reza safaryshali

The second half of the 20th century can be seen as the beginning of a broad and systematic attention to the relationship between cognition, knowledge and science in the field of scientific policies. In the meantime, thinkers such as "Foucault", "Derrida" and "Lyotar" by emphasizing the era of postmodernism, announced the passing of the explanations of the modernism period. The logic of modern rationality was to analyze and simplify everything. By discarding the general perceptions of the existence, the society was considered as parts that not only had no connection with the "wholeness", but were also separated from the existence and history. On the other hand, due to the phenomenon of information explosion, today we are faced with an increasing and huge amount of data. This situation has made it difficult to establish a connection between the components of information and the received data, and secondly, people with a wide range of useful information, meet theoretically and developmentally; While in practice and facing real phenomena and situations, they cannot use them. In this situation, a solution called "interdisciplinary approach" should be resorted to in order to create a balanced situation between the fields of knowledge. The result of this conventional situation can be called "unity of knowledge". Interdisciplinarity in a general sense includes the cooperation and companionship of different disciplinary perspectives in order to reach common points of understanding of phenomena and also to provide the possibility of benefiting from perspectives other than the common perspective of a discipline to look at phenomena. Childhood studies is often described as an interdisciplinary approach. This approach emerged and expanded as an interdisciplinary research field since 1990. As stated, one of the basic requirements in interdisciplinary approaches is to reach the points of common understanding of the phenomena and in other words to "align" and find a common language about the subject in question. It is not wrong to say that one of the most important examples to reach consensus is to have a single or close definition of the topic under study. As Aristotle believed that "we should start the conversation from the definition". In examining the existing works and studies in the field of "childhood studies", as an interdisciplinary view of a subject that seems to be neglected and perhaps considered unimportant, this is the question of "who is a child?". In fact, the definition of a child as a missing link is one that studies in this field have not paid attention to. This lack, in addition to the disadvantages described earlier, causes a problem in the field of practice where the policy makers of this field, especially the cultural policy makers of the childhood field, when formulating cultural policies for children and setting cultural policies and plans in this field, it is necessary to define a single And at the same time, it should be comprehensive and prevent the subject under discussion, i.e. the child, and in the absence of such a definition, the scope of policy making in this area is very limited. The side will be incomplete and useless. Thus, the first step in cultural policymaking in this field is to have a definition of a child. Therefore, as a necessary introduction to other researches in this field, this research sees its mission as responding to this need by using data taken from the specialized sources of each of the peripheral fields of this field-childhood studies-which specifically approaches: lexicology, law, sociology, religion. Islam), including psychology, first examine what definition each of these mentioned approaches has provided about children and childhood? and, secondly, what are the scopes and characteristics of each of these definitions for children? And finally, is it possible to reach a common definition among these approaches, or at least provide a kind of classification and genealogy of the existing definitions. which will be useful for researchers, policy makers and decision makers in this field.

To answer the questions of this research, the library and document method has been used because specialized texts are the only source of answers for the questions of this research.

By adopting an analytical-critical view, it is possible to identify the elements and components in each of the areas, in "lexicology"; We witnessed "predominance of the biological approach", "link with traditional discourses" and "being influenced by the cultural context", in the field of "legal" definition; "Tension between quantitative and qualitative approaches", "impact of human rights discourses" and "challenges of operationalizing standards" were deduced. In the field of "national and international documents" we witnessed the "impact of global policies and discourses" on how to understand and define children, in the field of "religious"; "Emphasis on qualitative criteria", "Link with value system" and "Challenge of different interpretations" were observed, in the field of "Sociology" we saw "Criticism of deterministic approaches", "Attention to the agency of the child" and "The child is a product of society". and finally in the field of "psychology"; "Evolutionary approach" and "age-oriented" were central in the definition of the child. It seems that the only theoretical approach available in the field of sociology of childhood that can explain this level of variety of views and perspectives in the understanding of children is the theory of social constructionism. According to this theory, childhood is a fundamentally historical and cultural concept. In this theory, not a specific definition of a child but various definitions of a child can be understood based on different cultural and social discourses. In fact, this theory emphasizes that childhood is a social phenomenon and not a natural stage of development. Therefore, the cultural environment in which a child grows up has a profound effect on his learning and cognitive development process, hence, as mentioned, it is the social-historical background that determines and defines the child's dimensions and coordinates. In fact, affairs in this theory are contextual and belong to time and place, and the universal issue is ruled out. In the situation of the diversity of different perspectives that have affected the definition of the child, it is naturally ambitious and unscientific to expect a single definition from a scientific article that has the necessary comprehensiveness and limitations. But the authors of this article believe that a conceptual framework can be presented for this purpose. By analyzing and reviewing the findings, it seems possible to propose a unified framework for understanding and defining childhood in Iran. This model is based on 3 guiding principles, which are: a. Accepting the complexity and multidimensionality of childhood b. Simultaneous attention to biological and cultural factors and c. Flexibility in definition and application. Also, in this framework, the four key dimensions that were extracted from the findings of this research should be taken into consideration. These dimensions are: 1- the biological-developmental dimension of the child, 2- the psychological-cognitive dimension of the child, 3- the social-cultural dimension of the child, and finally, 4- the legal-political dimension related to the child.

The present study aimed to predict easy access to substances based on sociological factors.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research included all substance users in Isfahan city in 2021, from which 200 individuals were selected using the convenience sampling method. The tools used in this research were researcher-developed questionnaires assessing the feeling of social anomie, social control, relative deprivation, family system breakdown, and easy access to substances. The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation test and simultaneous regression.

The findings indicated that the feeling of social anomie, social control, relative deprivation, and family system breakdown had the most significant impact on easy access to substances, explaining 19.2% of the variance.

When there is a conflict between norms and social institutions, the system breaks down, and due to the lack of social control, a regulatory breakdown spreads at the family and community levels, facilitating substance distribution. Simultaneously, an identity crisis, weakening of members' relationships with their families, a growing inclination towards peers and friends, and the search for role models contribute to this trend.

The main issue of this research is what reading of the child is considered in the policies of the N.C.G.F. For this and qualitative studies, data was obtained by purposeful sampling from among documents and policies and regulations of the foundation, speeches and comments of foundation officials and interviews with foundation employees and experts. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze. The findings confirmed that the child's role in the foundation's policies is weak, but the reading of a child who is exposed to risks from games is evident. A child who must be cared for, monitored and educated to stay away from value, religious, security and political risks. The main the foundation is on the official and desirable child. The duality of opportunity/threat from childhood is tangible in the policies of the foundation and the policies of this institution aim to create a child resistant to cultural, security and political attacks that can defend the cultural and value boundaries.

In this research, with the aim of investigating the change of the family &the gender roles of women &men, the policies related to the family were analyzed &qualitative methods &thematic analysis techniques were used to reach clear results. In the end, seven basic themes, three organizing themes &also the overarching theme of "lack of problem-oriented view in family policies" were obtained. These themes show the policy's emphasis on women's motherly &wifely roles &limiting the definition of family to women's roles because laws &policies do not emphasize fatherly duties &the only duty of men in the family is to head &provide livelihood.

Nowadays, Due to Promotion of Media institutions the Range of Modernity and experiencing it in social life has influenced not only Urban areas, but also rural areas and contexts. Rural Areas and people, as like as Urban areas and people, exprience the modern social life which is different from previous Decades. the Method used in this research was survey Along with Descriptive and Analytical approaches. The house hold headers Resident in rural areas of 10 towns of Markazi province consisting the Statistical population of this research that among which 1261 persons have been selected as the sample size according to cochran formula. Modernity experience in Markazi province, rural areas showed the in complement rural welfare (Lag of economic and cultural welfare from social welfare), high level of immigration, excessive dependence to Government, weak performance of media including Seda and Sima and press, and weak performance Goverment institutions including islamic rural councils and Rural or Agricultural Co-operatives. The non Comprehensive experience of Modernity in Markazi province has resulted in incompletiveness of modernity project and finally, the Phenomena Deviated modernity of in this rural areas as result to the social, cultural and economic Backgrounds, (wished or unwished) We are facing with the formation and continuity of various social problems in rural areas.