ahoo Khanom’s Husband” written by Ali Mohammad Afghani and “Zakerato Aljasad” by Ahlam Mosteghanemi. The research universe included social status of women in Algeria and Iran. The sample subsumed the novels; “Ahoo Khanom’s Husband” and “Zakerato Aljasad”. The research was designed as analytical and descriptive type. The data were collected through library study via reviewing scientific documents with emphasizing on the above mentioned scripts. The data were analyzed by qualative analysis based on descriptive approach. The findings revealed that both authors despite their gender, cultural, social and linguistic differences, could properly and realistically portrayed women’s violated rights images. Some common issues were seen in both novels including forced marriage, domestic work burden, deprivation of education and humiliation of women. Such problems which became major concerns for women was relatively improved by some novel women iconoclasm. In discussion about discriminations, problems such as physical abuse of women by their husbands, women role playing as men, divorce to emancipate of spouse abuse were indeed mentioned.

In recent years, stylists of literary texts have succeeded in analyzing and interpreting these texts more closely and accurately with a layered stylistic approach, therefore, the study of different layers of style has an effective role in discovering the meanings and ideology of texts. Among the multiple layers of a text, the lexical layer is the most practical layer in the interpretation and reflection of style, and consequently, the poet's worldview. The present study has tried to examine the stylistics of the lexical layer and the analysis of the ideology prevailing in the Alawite praises of the Saudi poet Abdullah Al-Weil Al-Ahsaei with two approaches of linguistic-content and statistical analysis. The results show that, considering that the ideology and style of the poet are directly related to each other, by examining the lexical style of Madahi al-Ahsa'i's poems, we see the manifestation of religious and doctrinal views through appropriate word selection. The vocabulary of these poems has been reviewed in four axes: objective and abstract, cryptography, linguistic pointing elements, and archaism. On the one hand, the high frequency of abstract words reflects the doctrinal nature of Al-Ahsa'i's poems and On the other hand, the dramatic use of the code of the law and the indicative elements that have been used as rational and narrative reasons in defense of her opinion, It includes an emphasis on institutionalizing the poet's religious and ideological themes.

It is not possible to get the desired thought of the text without considering the discourses of social actors. Using sociological-semantic categories, Van Leeuwen's discourse-oriented theory (2008) can explore the hidden layers of language in oral and written texts by stressing the importance of social actors of discourse. Hence, this theory can reveal the underlying relationships of each discourse. Due to the mysterious and discourse-oriented structures of the Holy Qur’an, one can find that the hidden ideology behind them is approximately the same. Therefore, discourse analysis can find a special status in Qur’anic studies. This study has examined the discourse system of the narrative of Prophet Solomon (AS) in Surah An-Naml with descriptive-analytical and statistical approaches using Van Leeuwen’s discourse-oriented model. The findings suggest that the inclusion components (134 cases) have a much higher frequency compared to the exclusion components (38 cases). On one hand, this means that God pays the most attention to the meaning, but on the other hand, in stylistic creativity, He introduces the audience, the names of individuals, groups, places, and times in which social actors play an active role. Besides, the components of reference allocation (98 cases), role allocation (20 cases), and type allocation (16 cases) have the most representation in all types of social actors included in this narrative, respectively.

Critical discourse is considered as a kind of evolutionary process of discourse analysis, in which, the processes influential in the formation of discourse are noticed through mere description of lingual data. In this respect, with a descriptive-analysis approach and on the basis of Norman Fairclough Model, the present research has attempted to critically explore into the discourse concerning the story of the Prophet Moses (A.S.) on three levels of description, interpretation, and elucidation and while examining the literal and rhetorical aspect of the above-mentioned story, examine the dominant discourses and the secondary and hidden concepts of the text that are less noticed. The results suggest that, on interpretation level, emphasis has been placed more on word selection and especially on their metaphorical aspects, application of negative sentences, distancing of the introgative sentences from their main meaning, and the tone of the dialogues. What is noteworthy on the interpretation level is that the discourse of power and authority seeking dominates over the popular and freedom-seeking discourse, in contrast to which the Divine, counter-arrogance and critical discourse stands up and the Almighty God, as the narrator of the story, presents it to the addressee in a direct way or in the form of the words of the story’s main character and thus challenges the formal discourse in the form of domination and subordination. On the elucidation level, the effects of formal discourse on social institutions and their people are examined and it is clarified how the formal discourse indexes are cristalized in the story’s characters and their prospect.

Considering that contemporary prose texts, in addition to the educational aspect, more than any time, reflects the culture and beliefs of a community and influences them; a book that is introduced as the reference for the curriculum, in addition to proper structure and content, it should be in line with the latest literary theories and approaches, so it could fulfill its literary mission. For this reason, this research, by using the method of rereading the work in both quantitative and qualitative analysis, has tried to see does the book ‘Malameh Al-Nathr Al-Hadith &Fonouneh’ by Omar Daqaq, Mohammad NajibTalawy and MoradAb-AlrahmanMabrouk has enough potential to be used as a reference for the curriculum of Arabic language and literature? The results show that, in spite of its advantages, such as a completely legible font, ideal layout and technical performance of some the authors of this book, but it has many quantitative and qualitative disadvantages that if it is used as a reference for the curriculum, it would be very weak and incomplete. Some the quantitative disadvantages of the book are very little use of punctuation marks and not having index, the list of references and the bibliography of the history of literature at the end of the book; and some of the qualitative disadvantages of the book are not being reprinted after 18 years, thematic and content deficiencies of the titles, irregularity and incoherence of the text, inadequate citation, lack of multiple, up to date valid and resources and also defective presentation of the titles and wrong inference.