reza khalili

Drought is one of the environmental hazards that refers to long - term water scarcity in an area, and it can occur in all weather conditions , whether humid or dry . This water scarcity can be caused by reduced natural precipitation, excessive evaporation, changes in rainfall patterns, or overuse of water resources. Drought can have serious and widespread impacts on the environment, agriculture, economy , and society . This phenomenon can lead to a decrease in agricultural production , water shortages , price increases , reduced quality of life, and disruption of the natural balance in the region. Drought gradually evolves into a natural disaster and dominates the environment . Drought is considered a complex risk that depends on the climatic and weather conditions of each region . Additionally, drought has a significant impact on reservoirs . During drought periods, precipitation decreases, resulting in reduced inflow of water into reservoirs . These droughts can cause a decrease in water levels in reservoirs and subsequently reduce the water storage capacity . This can directly affect drinking water supply , irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation from hydropower plants . In addition to the decrease in water volume in reservoirs, drought can also lead to a decrease in water quality . When water levels in reservoirs decrease, the water can become relatively more polluted, with increased salinity and contamination parameters . This can result in a decrease in water quality and create difficulties in using it for various purposes . In general, drought can lead to a decrease in water reserves in dams , a decrease in electricity production , and problems in providing drinking water and watering plants . This shows that the management of water resources and planning according to drought conditions is necessary to maintain and optimally exploit dam reservoirs .

In recent years, multiple droughts have occurred in various regions of the country , and the city of Marvdasht and the Doroodzan Dam have not been exempt from this issue . The Doroodzan reservoir dam is located 100 kilometers north of Shiraz on the Kar River . The construction of the dam began in 1966 and was completed in 1972 . The purpose of building this dam was to provide water for agriculture , drinking , and electricity supply to the region . The annual adjustable water capacity of this dam is 526 million cubic meters . The dam is of an earth-fill type with a clay core , with a crest length of 710 meters , a height of 60 meters from the foundation, and 55 meters from the riverbed . The body volume of the dam is 5.70 million cubic meters , the normal storage volume is 960 million cubic meters, and the useful volume is 860 million cubic meters .
In this study , the status of water level changes in the Doroodzan reservoir lake was examined using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). In this research, to investigate the changes in water resources in the Doroodzan reservoir lake as the main and important surface water source in the region, 80 images from Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellite images were used, and then the water zone maps of the Doroodzan reservoir lake and its area were extracted during a 20-year statistical period. The satellite images were processed using Landsat 8, 7, and 5 . Three different methods are used to separate surface waters from other phenomena on the ground surface, including : 1) use of spectral band information, 2) supervised and unsupervised classification methods and 3) use of remote sensing indices for weather detection. The accuracy of the results obtained from the water indices , as well as the ease of implementation, has led to widespread use of this type of method . The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) , proposed and presented by McFeeters in 1996, is the first index that reveals water through remote sensing images . Since water has a high reflectance in the green band and low reflectance in the near-infrared band in satellite images .

According to the results, the largest area of water zones in the Doroodzan reservoir lake during the study period was in 2004 with an area of 39.28 square kilometers, followed by 2019 with an area of 39.11 square kilometers . The smallest area of water zones was in 2016 , with an area of 24.83 square kilometers , followed by 2010 with an area of 25.31 square kilometers . Additionally , to classify the water zones , the TM , ETM , and OLI sensors of Landsat 5 , 7 , and 8 satellite images were used during the 20-year statistical period . It was shown that the largest area of water zones in the Doroodzan reservoir lake during the study period was in 2004 , with an area of 39.28 square kilometers, followed by 2019 with an area of 39.11 square kilometers . The smallest area of water zones was in 2016, with an area of 24.83 square kilometers, followed by 2010 with an area of 25.31 square kilometers .According to the results, the largest area of water zones in the Doroodzan reservoir lake during the study period was in 2004 with an area of 39.28 square kilometers, followed by 2019 with an area of 39.11 square kilometers . The smallest area of water zones was in 2016 , with an area of 24.83 square kilometers , followed by 2010 with an area of 25.31 square kilometers . Additionally , to classify the water zones , the TM , ETM , and OLI sensors of Landsat 5 , 7 , and 8 satellite images were used during the 20-year statistical period . It was shown that the largest area of water zones in the Doroodzan reservoir lake during the study period was in 2004 , with an area of 39.28 square kilometers, followed by 2019 with an area of 39.11 square kilometers . The smallest area of water zones was in 2016, with an area of 24.83 square kilometers, followed by 2010 with an area of 25.31 square kilometers .

Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) are lateral resisting systems in steel structures. Creating an opening in the steel plate can affect the overall performance of the system. In this study, the performance of SPSW with openings, without stiffeners and eccentric braces at the edges of the openings has been investigated. Eccentric braces are used in the leading models to control the buckling of the steel plate at the opening edge. For the design of the models, the Iran Steel and 2800 Code were used, and for the numerical modeling, the ABAQUS finite element software and cyclic loading were used, and the investigated parameters included the response (base shear-drift), stiffness, damping, and dissipation energy. The results of numerical models showed that the use of eccentric braces in the opening edge leads to a 15% reduction in the base shear compared to the traditional SPSW model, and in purposed model, the stiffness reduction is almost the same as in the traditional SPSW model. The damping and energy parameters in the designed model have increased compared to the SPSW model, which indicates the increase in the capacity of the structure in energy consumption

In this study, the application and importance of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) systems in coastal areas have been evaluated. These systems are considered one of the main solutions to achieve the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the increase in the use of renewable energy sources by 2050. Moreover, these systems are environmentally sustainable and can help to better management of renewable energies such as wind and solar power. The main objective of this research is to investigate the use of saltwater for PHES systems in coastal and offshore areas using natural and artificial reservoirs. Hence, the various types of storage systems, materials and methods that used, and the results of economic and environmental assessments have been evaluated. Additionally, low-head PHES systems can be a suitable solution for energy storage in coastal areas with low elevation topography. This study shows that with the proper implementation of PHES systems and the utilization of advanced technologies to prevent corrosion and sedimentation, this potential can be harnessed in Iran's coastal areas, especially in regions such as Assaluyeh, where the sea and mountains are very close, or the islands of Qeshm and Kish, by combining with renewable water and solar energy.

The rise of West Asia as a hub for various terrorist groups, many of which are linked to Islam and operate on a global scale, has led to a growing connection between global terrorism and Islam. According to data from the “National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START),” between 2012 and 2017, 17 terrorist groups conducted attacks in Europe, compared to 148 in the West Asia and North Africa. A key concern, beyond the number of active terrorist groups, is the severity of their violence. For instance, during this period, ISIS alone was responsible for 5,646 terrorist attacks, resulting in 39,744 deaths and 856 injuries. In 2012, Europe saw 13 attacks, while Iraq recorded 319. By 2017, Europe experienced 40 attacks (14 in Russia), whereas Iraq faced 1,160 attacks.In explaining the factors behind the rise of terrorist groups and the intensity of their violence, particularly in West Asia, experts and analysts have pointed to various causes such as political instability, economic conditions, cultural characteristics, and psychological disorders. While each of these factors can shed light on aspects of the issue, it is essential to recognize that “terrorism is primarily linked to social factors.” Unlike criminal activities driven by selfish motives, terrorists often believe their actions serve a collective, altruistic goal, highlighting a deeply social dimension. Therefore, social factors, especially community-level trust, play a crucial role in understanding the formation of terrorism and the behavior of terrorists.

The paper adopts a quantitative approach, is periodical in nature, and relies on secondary data sources such as The Legatum Prosperity Index, the Global Terrorism Database, and START. Trust and terrorism are examined as the independent and dependent variables, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22. The study focuses on West Asian countries, with sampling performed using the hierarchical clustering method known as “Ward.”

Qatar ranks highest in institutional trust, with an impressive average score of 98, while Yemen lags far behind with a score of just 11, indicating the weakest institutional trust. In terms of generalized interpersonal trust, Yemen surprisingly leads with a score of 81, whereas Iraq records the lowest score at 31. On the international trust front, Qatar again performs well with an average score of 60, contrasting sharply with Iraq, which has the lowest score of 20.Throughout the studied period, Iraq experienced a total of 6,205 terrorist attacks, averaging 443 attacks per year. Syria had the highest number of terrorist groups, with a total of 74 operating in the country, resulting in an average of over five groups conducting terrorist operations annually. Iraq also recorded the highest intensity of violence, with approximately 53,000 casualties, meaning that around 4,000 people were killed or wounded in the country each year.Out of the nine possible correlations between the three levels of trust and various components of terrorism, five showed significant relationships. Specifically, there was a significant correlation between interpersonal trust and the number of attacks; institutional trust was significantly related to both the intensity of violence and the number of attacks; and international trust had a significant connection with both the number of terrorist groups and their attacks.

In general, this research aligns with the findings of other scholars in showing that in societies with high levels of interpersonal trust, the formation of terrorist groups is more likely, while an increase in institutional trust correlates with a decrease in violence. However, a unique finding of this study is that a rise in international trust has led to an increase in both the number of terrorist groups and their attacks in West Asia. This divergence from other research may be attributed to the deep roots of Islamic culture in the region and the anti-social tendencies of authoritarian rulers in West Asian countries, who, while engaging with globalization, lean toward liberalism. Therefore, it can be concluded that the lack of mature institutional structures in the region prompts citizens to respond by forming or joining terrorist groups, escalating both the number of attacks and the intensity of violence.

Surface water pollution has been recognized as a severe threat to human health and the environment in recent decades, underscoring the importance of investigating water quality conditions.

This study aims to assess the water quality of the Tajan River employing the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) and the Iranian Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQI-SC). Twelve water quality parameters, including pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity (NTU), Nitrate, Phosphate, Ammonia, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Water Temperature, and Total Coliforms, were measured at three stations across four distinct seasons.

According to the IRWQI-SC index, the poorest water quality was observed at the downstream station during the winter season, registering a value of 38, while the highest index value occurred at the upstream station during the spring season, reaching 84.6. Additionally, based on the NSFWQI index, the upstream station during the spring season displayed the most favorable water quality with an index value of 80.7, whereas the lowest water quality condition was noted at the downstream station in the winter season, with a value of 46.9. Both water quality indices categorized the upstream station as exhibiting good water quality suitable for various purposes. Nevertheless, water quality degradation was evident along the river course owing to the influx of agricultural and sewage effluents, with more pronounced alterations observed during winter.

The water quality of the Tajan River has undergone significant changes due to the influx of agricultural effluents and sewage, posing a threat to human health and environmental well-being. Addressing this issue necessitates effective wastewater management and the preservation of the Tajan River as a vital freshwater resource. 

In this thesis, in order to manage the quality of the river, a structure with the objectives of minimizing the environmental protection costs and providing the river water quality standard according to the implementation aspects of the policies is presented. After identifying the polluting sources in the studied area and grouping them, a number of sewage treatment scenarios were considered for each discharge group, and the cost related to each scenario was calculated.Considering the inherent errors and uncertainties in the estimation of treatment costs and penalty for violating water quality standards, a random method was created by combining decision-making approaches and the Monte Carlo simulation method to identify the best treatment scenarios.The decision-making approaches used to increase the implementation capability of pollution load trading programs and examine the desirability of dischargers include stochastic social choice rules (SSCR), stochastic fallback bargaining (SFB) and stochastic multi-criteria decision-making (SMCDM), each approach includes different methods. Finally, in order to reduce the costs and motivate the dischargers to voluntarily participate in the quality protection of the river, the best option by any approach based on the cost criteria, as the initial permission to discharge the pollution load into the optimization model, the extended trading-ratio system (ETRS).The results of the implementation of the proposed model show that according to the SSCR approach, the costs are reduced by 4/53 Percent and by the SFB approach, the costs are reduced by 1/73 Percent while providing a relative agreement between polluting sources. Also, based on the SMCDM approach, the costs are reduced by 24/5 Percent, but it is less acceptable in terms of polluting sources, because in addition to the optimal distribution of dissatisfaction among the beneficiaries, efforts are made to group the evacuees into one group. Become, that the dynamic state of power existing among groups in real conditions is not considered.

The quality of river water is of great importance due to the limited availability of freshwater resources and the increased demand for water in the drinking water, agriculture, and other sectors. Rivers are one of the sources of this water supply, which are exposed to indiscriminate discharge of industrial, agricultural and human wastewater without proper environmental considerations.The study area in this research is the Sardabrud River located in Mazandaran province. The required data for conducting the research were collected from three stations along the river throughout a hydrological year and analyzed. In this study, the Iranian River Water Quality Index for surface waters (IRWQIsc) and the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) were used to evaluate the river water quality. Based on the results, the values of the IRWQIsc index varied between 92.12-30.42 and the NSFWQI index between 92.35-48.075, indicating very good quality in spring and bad quality in winter for IRWQIsc, and excellent quality in spring and bad quality in summer for the NSFWQI, respectively.. Among the most important factors polluting the water of this river along its course are the discharge of agricultural and human sewage into the middle and downstream reaches, land use changes, and climate changes - which have caused a decrease in water quality along the river's path.Using the obtained results and current understanding, measures can be taken to prevent these polluting sources from entering the river to improve its water quality.

Erosion and sedimentation in river arches cause problems in river structures. Therefore, the pattern of flow and transport of sediments in the open channels of meandering River has attracted the attention of river engineers. Since the flow field in the bends of rivers is three-dimensional, therefore, in the last few decades, the prediction of changes in bed level and changes in the location of banks with the help of computer programs has been given more attention.In this study, using SSIIM software, topographical changes of meandering channels with sinus generator and moving bed have been modeled, and bed level changes have been studied under different conditions. For this purpose, solid beaches Natural rivers are principal resources of water and energy. Design and operational management of natural rivers needs a complete knowledgement of mechanics of flow pattern and sediment transport. The complex three-dimensional flow characteristics inriver bends reveals the necessity of using a three-dimensional numerical model.The numerical model used in the present study is called SSIIM, an acronym for Sediment Simulation in Intakes with Multi block option. In this study, in the first step, SSIIM is applied to investigate the characteristics of turbulent flow in a Sine-Generated channel with 70-degree angle, the rectangular cross section of width B =40cm and fixed bed. In addition, a comparision has been also made between the turbulence models, the flow characteristics such as Longitudinal and transverse velocity, Water level and bed Shear stress has been considered. The results have been validated with laboratory data. The results show that SST-k-ω model has better consistency with experimental data than k-ε model. Also distribution of bed shear stress depends on Froude number although secondary flow is independent. Furthermore, distribution of bed shear stress and secondary flow is dependent on the width to depth ratio. For b/h<8, another circulation cell occurs near the outer bank.In the second step, to investigate the variation of channel bed subjected to steady flow, Channel with movable bed has been employed. Comparison of results show good agreement between computed and measured bed topography. Finally, the effective parameters including interval time step, grid size, Froude number, width to depth ratio and meandering angle has been investigated. Results show that by increasing the Froude number and the ratio of width to depth point bar and point pool gradually migrate downstream channel. Whereas by increasing meandering angle, point bar and point pool moving Upstream.

In this research, in order to select an appropriate model for predicting river flow in the Bashar River basin, data-driven models including multilayer perceptron artificial neural network and fuzzy neural network from the Sugeno fuzzy inference system were used using the clustering reduction method, and the analysis of uncertainty of these models was investigated.The data used in this research includes monthly values of rainfall and average temperature at rain gauge stations, as well as monthly average river discharge at the hydrological station located in the Bashar River basin from the years 1979-1980 to 2018-2019. The sensitivity analysis results on the number of neurons in the hidden layer of the neural network showed that the optimal number of neurons in the hidden layer for the input combination is 13.Based on the root mean square error (RMSE) index, the best combination of input variables for simulating river flow in both the neural network and neural-fuzzy network models was determined to be the input combination consisting of average river discharge with one-month and two-month lag along with monthly rainfall values and monthly rainfall values with one-month and two-month lag.In order to investigate the uncertainty of the models, the artificial neural network and neural-fuzzy network models were employed in the form of Monte Carlo sampling.The results of the uncertainty analysis showed that, for the same random input variables, the deviation from the mean in the output of the neural network model is higher than that of the neural-fuzzy network model. Additionally, the results obtained from calculating the confidence interval indicate that the confidence interval for different confidence levels is smaller in the neural-fuzzy network compared to the neural network. For example, in the neural network model with 98% confidence, the output is within the range of (0.64 and 0.36), whereas in the neural-fuzzy network model with 98% confidence, the output is between the range of (0.69 and 0.53). This indicates a higher level of uncertainty in the results of the neural network model.

As a terrorist group, ISIS has provoked the reaction of many countries in the world with its inhumane behavior and has forced them to adopt countermeasures. The purpose of this article is to compare the strategy of Iran and the United States in dealing with ISIS. The main question is, what are the similarities and differences between the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America in the face of ISIS? Our hypothesis is that the different and conflicting goals of Iran and the United States and the different nature of ISIS threats to these two countries have led them to adopt different strategies; The US strategy against ISIS has been based on maintaining the existing international and regional order, and Iran's strategy has been based on changing the existing international and regional order. Data collection is done by library method and based on comparative method four military-security, political-diplomatic, economic-financial and cultural-social approaches to deal with ISIS as a terrorist group are evaluated, and based on this, the strategies and tactics of the two countries are examined and analyzed. The results of the study show that Iran and the United States, while taking some similar measures against ISIS, have pursued different strategies in accordance with their goals and interests and those of their regional allies.

With the increase in world population, food and energy supply will be one of the most important challenges of human society. According to FAO estimates, the agricultural sector must increase its production by 60% to meet the needs of population growth by 2050. Also, according to the prediction of the International Energy Agency, energy consumption will increase by 50% by 2035. It is also predicted by FAO that irrigation water consumption will increase by 10% by 2050. To achieve security in the field of water, energy, food and environment, researchers have created several interdisciplinary and specialized frameworks and approaches to achieve a dynamic and optimal balance of production and use of resources, one of which is the water, energy, food and environment nexus. With the increasing pressure of consumption on resources and the complex relationships and interactions that resources have with each other, the need for a new approach to identify and analyze these relationships for the sustainability of valuable water, soil, energy, etc. resources is undeniable. The water, energy and food nexus (WEFN) is an approach that makes this possible. WEFN can serve as an approach to evaluate, develop and define the implementation of policies that simultaneously emphasize water, energy, food security and the environment.In the past years, many researches related to the correlation of water, energy, food and the environment have been carried out in different dimensions and the challenges in this field have been examined, including the most complete water security index compiled by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Central Asian and East Asian countries have been evaluated using this index in 2013, 2016 and 2020. This index is a combination of five key dimensions of environmental water security, economic water security, rural water security, urban water security and resilience against water crises. The results of this research have been used to analyze the weak and strong points of the countries of this region in the management of water resources, and due to its continuous monitoring, the process of changing the status of these countries is monitored.

In this research, by examining past research on 7 indicators, including people who use minimum basic drinking water services, per capita renewable domestic fresh water resources, renewable energy consumption, renewable electricity output, prevalence of malnutrition, children under 5 years old who are short. The people who use health services with safe management were selected to evaluate the conditions of Iran, and the critical indicators in Iran and the world were compared, and finally, according to the investigations carried out, we examined the related factors. We made a survey so that we could measure the effect of each parameter on the other, for this reason, the DPSIR model was used in order to evaluate the issues and problems in relation to each other and provide an appropriate answer.

According to selected selected indicators, Iran is in a critical situation in terms of per capita renewable domestic fresh water resources and share of renewable energy consumption. Now we compare the critical indicators in Iran and the world, which shows that Iran has 25-30% of the world's renewable fresh water resources, which indicates our critical situation. According to this index and its comparison with the Falcon Mark index, our country has entered into water stress. In addition, in 2018, renewable energy resources had a share of 1.04% and nuclear energy had a share of 0.46% in Iran's energy portfolio, which made our country has faced a fundamental challenge in this field, as a result, according to the investigations carried out, we need a model that connects these factors and can measure the effect of each one on the other, for this model, DPSIR is presented To be able to evaluate issues and problems in relation to each other and provide appropriate answers. Among the answers of the DPSIR model in the field of water, we can mention the macro-policies for the country's water management, because in the last two decades, suitable upstream documents in this field have been compiled and approved by the authorities. In addition, in the direction of capacity building, education and public awareness, among the measures that should be taken, it is possible to mention the regular holding of meetings of the Supreme Water Council, the implementation of the protection plan for the country's wetlands by the Environmental Protection Organization and its extension to the country's wetlands. Among the other answers of this model in the field of water was to provide a solution in line with the country's water strategic goals, which are: proper governance and comprehensive management of water resources, improvement of water supply and supply, improvement of productivity and water management, and reform of the water economy structure and investment system. Among other answers provided by the DPSIR model, it is possible to determine an optimal portfolio in the field of energy in order to reduce the water footprint in the field of reducing greenhouse gases and help the country in the path of sustainable development and achieving its goals, including clean energy Contract.In addition, in the direction of capacity building, education and public awareness, among the measures that should be taken, it is possible to mention the regular holding of meetings of the Supreme Water Council, the implementation of the protection plan for the country's wetlands by the Environmental Protection Organization and its extension to the country's wetlands. Among the other answers of this model in the field of water was to provide a solution in line with the country's water strategic goals, which are: proper governance and comprehensive management of water resources, improvement of water supply and supply, improvement of productivity and water management, and reform of the water economy structure and investment system. Among other answers provided by the DPSIR model, it is possible to determine an optimal portfolio in the field of energy in order to reduce the water footprint in the field of reducing greenhouse gases and help the country in the path of sustainable development and achieving its goals, including clean energy Contract.

Situated in northern Iran, the Haraz River stands out as a significant ecosystem, hosting diverse aquatic life and serving as a vital water source for dynamic commercial and industrial activities in its vicinity. This study employed both the Iran Surface Water Quality Indicators (IR-WQIsc) and the National Health Foundation Quality Index (NSF-WQI) to evaluate the water quality of the Haraz River.

Monthly water samples were collected from the central segment of the Haraz River, at a depth of 30 cm, throughout the year (1399-1400). An array of parameters including water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrolyte conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, ammonium nitrogen (N-NH+ 4), nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3), phosphate (PO4), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and total suspended solids (TSS) were meticulously measured and subjected to analysis.

According to the IR-WQIsc index, the Haraz River's water quality shifts from relatively good in the upstream direction to relatively poor as it progresses downstream during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons. Notably, spring marks the peak of upstream water quality, while winter exhibits the highest downstream quality. However, during summer, the river's water quality is comparably lower than in other seasons. On average, as per the IR-WQIsc index, water quality is categorized as "relatively good" during spring, autumn, and winter, while it declines to a "moderate" level in summer. Conversely, analysis using the NSF-WQI index reveals that river water quality is at its best during spring and least favorable in summer. In autumn and winter, water quality demonstrates consistent patterns and maintains an average level. An in-depth interseasonal assessment consistently identifies the summer season as having the lowest water quality across all three monitoring stations.

The assessment of water quality across seasons through distinct indicators yields insightful findings. The summer season experiences reduced water quality due to tourist activity in northern regions and environmental factors such as heightened temperatures. Furthermore, a discernible trend emerges wherein water quality demonstrates improvement from downstream to upstream, likely influenced by population density fluctuations along the river's trajectory. Conclusively, a comparative analysis of the two methods indicates a degree of concurrence in water quality assessment outcomes. However, the IR-WQIsc index emerges as a more precise classifier, underscoring its efficacy in such evaluations.

In recent years, the improper increase of agricultural activities along riverbanks and discharge of household, agricultural, and industrial wastewater into them has led to a significant reduction in the quality of surface water. Polluted or contaminated water sources can have a negative impact on the entire life cycle. In this study, the trend of changes in the water quality of Neka River, from its source to its connection to the Caspian Sea, has been investigated. Samples were collected at three different points along the river during different seasons in 2021 and were analyzed using IRWQIsc and NSFWQI standards. Results showed that, based on the IRWQIsc index, the river is relatively good quality, and according to the NSFWQI index, it is of moderate quality, but at station 3, the river's quality is relatively poor using both indexes. The overall water quality follows a downward trend from the source to the outlet, with greater declines in quality during warmer seasons due to increased agricultural activities in the river basin, with the largest decrease in quality observed in spring and the smallest decrease in quality in the colder seasons, especially in winter.

Drought is considered a complex hazard, whose severity depends on the climate and weather conditions of each region. In fact, drought is caused by dry and unusual weather conditions, among other things, lead to a change in vegetation characteristics. Since this dangerous phenomenon is caused by the lack of rainfall for a long period of time, it slowly and gradually leads to a natural disaster and conquers the environment compared to other environmental hazards. Therefore, it is not noticed and taken less seriously by people and authorities. Undoubtedly, the occurrence of drought and as a result the crisis of reduction and shortage of water resources is one of the main and most important risks of the natural environment that humans have faced since the past. Therefore, it can be stated that the possibility of this natural phenomenon also exists in humid areas. Drought causes unfortunate and in some cases irreparable damage to human life as well as the natural ecosystem which is very different from other natural events such as floods, storms, and earthquakes. So that it has caused wide and big problems in the economic, social, political, and cultural fields. Therefore, the impacts it causes are not only structural and the damage it causes affects different areas. Drought is one of the destructive phenomena of the natural environment that affects a significant number of countries and causes problems. Simultaneous droughts with the period of vegetation growth cause environmental ecosystem consumption, which results in biological compounds such as land surface, soil amount, and plant growth rate, that we need proper management and planning in order to deal with this phenomenon.

In the present study, drought in Marvdasht city was analyzed using remote sensing technology and satellite imagery as a time series. For this purpose, during the statistical period of 20 years (2000-2019), out of 460 satellite imagery of land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation cover (NDVI) were used in conjunction with the MODIS sensor of Terra satellite, from which to estimate the temperature condition index (TCI) and vegetation condition index (VCI) was used. The optimal index indicating the state of drought from satellite imagery, the SPI was also used. In this way, using the rainfall data recorded by synoptic and rain gauge stations in the study area, the SPI was calculated using MATLAB software for the period of 3, 6, and 12 months. One of the other goals pursued in this study is to determine the basic and optimal index, indicating the state of drought in the study area, which is based on TCI and VCI satellite drought indices. Thus, after calculating the SPI and its intervals for each station, the points of each ground station were placed on the maps produced from TCI and VCI satellite indicators. Then, by taking the numerical value of the corresponding points for each of the years of the investigated period, the obtained values were entered into SPSS 22 software and the amount of correlation coefficients between SPI and its intervals with TCI and VCI values was calculated.

According to the drought maps extracted from the TCI, the highest amount of land area with very severe drought in 2016 was 118.90 km2, and then in 2018 with 112.25 km2, and in 2017 with an amount of 101.66 km2 has happened. On the other hand, the least amount of extreme drought area in the first place is related to 2006 with an area of 46.10 km2, and then 2002 with an area of 48.21 km2. In terms of the severe drought category, 2009 with an area of 433.71 km2 experienced the largest area and 2007 with an area of 45.78 km2 experienced the lowest amount of drought. According to the maps obtained from the TCI, a very severe drought situation is observed in the southern and southwestern parts, especially in 2016 and 2018. It is also consistent with the results of the different intervals of the SPI in 2016 and 2018. They are considered as the years in which the highest amount of drought occurred. In addition, the year 2013 has less drought than other years in all three ranges of the SPI. From the comparison of the average SPI values for the studied years with the values obtained from the two indices, TCI and VCI obtained from satellite imagery, the highest amount of correlation coefficient between TCI and six-month SPI was equal to 0.65, which indicates that the TCI satellite index is the optimal index to indicate the drought situation in Marvdasht city.

According to the maps obtained from the NDVI, the studied area has normal and semi-dense vegetation density, which is scattered in all its different areas, so it has more density in the central and northwestern parts. The results of the VCI for the studied area, in none of the years, has not faced very severe drought. In terms of medium aridity, they have experienced the highest amount of drought in 2010 with an area of 62.98 km2 and after that in 2019 with an area of 50.04 km2. In contrast, the lowest drought in this layer was in 2002 with an area of 5.09 km2. According to the maps showing the drought condition of VCI, the studied area has almost the same distribution pattern in all areas and except for a small part of the southern part of the area which has a medium drought condition, the other areas have a mild drought condition and are not dry in most areas.

Water, one of the most important elements in the world, is known to be essential for the survival of living organisms and the health of water resources, especially surface water, is a key factor in determining the health and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. Rivers are among the most important sources of surface water that have been severely affected by pollution in recent years due to population growth, industrial and agricultural activities, and wastewater discharge. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a widely used tool for assessing the quality of river water and other water resources. In this study, water samples were taken from three stations along Babolroud River during one hydrological year (from September 2019 to August 2020) to evaluate its water quality, and the quality parameters were analyzed using three indices: Iran Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQIsc), National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), and Canadian Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI). The use of these three indices provides a comprehensive approach to water quality assessment and management, enabling us to better understand the health and sustainability of water resources. According to the results, the IRWQISC index ranges from 50 to 78.9, the NSFWQI index ranges from 57 to 73, and the CCME WQI index ranges from 31 to 38, indicating moderate to poor water quality in the river, especially downstream. The main factors contributing to the low quality of water are the entry of pollutants from residential and agricultural areas, uncontrolled human activities, and land use changes along the river.

Pollution of rivers is one of the important issues related to the environment, which can directly and indirectly affect the health of people, animals and plants that feed on it . Also, rivers are always exposed to various pollutions as one of the fresh water supply sources. The decline in the quality of river water and other surface water sources, due to the entry of industrial and agricultural wastewater, wastewater from treatment plants, the discharge of waste and waste materials in aquifers, has caused an increase in concern about the quality of river water and surface water sources . According to the reasons given, checking the quality of river water is of great importance .

The river studied in this article, the Chalus River, is located in the west of Mazandaran province and originates from the northern slopes of the Kandavan and Taleghan highlands, and flows into the Caspian Sea after traveling about 85 kilometers along the Chalus near Deh Farajabad . This river is called as one of the most important rivers of Iran and it is widely used for agricultural, industrial and urban purposes. This river is also used as a recreational center. For water quality assessment, three stations along this river have been considered for sampling different water quality parameters, the station (ST1) is located upstream of the river due to low human activity. The station (ST2) with more agricultural land and less residential areas is in the middle part of the river and the city of Marzan Abad . Finally, the station (ST3) is located at the end of the river and in the city of Chalus, which has more residential areas than Marzanabad. The investigated parameters include water quality parameters (temperature, PH , electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, turbidity and salinity), oxygen supply (dissolved oxygen, BOD and COD), nutrients (N-NH3, N-NO3 and P -PO4) and faecal coliform. The water quality indicators in this study are the NSFWQI and IRWQIsc water quality indicators, which determine the water quality status by using each of the above parameters and weighting them. By examining the measured qualitative parameters , it is possible to comment on the current state of the river .

According to the results, the optimal range of pH according to Iran's quality standard is 9-5.6, this range in the samples taken from Chalus River was around 7-8 and the pH level does not harm the water quality. The amount of DO varies depending on the concentration of dissolved salts in the water and the biological actions in the water and the temperature of the water. The values of DO varied between 3-11 mg/l , which according to the standard should be more than 5 mg/l . Also, this range of wide changes means that the organic matter in the water in the downstream has increased greatly , which caused a large decrease in dissolved oxygen.The amount of faecal coliform, due to the significant increase of this parameter in the third station, which is located after passing through the city , shows that the urban sewage discharged into the river was not at an acceptable level and caused a significant decrease in water quality . According to the standard regulations, the level of turbidity is equal to 5, and the high level of turbidity in this river can be the result of human activities, such as the extraction of river sand . The obtained results indicate that the quality of river water in ST1 station is suitable and the quality parameters collected in this station are within the range of drinking water standards.But after the first station, when we move to the downstream side of the river, due to the increase in human activities such as road construction on the banks of the river, the entry of agricultural effluents (including dangerous mineral and organic substances, as well as agricultural toxins containing heavy elements dangerous for nature and living beings), Industrial and urban wastewaters greatly reduce the quality of river water.Also, at the time of the study, operations such as sand extraction and removal of the riverbed were carried out, which affected parameters such as turbidity and suspended particles in the water. Finally, by examining the available results, it was concluded that factors such as urban sewage, septic tank, natural and artificial fertilizers in agriculture, soil structure, runoff and stone pebbles in the basin are among the factors of spreading pollution in this river . Also, by examining the quality indicators, the results showed that the NSFWQI index was more strict than the IRWQIsc in checking river water quality . One of the reasons is the difference in the weighting of different parameters in each criterion, for example, in the IRWQIsc index, the highest weighting value was for BOD5, while the weight of this parameter is less in NSFWQI, and in this index, more attention is paid to PH compared to It has become the previous index and has a higher weighting. Among other influencing factors in the difference of this index, we can note that the number of parameters in these two indices are different .The NSFWQI index recognizes the temperature parameter as an influential factor in determining the quality status of the river , while this parameter is not evaluated in the IRWQISC . But in the IRWQISC index, parameters such as electrical conductivity, concentration of total organic substances soluble in water (COD) and ammonium increased the accuracy of water quality assessment. Among the other points that have been examined is the difference in the quality of the river water in different seasons of the year , which according to the data in tables 5 and 6, we understand that the most polluted time of the river was in spring and summer, where this place is also considered as a recreational center. Also, agriculture is at the peak of activity , so that even in station ST1 there is more pollution than the same station in other seasons.

Saudi Arabia has a rich income from oil and fossil fuels, and these financial resources have greatly impacted its policies, especially in its intervention in other countries in the Middle East. Of course, various factors and reasons can be considered for Saudi interventionism, but in this article, the aim is to examine the impact of economic factors on Saudi interventionism. The question is what effect Saudi Arabia's economic factors have had on its interventionism in other Middle Eastern countries? In answer to this question, it is assumed that there has been a direct relationship between the changing state of economic factors and the type and extent of Saudi intervention in other Middle Eastern countries. Library and statistical studies in a comparative context in this article clearly show that Saudi Arabia's financial resources and economic orientations are directly related to its political goals to pursue a policy of becoming the region's top power. In fact, the policy of Saudi interventionism has been affected by the economic conditions of this country, and how much the economic growth of this country has gone through a positive trend and the financial resources and capital of Saudi Arabia have increased, its interventionism and influence in the target countries has become faster and has spread more.

Artificial intelligence can learn, infer, and make intelligent decisions. One of the main advantages of artificial intelligence is that by extracting patterns and learning from data, it can correctly diagnose and predict problems. Artificial intelligence has been noticed as a tool to better solve problems due to its many applications in various fields. In recent years, this algorithm has been used in the area of water and wastewater treatment processes to model, optimize, and provide solutions for strategic management to prevent and reduce water pollution, reduce operating costs, and optimize the use of chemical substances. Various artificial intelligence algorithms in water and wastewater treatment processes focus on pollutant absorption and, in most cases, on the performance of adsorbents to remove organic and metal pollutants. This study presents various artificial intelligence models, their advantages, limitations, challenges, and research problems of models in water purification processes. Considering the many advantages of artificial intelligence, this algorithm with limitations can prevent its expansion in water purification processes. Regardless of these limitations, current research progress shows that artificial intelligence tools have great potential to revolutionize wastewater treatment processes and programs. According to the models reviewed in this research, the use of DNN, ANN models, and combined artificial intelligence techniques are good options to achieve more accurate predictions.

The increase of greenhouse gases and the resulting increase in temperature have caused the balance of the earth's climate system and climate changes in most areas of the earth. Therefore, adapting and dealing with climate changes in the water resources sector along with reducing their reflection should be seriously addressed as part of a comprehensive regional response to the vulnerability caused by climate change. In this study, using LARS-WG exponential microscale software and the HadCM3 oceanic atmospheric general circulation model in the form of different scenarios defined in the fourth IPCC report (basic scenarios), including scenario A1, A2, B1, B2, which are more related to regional issues. And the world is concerned from an economic and environmental point of view, the amount of temperature changes and precipitation in the next 100 years of Bashar river basin was predicted. Then the fifth report scenario (RCP) was used and the results were compared with the basic scenarios. The results showed that in both scenarios in the coming period, we will face a large increase in average air temperature, but the decrease in precipitation will not be significant. In the climate change scenario section, RCPs until the end of the 21st century indicate an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation in the coming years. The amount of temperature changes in RCP2.6 was estimated between 3 and 13% and in RCP8.5 between 4 and 14%; This increase in temperature on a large scale increases evaporation and prolongs drought periods.

Identifying the quantitative and qualitative problems in water resources monitoring systems is one of the most important steps in formulating the structure of water resources systems management plans and implementing pollution reduction environmental plans. It is considered to use some indirect methods to simulate qualitative parameters in high volume in order to reduce cost, time and high accuracy. In the field of simulating water quality models, many models have been developed that require a lot of input parameters such as hydrological, meteorological data, etc., which require spending time and money to access them. The increasing expansion of computers and the use of artificial intelligence and the use of artificial neural network methods have been widely used in the estimation of qualitative parameters.

In the present study, based on the ability of intelligent neural models of four models such as artificial neural network, neuro-fuzzy, neural-wavelet, and neuro-fuzzy-wavelet were used to predict the water quality parameters of the Hamadan Ekbatan dam. For this purpose, BOD5, DO, pH, temperature, total solids and water turbidity were measured during 1388and 1389 to estimate phosphate, nitrate, fecal coliform and total chlorophyll a. in order to evaluation of the environmental conditions on the accuracy of the results , predictions were made in the last two warm and cold periods of the year .

Based on the results, the combined model of neural network with wavelet theory was introduced as the optimal structure for estimating all four qualitative parameters in both periods. Among the parameters studied during the warm period, the lowest normal root mean square error (NRMSE) and the highest correlation coefficient were 0.990 and 0.999, Furthermore, in the cold period, the least amount of NRMSE and the most correlation coefficient was 2.75 and 0,905 have seen for the nitrate quality parameter In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than in cold period.In this research, 4 smart models were used to predict the quality parameters of phosphate, nitrate, faecal coliform and coliform a of Ekbatan Dam in Hamedan. The error measurement criteria of accuracy and agreement with the measured value were examined. In general, the combined method of neural network and wavelet theory was introduced as an optimal structure with a high correlation coefficient and a lower error rate than other methods for both cold and warm periods. The predicted value using this method has the most agreement with the measured value. Using smart models reduces cost and time and has high accuracy. Also, the accuracy of forecasting of qualitative parameters is more in hot period than.

Introduction:

 Environmental crisis is one of the most important challenges that humanity is facing in this century. The way to face this environmental crisis is definitely decisive in the quality of life of the current and future generations. Many of these environmental problems are rooted in the lack of awareness and cultural weakness in the relationship between humans and nature.

Purpose of the research: 

The goal is to know the causal conditions in order to promote the culture of preserving the environment and natural resources.

Methodology:

 The approach of the current research is qualitative and the data theory method based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin is used as the research method.Geographical area of research The geographical scope of this research is related to the local communities of users all over the country of Iran.

Results and discussion :

Causal conditions in this research, which are the reasons that motivated the researcher to conduct this research and made him seek to provide a model for the central phenomenon of media education. Therefore, the results obtained from among the categories extracted from all the interviews showed that in the media dimension, economic dimension, managerial dimension and social dimension of the main categories, the causal conditions of the media have been obtained and used in order to achieve the goals.

Conclusion:

 Managers' use of media and public relations and media analyzes of the environment play a fundamental role in good environmental governance. Therefore, the most rational thing is to give the highest value to the media as background factors for the maintenance of national resources.

Due to the space and time limitations, measuring the flow of rivers, this task will face problems that in recent years, researchers have turned to designing hydrological models to check and estimate the flow of rivers. The existence of a tool to estimate discharge can lead to the best possible management of surface water and its optimal use. In addition to these, climate change, water quality changes and ecological studies can be evaluated using runoff estimation hydrology models. Successful management of water resources requires a qualitative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use practices on water flow and quality. While expert knowledge can provide indications of such impacts, detailed analysis requires the use of mathematical models to dynamically disentangle the water balance (at the time scale at which important processes are involved). This includes separating precipitation into evapotranspiration losses, runoff to streams, recharge to groundwater systems, and changes in short-term watershed storage. Some of the processes to consider are: evapotranspiration. and feedback to Joe. vegetation dynamics; The level of underground water and its effect on waterlogging and soil salinization; Reliability of tank storage capacity; wetland dynamics; flood urban runoff; Erosion in agricultural and pasture lands as well as channel erosion and sedimentation and aquatic ecosystem functions. Arid and semi-arid regions are usually affected by heavy rainfall events with a high degree of spatial variability. This usually results in a fast response profile, and in areas without weather radar coverage, the poor density of rain gauges prevents accurate estimation of precipitation depth and spatial distribution for a particular event. Furthermore, if only daily precipitation data are available, precipitation model calibration -Runoff in a daily step means that most of the information in the hydrograph is not used (note that runoff here means total streamflow, not just surface runoff). ). Another important consideration for calibrating models for watersheds in arid and semi-arid regions is the frequency of events. Such watersheds have less flow than watersheds in wetter climates. This means that longer calibration periods are needed to reduce the uncertainty in the model parameters. Otherwise, the parameter values are more prone to errors in the data, with a significant decrease in performance in the simulation compared to the calibration.

In this research, IHCRAES model is used for rainfall-runoff simulation. Due to physical and time limitations, the measurement of river flow is facing problems, researchers have turned to designing hydrological models to investigate and estimate river flow. Due to the lack of hydrometric stations in small or upstream basins, the development of tests that can estimate the water flow on a daily time scale and in a desired location is one of the necessary things that leads to the improvement of the information needed for management purposes related to water resources. In order to evaluate the performance of the model parameters, the coefficient of determination of the model (D), the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, the average relative error of the parameter (ARPE) and the total error in the flow volume (Bias) which are calculated and used by the model itself. The higher the D value and the lower the ARPE parameter values, the more ideal the model results. Bias parameter values also indicate whether the simulated flow is more or less than the observed flow, and in other words, it specifies that the model simulates the flow more than the reality or less than the reality. After validating the IHACRES model and ensuring its effectiveness, exponential microscale results are entered into it and the runoff of the next decade is predicted and evaluated. In the figure, we can see the model of the IHACRES model and how to simulate rainfall and runoff.In general, this model is an integrated metric conceptual model for rainfall-runoff simulation, which was developed by Jackman in 1990. The IHACRES model has always been of interest due to the need for less data and high power in daily estimation. Due to physical and time limitations, the measurement of river flow is facing problems, researchers have turned to designing hydrological models to check and estimate river flow. The existence of a tool to estimate discharge can lead to the best possible management of surface water and its optimal use. In addition, climate change, water quality changes and ecological research can be evaluated using hydrological models for runoff estimation. Hydrological relationships between precipitation and runoff have always been investigated and tested by water researchers. The IHACRES model has always been of interest due to the need for low data and high power in daily estimation. This model has been used by Karenko et al. (2008) for purposes such as evaluating climate variables such as changes in precipitation, temperature, and runoff coefficient changes. Due to the lack of hydrometric stations in small or upstream basins, the development of tests that can estimate the water flow on a daily time scale and in a desired location is one of the necessary things that leads to the improvement of the information needed for management purposes related to water resources.

In the section of predicting the amount of changes in discharge and runoff in the future using IHACRES rainfall and runoff simulation software, the results show that this model has a high ability to estimate discharge for basins with low discharge and is less suitable for high discharges. The main and essential point in this study is that the main factor affecting the reduction of water resources in the coming periods is the increase in temperature and, as a result, the increase in evaporation and transpiration in the river basin and the lack of proper management of water resources

The emergence and advancement of new communication technologies in the present era along with the developments that have occurred in cyberspace have caused many of the functions of families to get impaired and threatened. In the subjects of damage to the family institution, one of the important themes is the study of the damages of family developments. Developments those themselves are the source of profound and fundamental changes in the type of relationships and family values. Many of these changes are imposed on the family from the outside. Since the entrance of the Internet, despite all its merits and benefits, it has imposed some concerns and concerns on families. A subject that is not limited to a particular community or minority in all societies. Due to the special features of cyberspace and because this phenomenon is new, many parents have not gained the opportunity, possibility or ability to accurately understand this space and its applications And their lack of proper familiarity with this space and against the everyday use of teenagers and young people and even children from this space has caused a private and private space indoors for children, and they have accessed various sites in this space without any concern and without feeling the presence of an external observer, and sometimes due to their age and personality characteristics and curiosities affected by unhealthy spaces. Therefore, this important issue has been discussed in this study.

Good governance follows a series of common and universal principles and procedures that do not depend on a specific geographical environment or time period, but a significant part of governance principles and procedures are always influenced by environmental considerations and depend on time conditions. And it is a special place. Based on this, efficient and desirable governance in a smaller scale like Tehran province requires the investigation of special and unique elements and components of this province. With this assumption, this article examines and analyzes the issues and challenges of local governance in Tehran province. For this purpose, first, by using open interviews with experts and executive officials of the province, issues and challenges are extracted, and then structural analysis of these issues and challenges is carried out using MicMac software. The results and findings indicate that the governance issues and challenges of Tehran province are caused by the four circles of "inefficiency", "dissatisfaction", "deprivation" and "insecurity", which are created by the government rather than the people playing a role in them, and therefore to solve them all, the rules of national and provincial governance should be amended by reducing the role of the government in economic, social, cultural and even political affairs.

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity that affects the sciences related to nature and environment. Changes in factors affecting climate change affect the hydrological responses of watersheds and this phenomenon affects the quantity and quality of water resources such as lakes, reservoirs and dams. Today, the development and progress of computer and computing technologies has had a significant impact on hydrological modeling. In recent years, conceptual and physical models based on the characteristics of watersheds for hydrological systems have attracted the attention of researchers. Due to the emergence of such developments, there will be complications in the process of hydrological modeling. Correct management forecasts in the field of water resources due to the lack of water resources, is one of the topics of interest in the institutions in charge of water resources management, which should use high-precision simulator models for long-term estimates and planning. Considering the crisis and shortage of water resources in Iran, the sub-catchment upstream of Zayandeh Rood Dam was selected as a case study in this research, and the hydrological processes in the sub-basins of Zayandeh Rood Dam were simulated and the inflow to the reservoir of Zayandeh Rood Dam was estimated. For this purpose, the water and soil assessment model SWAT has been used to simulate the rainfall-runoff process and finally to estimate the inflow to the reservoir. Based on the simulated runoff from the three sub-basins of Buin-Damneh, Qala Shahrokh-Chelgerd and Chadegan-Ceshmeh, the model showed acceptable results for the simulation in the three sub-basins mentioned by the model, and it was estimated from the algebraic sum of the three inflows that the mentioned error coefficients are equal to 0.86 has been obtained. This result shows the high accuracy of the models in the simulation