reza ahmadi

Modeling the spatial distribution of grade and reserve estimation are the most important issues and the main goal of exploration operation. This kind of modeling depending on the amount, type and method of carried out exploration works and available exploration information, is performed using various methods. In the following situations, underground exploratory works such as exploration tunnels are carried out: 1- vertical or steep slope mineral deposits, 2- mountainous geomorphology with high altitudes and rough topography, 3- difficult or impossible situation of drilling, and 4- very high thickness or volume of overburden on the mineral deposit. In fact, in such conditions, for the most of mineral deposits there is continuity in the vertical direction whereas the changes are mostly along the horizontal surfaces. In the present research, block modeling and geostatistical reserve estimation of the Emarat Pb-Zn deposit located in the Markazi province have been carried out using log-kriging method with a different approach and a delicate technique. To achieve the goal, firstly, processing, modeling and geostatistical estimation of total Pb-Zn assay data obtained from exploratory tunnels drilled at the various elevation levels were performed as two-dimensional, separately. Then, using the gained results, three-dimensional estimation process for whole of the deposit was done. Such an approach for geostatistical estimation of a deposit grade and reserve discovered by underground exploratory works, has not been reported in any research before.

Study deposit and available exploration data
The Emarat Pb-Zn deposit is located about 45 km southwest of Arak city, between longitudes 49°30' to 49°45' East and latitudes 33°45' to 34°0' North, in an area with the altitude of 2,180 m above sea level. The topography of the Emarat region is very uneven. Uniform stratigraphy, severe folding, absence of igneous rocks and strati-banding are the geological characteristics of the region, with the strike of folding conforming to the trend of the Zagros folding. The Emarat Pb-Zn deposit is located on the Sanandaj-Sirjan tectonic zone and the Malayer-Isfahan lead and zinc metallogenic belt. The geological units of the region are generally carbonate, shale, and marl sedimentary units from the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods, with folding and faulting, which are composed of steep slopes. In general, the Emarat Pb-Zn deposit is a synclinorium trending northwest-southeast, with a length of 1.5 km and a width ranging from 250 to 850 m. In the Emarat deposit, lead and zinc minerals are located within a calcareous siliceous layer interface of a dark gray massive limestone band in the footwall and a Cretaceous shale layer in the hanging-wall. This formation belongs to the lower or middle Cretaceous. In the Emarat Pb-Zn deposit, many activities containing drilling of horizontal exploratory- exploitational tunnels and crosscuts with a total length of 11,000 m in six elevation levels with a height difference of about 10 m have been carried out, whereas 1,238 Pb-Zn assay data of samples taken from the tunnels are available. Cross-sectional kriging method From the dimensional viewpoint, in the case of two-dimensional acquisitioned data, such as assay data of surface samples, processing operation and geostatistical estimation with Kriging method is done as two-dimensional. There are also cases in which, although the data acquisition is three-dimensional, it is better to perform the geostatistical estimation first on two-dimensional surfaces, then the estimation results obtained from different levels are combined with each other and the final three-dimensional model is produced. This type of kriging estimation is called cross-sectional kriging, which can be done along a series of horizontal or vertical sections. Of course, its use in horizontal sections is more logical and desirable. Since in such cases there is practically no sample and consequently no data in the gap between two consecutive adjacent surfaces, and all processed and estimated data is related to samples taken from two-dimensional surfaces, therefore, the distance and spatial relationship of the data at each level is higher. So that the continuity of the deposit is better revealed at each level. Log-Kriging method If the statistical distribution of the used data is not normal, linear kriging estimation methods cannot be employed, because in this case, there will be a correlation between variance and mean and pseudo-anisotropy appears in the strike variograms. In such conditions, it is better to normalize the data with a suitable transformation method such as logarithmic so that linear methods can be used for estimation. Next, the estimation operation is applied on the logarithm of data with the ordinary (or simple) kriging method, and then the estimated values are converted to real values with an inverse transformation. This non-linear kriging method is called log-kriging.

Based on the statistical processing of total Pb-Zn assay data for the elevation levels of 2032, 2024, 1998, 1988, 1978 and 1964-1968 m separately, data distribution was known lognormal, normalized with two and three parameters logarithmic transformation. Also, plotting standard deviation against the total Pb-Zn assay data of the various elevation levels revealed dependence of the variance with mean. To analyze the spatial structure of the region, horizontal strike variograms with azimuths ranging from 25 to 135 degrees were drawn for each elevation level separately, as well as two better horizontal variograms in perpendicular directions were selected. Due to the lognormal distribution of the assay data, to avoid the appearance of pseudo-anisotropy, the variography was performed for the transformed total lead and zinc assay data. All theoretical variogram models fitted over empirical variograms are spherical type, and strike variograms in various directions have the same sill but different ranges. Therefore, the studied area has geometric anisotropy. Using variography of the different elevation levels and determination of ellipse search radii, grade of each elevation level was estimated with geostatistical cross-sectional log-kriging method for 10 by 10 m blocks as well as isograde map from estimation process was drawn. According to the isograde maps at most elevation levels of the Emarat Pb-Zn deposit, the mineral deposit grade in the eastern half is higher than the western part. Afterward, the estimation process was validated through cross-validation approach with the well-known jackknife method and kriging estimation error maps of each elevation level. In such validation method based on the variogram model, each time one of the input data (known) is estimated through the Kriging method using neighboring samples around that sample, while the estimated values are compared with the actual ones. In other words, any known data is estimated by assuming that its value is unknown. In this regard, the determination coefficient of regression between actual and estimated grade values in all cases except elevation level of 2024 is more than 0.5, indicating good correlation between the data. Thus, the estimation has a good validity. To create block model of the deposit, a prototype grid model with size of 1110×530×265 m, cell size of 10×10×10 m and estimated assay data of different elevation levels through the advanced inverse distance weighted (AIDW) algorithm, was used. The size of blocks was set to 10*10*10 m based on the size and extension area of mineral deposit in each elevation level, as well as distance of the elevation levels. In AIDW algorithm, it is possible to weight the distance with different powers in various directions. In this case, weights of two and one were assigned to the data in the horizontal (exploration tunnels at each elevation level) and vertical directions (distance between different elevation levels) respectively, due to greater variety in the horizontal direction. At the end, different categories of proven, probable and prospected reserves were determined for seven cut-off grades of 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 and 7 percent. According to the tonnage-grade diagram of the total deposit for different categories of proven, probable and prospected reserves, the proven reserve and related average grade diagrams reveal little changes for various cut off grades locating a short distance from each other. The low changes and almost horizontal state of both two graphs are due to the high total grade of lead and zinc in the proven reserve category, discovered using more exploration activities with less estimation error.

In this research, a new approach was used for geostatistical estimation of grade and ore reserve, in the Emarat Pb-Zn deposit. To achieve the goal, based on data mining of different elevation levels of the deposit, first a 2D geostatistical estimation was carried out using the cross-sectional log-kriging method for each elevation level, separately. Afterward, 3D block model of the deposit was created. In fact, in this study, the exploration data available on horizontal surfaces at the different elevation levels of the Emarat Pb-Zn deposit were generalized to 3D space through variography and 2D geostatistical estimation, by creating block model. The results of the research show that in some cases according to the conditions of the studied deposit and type of carried out exploration activities, modeling and estimation of ore reserve is possible more simply with optimal accuracy through the relatively new and accurate geostatistical methods. This scenario was performed by the approach of dimension reduction of estimation space and then converting the estimation space from two to three dimensions. The results of this research will be useful for all earth sciences users, including geologists, mining exploration and exploitation engineers.

Assessing social motivation can help to better understand the needs, capabilities, and psychological and social barriers of people with disabilities. However, there are few direct tools to measure social motivation in the disabled population. Despite the importance of social motivation in people with Physical- motor AND mental-psychological disabilities and the availability of a reliable tool to measure it, there is no standard scale in Iran to assess this construct for people with disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validation of the social motivation scale in people with Physical- motor AND mental-psychological disabilities in Yazd.

The method of this research was a descriptive-crosssectional a type of Psychometric studies. The statistical population of the study included all individuals aged 18 to 40 with physical- motor, psychological, and mental disabilities in the city of Yazd (1540 people) in 2024. Based on the Kline (2023) method, given that the number of questions in the scale under study (social motivation scale) was 26 questions, the sample size of the study was 520 people. The instrument used in this study was the Social Motivation Scale (Phillips et al., 2021). After translation and necessary adaptations, the final version was administered using a simple random samplingto 520 people with disabilities in Yazd city. Also, correlation coefficient test, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and SPSS software were used to analyze the data in this study.

The results of data analysis in this study showed that the social motivation scale had appropriate face and content validity. The data also indicated that this scale has a five-factor structure in people with Physical- motor AND mental-psychological disabilities, and this five-factor scale model had a good fit. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the subscales ranged from 0.77 to 0.93 and for the total score was 0.88. The results also showed that the factor loading of all scale questions was higher than 0.60.

Overall, this scale appears to have adequate validity for measuring social motivation in people with Physical- motor AND mental-psychological disabilities among the Iranian sample, and it can be used for counseling and rehabilitation purposes in people with disabilities.

Brucellosis is the most common zoonotic infection, which is transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals or their products (e.g. milk). Choosing an appropriate antibiotic regimen that minimizes recurrence and treatment failure has always been a challenging aspect of treating brucellosis. In recent years, several studies have compared the efficacy of streptomycin and gentamicin in treating brucellosis, but it is still not completely clear which antibiotic is superior.

Medline and Scopus databases were searched. All English articles published from January 2006 until January 2020 that assessed the efficacy of streptomycin and gentamicin in treating human brucellosis were carefully evaluated.

In total, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 2 were reviews, 2 were clinical trials, and the other 7 studies were lab experiments. Four studies had been performed in Iran. The number of subjects in the evaluated articles ranged from 50 to 323. Most studies focused on the adult population, with only one specifically focusing on children above 8 years old. Human brucellosis agents were almost equally sensitive to streptomycin and gentamicin in lab experiments. In clinical trials, both antibiotics were effective in treating brucellosis.

Streptomycin and gentamicin could safely be used with doxycycline to treat brucellosis successfully.

The aim of the current research was to explain academic enthusiasm basic psychological needs and the intrinsic value of the task in the form of a Structural equation analysis. The research method was correlation and path analysis. The statistical population of the research included all students of the second secondary level of Shiraz city in the academic year of 1400-1401, and 500 students were selected as the research sample by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The data collection tools in this research were: La Guardia et al. Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaire (2000), Pintrich and et al. Task Value Questionnaire (1991) and Gunuc and Kuzu's Academic Enthusiasm Questionnaire (2015). Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS software. For the reliability of the questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used, and the results indicated the good reliability of the instruments. The results of the analysis of the research hypothesis showed that the proposed model had a good fit and the effect of the basic psychological needs on the intrinsic value of the task (P<0.01) and academic engagement (P<0.01) as well as the effect of the intrinsic value of the assignment on the academic enthusiasm (P<0.01) was positive. And it was meaningful. Also, the mediating role of the intrinsic value of the task was significant (P<0.01). According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the basic psychological needs and the intrinsic value of the task are important antecedents of academic enthusiasm.

Diclofenac (DF), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, can induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. This study investigated the protective effects of thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound from Nigella sativa, against DF-induced organ damage in rats.

Experimental approach: 

Forty-eight male rats were divided into six groups (8 each) and treated orally for seven days as follows: group 1 (control): normal saline; group 2: DF (50 mg/kg); group 3: DF (50 mg/kg) + silymarin (50 mg/kg); groups 4-6: DF (50 mg/kg) + TQ at 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, respectively. Serum biochemical parameters, hepatorenal oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosisrelated genes were assessed. Histopathological examinations of liver and kidney tissues were also performed. Findings/

DF administration induced significant liver and kidney damage, evidenced by elevated serum biochemical markers, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis-related gene expression, and histopathological alterations. TQ treatment, particularly at the highest dose (40 mg/kg) effectively attenuated these changes. TQ improved liver and kidney function, reduced oxidative stress markers, suppressed inflammation, modulated apoptosis-related gene expression, and ameliorated histopathological damage.

Conclusion and implication:

 TQ exerted significant protective effects against DF-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats, potentially through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. These findings suggest that TQ may be a promising therapeutic agent for mitigating DF-induced organ damage. However, further research, including clinical trials, is needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans.

Many researchers have explored the speech act of refusals across various genres, languages, and contexts. However, little is known about how refusals are conveyed in academic job applications by Asia-Pacific and European institutions. To address this gap, the current cross-cultural study analyzed a corpus of naturally occurring academic job rejection emails from different universities. Using Beebe et al.’s (1990) taxonomy of refusals, a total of 85 rejection letters was collected and examined. The results revealed that while both Asia-Pacific and European universities employed similar refusal strategies, the frequency differed significantly: European universities used 219 refusal strategies, compared to only 60 by Asia-Pacific institutions. Both regions primarily relied on “indirect” refusal strategies and “adjuncts” to protect the applicant’s face. Interestingly, “direct” refusal strategies, which are more face-threatening, were notably more common in European universities’ responses. The study concludes with insights and recommendations for making the academic job application process more considerate for both applicants and institutions.

The present study aimed to model marriage orientation based on psychological capital and attitude toward premarital relationships with the mediation of the social desirability of unmarried students. The present research was a descriptive-correlation type of Path Analysis. The statistical population of the research included all single students of Islamic Azad Universities in Isfahan province in 2022; According to the number of research variables and conventional statistical methods, a sample of 500 people (303 girls and 197 boys) was used for the Gwanji Marriage Orientation Questionnaires (2019), Luthans Psychological Capital (2007), attitude towards relationships. Before marriage, Kardlow (2010) and social desirability were answered by Crown and Marlow (1964). The results indicated that the proposed model had a good fit. Psychological capital showed a significant positive relationship with marriage orientation (P < 0.001). Additionally, the direct effect of social desirability on marriage orientation was positive and significant (P < 0.001). The indirect effect of psychological capital on marriage orientation, mediated by social desirability, was also significant (P < 0.001). However, no significant direct or indirect effect was observed between attitudes toward premarital relationships and marriage orientation (P > 0.001). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that social desirability mediates the relationship between psychological capital and marriage orientation, while no such relationship exists between attitudes toward premarital relationships and marriage orientation.

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) of the lower extremities is a successful surgical procedure for end-stage degeneration and is gaining increasing popularity worldwide. Preexisting neurological conditions have been a significant challenge for arthroplasty surgeons for a long time, and they have avoided performing TJA in these patients. Parkinson’s disease (PD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, is prevalent and associated with a higher likelihood of gait imbalance, falling, and osteoarthritis (OA). The number of patients with PD who experience hip and knee OA is increasing. As a result, some of these individuals may need to undergo total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) to alleviate symptoms and improve their function. Patients with PD present a remarkable set of challenges for surgeons owing to increased muscle tone, higher fracture risk, and ligament instability. Currently, limited information is available regarding the outcomes and effectiveness of these procedures in PD patients. The lack of data is a concern because it prevents surgeons from making informed decisions regarding the use of TJA in this patient population. This study aims to summarize the recent literature regarding total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures in patients with PD to help surgeons in this challenging setting and improve their knowledge of potential complications and outcomes in this complex background.

Nosocomial infections have always been a serious threat to hospitalized patients, and in recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates has aggravated the severity of this problem. The type and rate of bacteria causing nosocomial infection can vary across different geographical areas; therefore, it is of utmost importance to periodically check the type of infection and variations in the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the variation in antimicrobial resistance patterns in bacteria isolated from patients with nosocomial infection hospitalized in Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital from 2017-2020.

The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 392 patients with nosocomial infection admitted to Allameh Bohllol Gonabadi Hospital from 2017-2020. The age and gender of the patients, the hospital department, the type of hospital infection, the cause of the infection, and the pattern of antibiotic resistance were extracted from the patient's files. Finally, all the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using descriptive statistical tests, and the variation in antimicrobial resistance pattern in bacteria isolated from patients with nosocomial infection was investigated.

Out of 44,204 examined patients, 392 cases had nosocomial infections. The rate of nosocomial infection was 0.88%. Ventilator-related pneumonia (32.14%), urinary infection (27.55%), and surgical site infection (20.15%) were the most common nosocomial infections. The highest rate of nosocomial infections was related to the intensive care unit. E. coli (17.6%), Klebsiella (12.2%), and Acinetobacter (10.9%) were the dominant pathogens causing nosocomial infections. The results regarding the variation in antibiotic resistance pattern demonstrated that the rate of antibiotic resistance and the frequency of isolates with multidrug resistance increased over four years. All the isolates showed 100% resistance to ampicillin. Gentamicin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics used for gram-negative bacilli.

As evidenced by the obtained results, there was a significant increasing trend in the resistance of isolates to all studied antibiotics during these four years; moreover, the frequency of multidrug-resistant strains was also increasing. Furthermore, the marked increase in antibiotic resistance among isolates causing nosocomial infections in recent years is a serious risk. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns can be of great help to physicians in selecting more appropriate antibiotics for treatment and preventing the development of antibiotic resistance.

Emotional divorce has been demonstrated to be associated with diminished satisfaction among women and an increased vulnerability to physical and mental illnesses. Women are more likely to be suffering from these conditions due to their role in upbringing children and protecting the home environment. Emotional divorce can be conceptualized as a precursor to legal divorce, representing a form of silent divorce. In this state, couples continue to cohabitate while observing significant marital restrictions, resulting in a state of emotional separation despite the physical presence in the same dwelling (Rasheed et al., 2021). The phenomenon of emotional divorce has been particularly observed in families where spouses are compelled to reside together due to traditional norms or negative attitudes towards divorced women. This study examines the interpersonal motivations of women involved in emotional divorce, focusing on two variables: revenge and avoidance. The present study posits that forgiveness can serve as a mechanism to confront emotional divorce and mitigate adverse emotional responses. Interpersonal motivations related to wrongdoing include how people deal with the moral, physical, and psychological harm caused by the wrongdoer (Baumeister et al., 1994). Revenge, the desire to double-repay for harm without a clear understanding of the situation, and the avoidance of emotional conflict to protect oneself, are among these motivations. The desire to compensate functions as a strategy to mask personal vulnerabilities and shortcomings by achieving success in other domains (Worthington et al., 2017). Forgiveness, in this sense, is a multifaceted process involving a reduction in negative sentiments towards the offending individual, a diminution in the inclination towards revenge, and an augmentation in positive emotions (Fatehi et al., 2021). Notably, forgiveness can paradoxically enhance the desire to compensate, as evidenced by studies such as that of Woodyatt and Wenzel (2013). Given the gravity of the issue of emotional divorce in women and its repercussions on society, this study investigates the effectiveness of forgiveness intervention on the desire to compensate and the interpersonal motivations related to the wrongdoing of women involved in emotional divorce.

The research method employed was a quasi-experimental design, incorporating a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population comprised women experiencing emotional divorce who sought treatment at family counseling clinics in Isfahan during 2020-2021. Forty subjects were identified as having emotional divorce, as determined by the Gottman Divorce Test (1997). These subjects were then randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group received eight sessions of forgiveness intervention based on the protocol developed by Enright et al. (2001). The control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Gottman Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (1997) and McCullough et al. (1998) Interpersonal Motivations Questionnaires, and were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The efficacy of the forgiveness intervention was demonstrated by its significant impact on the desire to compensate (P<0.001, F=58.947, F=15.288) and its subsequent reduction of revenge (P<0.001) and avoidance (P<0.001) behaviors among women experiencing emotional divorce. The intervention's impact on reducing revenge behaviors demonstrated stability at the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.001). The impact of the intervention on the avoidance was found to be consistent at the pre-test to post-test and pre-test to follow-up stages (P<0.001). However, its stability was not consistent between the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.560). The percentage of effectiveness of forgiveness intervention on the desire to compensate, revenge and avoidance were 55.1%, 56.3%, and 0.69%, respectively.

Conclusion & Suggestions:

The findings of this study demonstrated that training in forgiveness and relationship enrichment skills exerted a substantial influence on the mitigation of revenge and the enhancement of empathy in women experiencing emotional divorce. The provision of a secure and nurturing environment through these educational interventions enabled the participants to address their negative emotions, particularly anger and the desire to compensate, in a constructive manner. The training in forgiveness skills fostered a more profound comprehension of both the participants' own and their spouses' emotional and psychological needs. This enhanced understanding subsequently facilitated more open, honest, and respectful behaviors within the context of their relationships. Furthermore, training in negotiation and emotion management skills has been shown to help participants prevent the emergence and escalation of their anger. The implementation of choice-based strategies in these educational interventions resulted in the modification and enhancement of interactions between couples. These dynamic and purposeful interactions have been shown to reduce negative energy in relationships and increase the tendency toward sincere and understanding interactions. Consequently, couples demonstrated an increased capacity to cultivate harmonious relationships characterized by mutual acceptance. The study identified a correlation between a lack of forgiveness and empathy and the propensity to engage in revenge behaviors among women experiencing emotional divorce. The present study examined the impact of forgiveness training interventions on emotional divorcees, with a focus on feelings of revenge, empathy, and self-confidence. The intervention, as implemented, appeared to be effective in helping participants overcome their anger and revenge by fostering feelings of empathy and compassionate understanding towards the offender. The findings of this study are consistent with those of other studies, including those by Ebrahimi (2018); Isanejad(2010); Vallejo (2020); Bell (2017); Hay et al. (2018); Torkizadeh et al. (2018); Kianipour (2019); and Kahl Joyce (2010). Given these materials, it is posited that forgiveness training can function as an efficacious program for enhancing marital satisfaction and the propensity for reconciliation among couples experiencing emotional divorce.

In many industrial applications, cylindrical shells are affected by different temperature conditions during their lifetime, yielding to the thermal stresses and variation of structural vibration characteristics and natural frequencies. Therefore, in this research, the effects of temperature increase on the natural frequencies of the cylindrical shell have been investigated experimentally through acoustic testing. For this purpose, first, the natural frequencies of a cylindrical shell are extracted utilizing Comsol software. Then, the natural frequencies of the shell are determined by the impact hammer test. Next, the cylindrical shell is placed into the acoustic room and is stimulated by a speaker inside the acoustic room. In this case, the sound pressure level is measured by the microphone inside the shell, and the natural frequencies of the system are measured by the frequency analysis at ambient temperature. Validation of the acoustic test presented in this article is evaluated and verified by modal test and numerical solution at ambient temperature. Finally, the shell is heated in a thermal chamber to a temperature of more than 80ºC and the acoustic test is repeated again. The results indicate that the natural frequencies of the system decrease as the temperature increases.

Marital orientation refers to assessing individuals' optimistic or pessimistic attitudes toward marriage. Among the influential factors shaping young people's marital orientation are the relationships they have with others before marriage, as well as their psychological capital. In past studies, family friendship has also been identified as one of the influential factors. However, to date, no model has been proposed for marital orientation based on the relationships between these components.

The aim of the current research was to model marital orientation based on psychological capital and premarital relationship attitudes with the mediation of family friendship.

The present research was descriptive and employed correlational structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all single students of Islamic Azad University in Isfahan province. Considering the number of research variables and conventional statistical methods, a sample of 500 individuals (303 females and 197 males) was selected using stratified random sampling method. Participants completed questionnaires on marital orientation (Guanji, 2020), psychological capital (Luthans, 2007), premarital relationship attitudes (Kourdeloo, 2001), and family friendship (Hashemi Garmdarreh, 2019). The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software.

The findings indicate that among the predictor and mediator variables, optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy, as well as family friendship, have a direct relationship with marital orientation
(p< 0.05). Additionally, psychological capital and premarital relationship attitudes can predict marital orientation through the family friendship variable (p< 0.05).

Based on the results obtained, it can be said that the higher the levels of psychological capital and family friendship among students, the more optimistic their orientation towards marriage will be. Considering the results, the family friendship variable plays an important and influential mediating role in the relationship between psychological capital and premarital relationship attitudes with marital orientation.

In the southern part of Alijan-Divandarreh-Kurdistan, magnetic survey has been carried out in two phases for two separate zones called A and B. The magnetic surveys of the first and second phases in the eastern part of zone A have some overlap, so that the western part of the area surveyed in the first stage is the eastern part of zone A. Six vertical boreholes have also been drilled on the anomalies of the first phase in the eastern part of zone A. To make a decision for continuation of development exploration in the second phase, especially drilling of 16 new proposed boreholes in zones A and B, the results of the first stage were evaluated using the results of drilling operation. Based on the results of drilling conducted in the eastern part of zone A, the probability of technical success obtained 60% and probability of economic success compared to similar iron deposits in Kurdistan province is predicted at most 95%. Therefore, the probability of exploration success is 0.57 which is acceptable in the current conditions. In other words, at the moment the possibility of converting the deposit into ore is not very high and drilling of the new proposed boreholes in zones A and B is needed. However, is suggested that the specifications of the new proposed boreholes be revised through the geology of the region and mineralization type. Whereas, new boreholes can be drilled based on the trend of mineralization in the contact between schist and amphibolite.

Self-handicapping behaviors, characterized by creating obstacles or excuses to avoid failure, can hinder academic success. Understanding how academic motivation mediates the relationship between self-handicapping behaviors and academic performance is crucial for supporting medical students.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between academic self-regulation, goal orientation, passion, and self-handicapping behaviors among medical students, with academic motivation as a potential mediator.

The present study employed a descriptive, correlational approach to examine the relationships between variables within a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. The population consisted of all undergraduate medical students with self-handicapping behaviors at Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The sample comprised 204 medical students selected using purposive sampling, who completed the Academic Passion Scale, Goal Orientation Scale, Academic Self-Regulation Scale, and Academic Motivation Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the model with AMOS 24.

The SEM analysis revealed that the proposed model had a good fit to the data (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.05). The results further demonstrated that goal orientation directly enhanced students' academic passion, while academic self-regulation did not have a direct impact. However, strong self-regulation indirectly increased passion by fostering academic motivation (P < 0.001). Similarly, goal orientation also worked indirectly through motivation to enhance academic passion (P < 0.05).

This study underscores the importance of goal setting and academic motivation in fostering academic passion among medical students with self-handicapping behaviors. While academic self-regulation strategies may not directly translate to academic passion, they can contribute indirectly by fostering academic motivation. Educators and practitioners can promote academic passion and address self-handicapping behaviors in medical students by encouraging goal orientation, academic motivation, self-regulation, and providing support for overcoming challenges.

Dynamic hip screw (DHS) and proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) are two commonly used surgical interventions for A2-type fractures. However, a thorough comparative analysis of their efficacy and complications is essential for making informed decisions in clinical practice. 

This randomized clinical trial aims to compare the efficacy and adverse outcomes of DHS and PFNA in treating type A2 intertrochanteric fractures. Clinical and radiographic outcomes and treatment results were evaluated in both groups during the 6-month follow-up period.

A total of 112 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the DHS or PFNA group in a 1:1 ratio. Surgical interventions were performed accordingly, and the patients were followed-up for six months. Demographic factors, clinical and radiographic outcomes, bleeding during surgery, duration of surgery, duration of hospitalization, and rates of nonunion and thromboembolic events were compared between the PFNA and DHS groups.

The PFNA group exhibited significantly lower bleeding volume during operation (234.21 vs 305.38 deciliter, P<0.001) and a shorter operative duration (129 minutes vs 177 minutes, P<0.001) compared to the DHS group. No significant differences between the two groups were observed in hospitalization duration, nonunion rates, or postsurgical thromboembolic events. 

The PFNA approach demonstrated superiority in operative duration and intraoperative bleeding volume. Therefore, PFNA may be preferred, especially for older patients with comorbidities.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive play therapy and computer-based working memory training on the impulsivity of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

This research was applied in terms of purpose and was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest design with follow-up and a control group. The research community consisted of all children aged 7 to 12 years with ADHD in Farsan City in 2023, among whom 30 people were selected as samples. The tools of this research included the Child Symptom Inventory-4 and the Continuous Performance Test. The analysis method of this research was an analysis of variance with a mixed design and Bonferroni post hoc test, which was used to examine the relationships of research variables.

The findings showed that cognitive play therapy and computer-based training of working memory had an effect on the impulsivity of children with ADHD (F=1263, Eta=0.493, P<0.01). However, there was no difference between the effectiveness of cognitive play therapy and computer-based working memory training, and the effect of the course of play therapy and computer-based working memory training is permanent.

Therefore, both interventions can be used to reduce the impulsivity of children with ADHD.

Nosocomial infections represent a significant healthcare challenge worldwide, leading to increased treatment costs, extended hospital stays, and higher mortality rates. Effective control of these infections is essential for improving patient health and reducing healthcare expenses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections at a hospital in northeastern Iran from 2017 to 2021.

 In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, data were collected for 574 patients with nosocomial infections hospitalized in the selected hospital during the specified period. This information was extracted from the national nosocomial infection surveillance system and analyzed using SPSS v25 with appropriate statistical tests, considering a significance level of p<0.05.

The overall prevalence of nosocomial infections during the study period was 0.76%. The mean age of affected patients was 60.25±34.37 years, with an average time of 14.67±28.32 days between admission and infection, and a mean length of stay of 29.02±31.15 days. Women represented 55.6% of the cases, with the highest prevalence recorded in 2021 at 36.7%. The most commonly identified pathogens were "Staphylococcus aureus" and "Escherichia coli". Tracheal tube and urine samples were the most frequently tested specimens.

The study highlights a higher prevalence of nosocomial infections in intensive care units and internal wards, particularly among patients with tracheal tubes and urinary catheters. These findings emphasize the need for implementing targeted preventive measures to mitigate the risk of nosocomial infections in hospital settings.

Financial reports are considered important sources of information for economic decision-making, such as commercial transactions, and management, through earnings manipulation, provides false or misleading information for decision-makers. On the other hand, tadlis leads to false representation in transactions, and the customer does not become aware of the truth of the subject of the transaction. Also, taqrir arises from putting one or both parties to the transaction at risk, which can lead to the invalidation of the transaction. This matter, on the one hand, leads to the failure of earning lawful sustenance, and on the other hand, creates a problem in enforcing Islamic rulings, which is one of the goals of the Islamic government. The present research, using a library method and accounting and jurisprudential resources, seeks to answer the question of whether earnings management can be an example of tadlis or taqrir in a transaction. From the jurisprudential perspective, if a person, before the transaction and knowingly, denies the existing defect in the sale item or states a perfection attribute that the sale item lacks, tadlis has occurred. Therefore, because the management team, before the conclusion of the contract and with knowledge, manipulates the earnings or loss of the business unit, earnings management can be an example of tadlis, and the management team, by manipulating profit, commits a forbidden act. Furthermore, the other party to the contract has the option to either annul or ratify the transaction, without the right to claim compensation. Also, earnings manipulation and management lead to the creation of perfection attributes that the company lacks or conceals the defect in profitability, which can be an example of taqrir in a transaction and lead to the corruption and invalidation of the transaction, because both parties or one party to the transaction may be exposed to unusual risk. However, if both parties are aware of the taqrir, the transaction will not be invalid.

In this research, silicate-based bioactive glasses modified with strontium oxide based on 60SiO2-(36-x)CaO-4P2O5-5SrO-(8,10)MgO (molar percentage) were synthesized by sol-gel method and the bioactive properties their in vitro properties were investigated by characterization tests, biological evaluations and antibacterial tests against Mrsa bacteria (MRSA). According to the results of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), the amount of change in the amount of elements on average before and after synthesis, for SBG8M and SBG10M samples was equal to 6.202±4.08% and 4.99±2.66%, respectively, which indicates a negligible effect the synthesis process is based on the final chemical composition of the samples. Also, according to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, the characteristic peaks of hydroxyapatite (HA) were observed only in the SBG8M sample after 14 days of immersion in the simulated body solution (SBF), which Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also confirmed. Besides, according to the results of biological evaluations, increasing the amount of magnesium oxide from 8 to 10 mol percent, led to a decrease of 6.74%, 4.87%, and 17.65% in the amount of optical density (OD) and also a decrease of 9.93%, 12.16% and 24.30% in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on days 1, 3 and 7 respectively of culture in vitro culture medium. In addition, increasing the amount of magnesium oxide led to a decrease of 18.53% in antibacterial properties. Therefore, the presence of high amounts of 8 and 10 mol percent magnesium oxide in the chemical composition of bioactive glasses leads to a decrease in their in vitro bioactivity and antibacterial properties.

In the present study, we have investigated the socio-semiotic discourse of the Holy defense in the entrance landscape of Dezful city and the role of local governance in creating a designed and purposeful entrance landscape. The purpose of the research is to investigate and analyze how to use the landscape of the entrance to present discourses, narratives and imagery of national and local governance. The research uses a combination of descriptive-analytical and field methods, and its foundation is based on qualitative research method. We examine all the squares, toponyms, entrance and memorial billboards located at the entrances, and categorize them in terms of different discourse and imagery patterns. The findings show that the discourse of sacred defense, religious and historical are 3 major discourses and cross-border resistance is an emerging discourse in the landscape of Dezful entrances. The discourse of holy defense has decisively dominated the landscape of Dezful's entrance and in a contextual way, it is engaged in a kind of illustration of the role and position of Dezful in one of the most important events of Iran's contemporary history, namely the 8-year war. In this imagery, all the signs related to the legacy of the sacred defense are presented in the context of a mythological narrative of Dezful's role during the war. Indeed, many heritage initiatives are designed by local authorities to match national discourses and strategies. As a result, the existing entrance landscape is a represented landscape in which the dominant groups use their desired discourses, myths and ideologies in writing and illustrating the entrances of the city and encode them in the framework of the ruling values of their mental world. The political authority and cultural hegemony of some groups is the result of this process.

Helicobacters are gastric and enterohepatic and live in the gut. The role of enterohepatic Heli- cobacters as intestinal pathogens is uncertain, while stomach Helicobacters are well-known. The prevalence of Helicobacter species in cat feces helps us understand their impact on cat health and human disease transmission. This study used PCR to identify Helicobacter spp. in feces samples from healthy and diarrhoeic cats, independent of the reason. The study also compared intestinal and stomach Helicobacter species.

PCR analysis was performed on fecal samples from 40 cats, with 20 cats having diarrhea and 20 cats showing no symptoms. The PCR analysis aimed to detect Helicobacter's presence using a method that identifies the bacteria through the 16S rRNA gene.

The diarrhoeic group had a greater prevalence of infection (17:9 ratio), with an overall 65% infection rate detected. Cats that were older than 2 years showed a higher incidence of disease. H. canis had the highest occurrence rate (69.2%), followed by H. bilis, H. bizzozeronii, and H. salomonis. Significantly, H. pylori, H. felis, and H. heilmannii were not reported.

H. canis was the predominant species found in both healthy and diarrheic cats, indicating the need for more in- vestigation. The detection of the gastric species H. salomonis and H. bizzozeronii further complicates the classification. This highlights the complex nature of Helicobacter infections in cats, emphasizing the need for further investigation to guide the development of preventative measures and treatment techniques for both veterinary and public health purposes.