rahim hashempour

City and urban space represent pervasive social phenomena, and the productivity and utility of urban spaces are crucial considerations in any study examining the daily lives of both men and women. The imperative for presence in space is universal, transcending gender, age, income level, occupation, and other factors. The presence of women in urban spaces, akin to men, stands as a paramount indicator of urban justice. Thus, this article employs a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes SPSS software for data analysis to assess the degree of gender justice in urban space. Additionally, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests are employed for the component grouping evaluation, involving the distribution of 368 Likert scale questionnaires across three areas of Qazvin. The questionnaire design implicitly considers the concept of the glass roof and urban space norms for women. The study results reveal that, in the regions of Qazvin, women's utilization of urban space is more pronounced compared to other areas. This disparity is attributed to the dominance of an active and dynamic urban space in this region, challenging the concept of the glass roof and showcasing increased presence of women.

Organizing the historical contexts of the city based on the requirements of passive defense due to the relationship between history, people, space and their activities is one of the most basic physical planning processes from the point of view of passive defense. The main goal of this research is to evaluate and examine the physical dimension and its components in the historical context of Urmia from the point of view of passive defense. The current research is longitudinal in terms of time (prospective), in terms of practical results, and in terms of the goal of developing applied knowledge in a specific field, which is quantitative in terms of the research implementation process, and finally in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical goal and terms of the implementation logic The research is inductive. The method of collecting information is both field and documentary. Data collection tools include observation and questionnaires. The Sample size of this research includes 100 specialists in this field, who were selected in a non-random and purposeful way from experts. One-sample t-tests were used to analyze the collected data, and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the variables, which was evaluated through experts' opinions. Also, DEMATEL's decision-making method has been used to establish relationships between components. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire from the experts of this subject and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was used, which was confirmed. In this research, the physical, functional, human, access and flexibility components of the space have been used. The results of this research show that according to the results of the Spearman correlation test, the physical independent variable has a stronger relationship with the physical dimension from the point of view of passive defense than other components. Also, the results of DEMATEL model indicate that the physical component has the most relationship and the access component has the least relationship with other components.

Research Problem: 

Boundaries in architecture differentiate inside and outside and confirm the existence of both. How to communicate inside and outside is guided through the boundary space. The transformation of the concept of the inside and the attack from the outside into the inside, which is justified in the continuation of the concept of spatial continuity! It is a special problem in architecture and housing is one of the architectural spaces that suffer the most negative effects as a result of this incident. By introducing and explaining the concept of boundary space and its characteristics, this research aims to analyze the patterns of internal and external communication. Inside and outside is not just inside and outside. Rather, there is a hierarchy from inside to outside in the house. With this attitude, in the housing, one room can be considered inside or outside compared to another room. The connection between inside and outside is not direct and the intermediate spaces between them, the porous walls between them and the like play a role in this interactive process. In the upcoming research, the study of movement patterns inside the house is desired. The approaches of analyzing the relationship between inside and outside have been discussed under concepts such as in between space, liminality, articulation, and the concept of boundary space has been discussed less. In this research, boundary space is considered as the main concept in the direction of analyzing this relationship, and movement patterns affected by it are identified and introduced.Research Question: What is the boundary space and what are its characteristics? And what movement patterns affected by the boundary space guide the relationship between inside and outside?

The nature of the research in this article is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical strategy and based on a case study. Data collection methods are a combination of library sources and field surveys. After defining the boundary space based on the concept of boundary and the principle of separation and then the relationship of space, three features were identified for the boundary space as a control-interactive space including: movement, spatial organization and spatial form. In the next step, case examples including 9 houses in a 50-year period including three time periods from 1351 to 1401 AH were studied in Zanjan city. In order to study the case examples, the space syntax method has been used. In order to identify the boundary spaces in case examples, the justification diagram was used by A graph software, and the analysis of movement in space was done in an agent-based way by Depthmap software. VGA analysis was also used to study spatial organization. Spatial form analysis is also statistical. In order to test and prove the numerical results by inferential statistics, Pearson correlation analysis was used in SPSS26 software.

Boundary space has a specific spatial meaning, it is a space designed with a control-interactive approach and it specifically emphasizes first on separation and division and then on controlled communication and determining the limit of the space according to the interpretation of the user and a personality derived from the surrounding spaces. Internal and external communication patterns in the housing are affected by the boundary space. The presence of the boundary space causes the creation of a multi-part space and creates diversity in the organization and spatial form. Based on the results of field studies in the examined samples in three periods, it was observed that in the 50-year period, the space has moved from a multi-part state to an open space. The presence of the boundary spatially and not just physically causes the formation of diversified movement patterns as a result of organizing diverse behaviors and activities in space. The most important factor identified is the amount of space in the house, which is related to the variety of organization and movement patterns in the house. Movement patterns include four categories; 1- rotational, 2- direct-divergent, 3- direct-convergent and 4- direct-convergent-divergent combination.

Background and objective :

This study aim is to find the optimal location form backup land uses from the perspective of passive defense in Urmia City. This is an applied, descriptive, and analytical study. 

Method :

Data collection was done using documentary data, a field study, and a questionnaire. Participants were 10 experts in this subject, who were selected purposefully. The network analysis process (ANP) was used to analyze the data. A dynamic and comprehensive model was prepared to locate fuel centers, fire stations, and hospitals from the perspective of passive defense. 

Results:

 The findings showed that Ali Gorge neighborhood and a part of the Hezaran neighborhood were suitable places for fire stations. Ali Gorge neighborhood was a completely suitable location for fuel stations. Moreover, the neighborhoods of Ali Gorge and Haft-Asiab were completely suitable locations for the construction of hospitals. 

Conclusion :

It can be concluded that Ali Gorge neighborhood has more suitable conditions than other neighborhoods for locating backup land uses. Therefore, special attention should be paid to this neighborhood by the city managers.

Introduction Achieving the growth and development of society requires creating equal and contextual opportunities and how to use the talents and abilities in it. One of these opportunities is the possibility of the presence and mobility of the disabled people as other people in society; Undoubtedly, people with disabilities are part of the members of any society ,which, according to equality of citizenship rights, need to be present in urban public spaces and create social interactions; So, in this study, due to the importance of the subject, an attempt has been made to design and match this type of spaces in one of the most important and busiest boulevards of Semnan city (the area of Ghaem Boulevard as a readable urban public space) in order to solve problems, increase the presence and safe accessibility of the disabled people to these spaces that are the purpose of this research should be addressed because the city and its spaces are not just a system and physical or natural context, but also the context of human life and a place for the emergence of  people’s abilities and creativity, the realization of goals, and the search for their happiness and satisfaction.Materials and MethodsIn the present study, the type of study in terms of purpose is applied, and the research method in terms of nature is descriptive-analytical and field type. Library and documentary study methods have been used to collect information related to theoretical topics and explain the principles and criteria resulting from this section. The field study method has been used to recognize and investigate the current situation and analyze and evaluate the applicant’s spatial patterns in the study area (conduct practical studies). In collecting field information, methods such as observation, photography, and tools such as a researcher-made questionnaire were used. After analyzing the questionnaires and placing its findings in line with field observations and studies, using the QSPM method to analyze and prioritize the strategies obtained from the SWOT table and then according to the design indicators mentioned in the theoretical framework section, for each of the strategy extracted, executive solutions are expressed to design and adapt and solve problems in the study area and thus increase the presence of people with disabilities.FindingsThe findings of the present study show that in the design and adaptation of urban public spaces in Semnan, such as the area of Ghaem Boulevard, the conditions and needs of the disabled people, especially the physically disabled people, have not been paid much attention and these people in the study area of this research due to many physical problems have many issues and concerns, including lack of easy commuting on sidewalks and streets, lack of ease of access and proper use of public places, spaces and special arrangements for spending leisure time. All these factors have created a disorderly, unhealthy, unsafe, and uncomfortable environment for the presence and efficient use of the disabled people in this area, despite its potential. So, these people rarely enter urban spaces alone. Most of them, due to the lack of suitable conditions for the presence and performance of optional activities, prefer to eliminate this type of activity. They only refer to the area and use it to perform their necessary and obligatory activities.ConclusionBased on the results, it was found that our cities today, due to social, managerial, and physical defects, have spaces for the presence of healthy and capable groups and do not accept the reality of people with disabilities, both physically and socially, and have many issues and problems in various fields. Disabled people in these spaces, despite the existence of laws that claim equal citizenship rights with other members of society, in practice due to corrupt and inappropriate designs and far from the minimum standards,  and the lack of executive guarantee of regulations to create appropriate spaces, they are deprived of being present in the community and having safe and easy access to the public spaces of the city and using the facilities available in it and participating in various activities. Thus, principled design and adaptation and compliance with standards, especially in public spaces used by different groups, is the right of all citizens and requires a comprehensive and binding approach. Also, the results of the present study show that by implementing the following strategies, we can help increase the Presence of citizens, especially the physically disabled people. Solutions include adapting sidewalks, streets, public buildings, and urban furniture elements, revising and adapting the case study based on design indicators and urban planning criteria, and providing the conditions in which all people can use these spaces according to their citizenship rights because the adaptation of urban spaces as a physical context for all people to have equal opportunities to move around the city, access to all urban spaces and perform activities in various fields is a necessity for growth and development between human being and the surrounding spaces and in the whole society. Based on this, it can be said that a society whose development orientation (planning, management, design, etc.) is according to the conditions of all people and responds to their needs and problems is a society in which everyone will have comfortable living conditions and will benefit from it

The unplanning growth of cities have negative consequences. One of the most important issue is the formation of informal settlements in peri-urban areas. Azadegan area of ​​Iqbaliye city is one of the informal settlements in this city, whose residents have many problems such as poverty, unemployment, addiction, lack of senses of belonging to the place of residence and many physical components problems. The aim of the current research is to provide urban planning solutions to adjust the existing problems in the area of ​​Azadegan in Iqbaliye city through sustainable regeneration. This research is an applied descriptive research with the use of analytical method. The framework of sustainable regeneration in informal settlements is developed with library sources and residents' point of view about the current situations is surveyed with questionnaire. Based on the population in Azadegan area (2850 people) and Cochran's formula the number of questionnaires that is required is 339 people. Lack of facilities and services, smallness, lack of durability and stability of building structures, low safety and security, health and environmental problems in existing urban spaces, improper lighting of roads and traffic accidents are among the most important problems within this area. According to the strategic planning approach of this area, different proposals is considered, such as health road, women's park, city hall, restaurant and the transfer of commercial-service line from Imam Khomeini Street to the city beltway.

One of the domains of urban unsustainability is informal settlements, which are unfortunately rapidly taking develop in Iran as a symbol of urban poverty. These settlements also create a chaotic view in the city and inflict extensive social, economic, and cultural damage on the entire of the city. The important point is to identify the basic solution to get out of this dilemma. This cannot be left to its own devices and it was not answered with a cross-sectional and selective approach. Weakness in the urban management, illegal actions, inefficiency of current policies are the main obstacles to taking a transparent path. Different approaches have been implemented in the planning system in different countries to reduce this problem. The Global Development Report identifies the empowerment of the poor and investment in their assets are top priorities in optimizing the lives of those living in these areas. There is ample evidence of the relationship between empowerment and reliance on assets and macro-level development The purpose of this study was providing a process pattern of residents' empowerment based on social capital and assets. Therefore, with a descriptive-analytical method, the potential capabilities and assets of the poor have been analyzed by using documentary studies on informal settlements and solutions to achieve empowerment based on social capital have been presented. The results show that informal settlements carry certain social-participatory capacities and empowerment of the inhabitants of these contexts leads to effective development in the body of these contexts and Social capital, with a wide range of assets was one of the effective factors, increasing the general quality of life. Achieving this requires reducing inequalities by investing in the capabilities and potential assets of the poor and gaining their trust, creation of an institutional mechanism for their learning and participation and strong organizations.

Today, the valuable urban tissues are getting worn out under the shadow of technological advances and speculative view. This wear and tear that occurs in the body and activity of the buildings has a destructive effect on the tissues that are formed during a gradual process and contain the identity and historical memory of the cities. Now, if these tissues belong to the racial or religious identity of the citizens, this negative effect is intensified and threatens the cultural effects of ethnic and religious life in multicultural cities. Today, the need for urban regeneration and revitalization is clear to everyone, but the way of intervention in all dysfunctional contexts cannot be considered the same, especially when the cultural and social contexts are different in the ethnic and religious spheres, which requires knowledge of the existing contexts of each The context, which has different residents, for the success of the project and also the sense of belonging of the citizens to the context after the regeneration, it is better to develop indicators specific to the existing contexts. This research aims to determine the principles of urban regeneration of culture based on different ethnic and religious localities, with an emphasis on ethnography in Urmia city, using descriptive-interpretive methods and ethnography approach, to explain specific regeneration indicators and components. We have made an effort in the direction of valuable urban revitalization in every different context. The findings of the research show that the city of Urmia, which is a multi-cultural and multi-identity city with the existence of different ethnic groups and religions. There are "others" who have gathered together in a city and its components form a common existence which doubles the importance and necessity of studying the social and cultural contexts of each of these ethnic groups.

Iran is one of the first countries in the Middle East in national and regional planning. Almost a century of history of planning in Iran cannot be ignored. Therefore, if we face a problem in realizing them, maybe it is due to the early stage and lack of necessary preparation for development along with codified and comprehensive planning. During the studies obtained, the programs compiled both before and after the revolution have had many features, but unfortunately due to reasons such as lack of consensus between politicians and organizational managers, or lack of belief in development based on planning or unexpected events. Like war, it prevents the realization of plans. Therefore, the realization of development plans must be accompanied by tools such as: a committed and committed work team, a financial and continuous budget, having a risk management plan along with the plan so that it can be realized in the specified time.

User planning of urban land, has been trying to find some methods for better distribution of urban service in its whole lifetime. nowadays more important issues _such as justice which tries to assimilate residents_ has been entered into this science and space justice becomes the foremost subject. The current procedure in urban service distribution, regarding given and specified standards, has used need recognition method and it has been totally need-based and without considering residents’ demands and people’s participation or the same demand-based procedure. Whereas some susceptible urban areas like non-efficient urban context, has sustained more damage and this has led to citizens’ dissatisfaction. This study aims to compare and analyze two kinds of need-based planning considering standards and demand-based planning considering real needs and opinions of residents, and in this way it improves citizens and people’s participation during planning procedure and it tries to elevate social justice and keep residents in their place of living specially in non-efficient urban context. This study is practical and uses descriptive-analytical method to compare the principle of standard-based and the principle of demand-based. Two criteria of urban per capita and standard of access points for the principle of standard-based and residents’ poll for the principle of demand-based have been chosen by questionnaire and analysis in SPSS, and the results have been visualized in GIS by IDW method. The outcomes of this compare, show a significant difference in the view and the results of planning based on urban standards and planning based on people’s opinions.

 Behavioral design of urban spaces should be considered as a democratic and human value in nowadays urban developments, in order to meet various human behaviors in a non-deterministic, impartial, and disinterested fashion. However, the inattention to democratic and behavioral values provides an intolerable problem in the process of urban design in Iran, ignoring the importance of multiple qualities and realities (social, cultural, political, economic, environmental, and even technological) of existing urban spaces. The deterministic urban projects, which is partly derived from limited and exclusionary capitalism, and also the deterrent traditional urban attitudes and personal interests in our country, literally jeopardize our urban spaces and cause them to lose their "Public and Civic" character  and essence. The urban environment, therefore, no longer accommodates a wide range of users, as well as the interactions and varied democratic behaviors associated with them, and thus the concept of “Freedom in Action and Behavior” is sorely neglected more than ever. As a result of these shortcomings, people have no incentives to take active roles in urban spaces and just do some mere necessities on the basis of this deterministic context, and, therefore, the correlation between human and city is fractured left and right. This problematical complicated situation leads to the emersion of degraded spaces with underdeveloped behavioral values and undemocratic contents. Thus, the shape and content of many of our cities (of course if we can call them cities because of the lack of articulation between “urbs” and “civitas”) are transformed into the collections of mere populations, substandard spaces, and dense soulless buildings. How beautiful Barati says “the cities of our country have become Noncity, which leads to social despair”. These statements actually shed a light on the fact that our current cities have lost their spatial, local, and humanistic features and thus people are mutually forced to reiterate repetitive and populistic behaviors. We should be aware of what is turn to a really important matter today, that the less we honor open and democratic urban societies and behavior-based spaces, the more we will face with disinterested and passive urban users.   

This study seeks to find a rational responsive framework by scrutinizing the behavioral and democratic urban theories, an anti-elitism and anti-totalitarianism framework that might comprise absent characteristics and criteria of our urbanism and can crystalize some effective solutions in the process of democratic design of behavioral urban spaces for removing the widespread deep-rooted urban dilemma, which we are facing with. Research hypothesis: the actualization of behavioral-based and democratic realities of our urban spaces (which can be called the process of democratic design of behavioral urban spaces) can lead to more people-friendly and efficient urban structures. Research

This study is conducted through content analysis and comparative methods. The analyses and descriptions are also followed by a non-interventionist approach that solely tries to systematically highlight the scattered patterns and points throughout a set of texts. The required information is also collected through the structured study of related theoretical documents. Findings and

This study partly discovers that the urban design practices should not be seen as a lever to “Radical Exercise of Power”, but as a tool for achieving “Humanistic Participatory Development”. Accordingly, there are two important issues here: “Behavioral Freedom” and “Democracy”, which have to be perceived with big “B and F” and “D”, on a grand scale, in their purest nature and most fundamental and impressive forms. In this study, therefore, an attempt is made to collect the required characteristics of behavioral urban spaces, and to extract the general criteria for democratic urban design within two environmental (i.e. responsive qualities) and social (i.e. the right to the city and public participation) dimensions, to exactly integrate them, and subsequently attain the process of democratic design of behavioral urban spaces. The realization of this process may turn our urban environments to a suitable context for the manifestation of a wide range of “Voluntary and Social” activities, vis-à-vis the “compulsory” ones. Thereby, the urban spaces will be democratically formed based on behavioral and social values; in fact, people will absolutely utilize the practical freedom to make their places more democratic based on their needs, the kind of places that can bring “Multiplicity” and “Throwntogetherness” into action.

Due to the increasing population and urban development, locating suitable locations according to climatic parameters for constructing new towns is the concern of today's world. Locating is an activity in order to select a suitable location for a particular application by assessing and analyzing the spatial and non-spatial seating properties of a land. Hence, locating suitable areas according to climatic parameters for constructing new towns in Qazvin province is the main goal of the present study. The method of this study is to determine the importance and weight of climatic parameters using fuzzy-AHP and data from two questionnaires Delphi and pairwise comparison method. The susceptible areas in terms of climate conditions were identified in a case study in Qazvin province. Finally the results show that, according to climate conditions for creating new cities, 9.6 percent area of the province were located in the highly desirable region, 31.3 percent in favorable region, 40.7 percent in moderate region, 12.3 percent in undesirable region, and 9.1 percent in the complete undesirable region, respectively

Although the concept of social investment is a new and emerging field of urban studies, this concept is rooted in the social relations of mankind. Human naturally engages and interacts with others and satisfy their needs as living creatures. The effects of these interactions and their roles is complex; it is social capital avenue and it can be studied by various researchers.In this paper, by adopting a comparative approach to the evaluation components of social capital metrics awareness, participation and social trust among different communities, three regions of Qazvin had been paid attention. The research is undertaken using descriptive - analytical, qualitative data deploying a model designed to quantify and measure. Assessment model creating value tree and AHP method (AHP) and is designed with four levels .The findings of the study showed significant differences across social capital and its components.