reza salehi

The major emphasis of physical therapy in patient evaluation is the assessment of physical function, and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is one of the most commonly used instruments for this purpose. Therefore, the present study aims to translate and cross-culturally adapt the PSFS into Persian and test its psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). The PSFS was translated from English to Persian and cross-culturally adapted in accordance with the study by Beaton et al.  Psychometric properties of 100 CLBP patients were assessed. Reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) was examined for 32 participants who completed the Persian version of the PSFS (PSFS-P) twice with one week interval. Construct validity was assessed against the Persian versions of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI-P) and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS-P). The PSFS-P showed excellent reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.88, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC 3, 1] =0.95, 95% CI [0.87 to 0.98]). The construct validity analysis revealed a moderate negative correlation between PSFS-P and NPRS-P (r=-0.47) and a high negative correlation between PSFS-P and ODI-P (r=-0.61). The PSFS-P showed no floor and ceiling effects. The PSFS-P has adequate psychometric properties and is applicable in both clinical settings and research involving the Iranian population with CLBP.        Level of evidence: IV

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the strategic vegetable products in the world and has a valuable place in the food basket of people in most countries. One of the most important stages of the growth of S. lycopersicum is the germination and establishment of seedlings, which determines the final yields. The germination of seeds and establishment of seedlings are strongly influenced by the culture medium used, and therefore, choosing the right culture medium can ultimately lead to the improvement of the final yield of the product. Thus, in the present study, the effects of different cultivation substrates on morpho-physiological traits and photosynthesis performance were studied.  

For this purpose, the randomized complete block design (three repetitions) with treatments of 100% cocopeat (CP100), 100% Nipeat (NP100), 50% cocopeat + 50% Nipeat (CP50NP50), 25% cocopeat + 50% Nipeat + 25% perlite (CP25NP50P25), 50% Nipeat + 50% perlite (NP50P50) and 70% Nipeat + 30% perlite (NP70P30) were used in the early spring of the crop year 2019-2020. Seed cultivation was done in pots and daily irrigation and Hoagland nutrient solution were used. Also, the cultivation beds will be sent to the Soil and Water Institute and analyzed for their components. At first, germination percentage and germination speed were calculated. Almost 20 days after cultivation, morphological parameters such as root length, stem diameter, stem length, number of leaves, fresh weight of stem and root, and dry weight of root and stem were measured. After measuring the morphological traits, the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the leaves were calculated using a spectrophotometer and reading the absorbance intensity at the wavelengths of A645, A663 and A470. Then, the antioxidant potential of the plant was measured and the activities of catalase, polyphenol oxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes were measured. Catalase enzyme activity was measured based on the reduction of hydrogen peroxide absorption at 30 seconds at 240 nm. The activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme was measured according to the method of Asadi Sanam et al., (2015) and the activity of superoxide dismutase was measured according to the method of Gianopoulits and Reis (1977). The proline content of the leaves was used according to the method described by Zhang et al., (2010), and the relative water content of the leaves was measured by drying the leaves, and recording the fresh and dry weight of the leaves, and calculating their difference according to the method of Paknejad et al., (2007). Handy flourCam FC 100H, Photon (Systems Instruments, PSI, Czech Republic) was used to measure the maximum efficiency of the photosystem. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed in SAS software. 

The results indicated that morphological traits were influenced by the type of culture medium. So that the highest germination percentage of tomato seedlings was obtained in the CP100 treatment. In this treatment, other traits such as stem length, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of stem, fresh and dry weight of root were at their maximum value. In terms of all physiological traits, significant differences were observed in different treatments of the culture medium, so that more chlorophyll a, b and total content was observed in the leaves of tomato seedlings cultivated in NP100 treatment. Nevertheless, the highest carotenoid content of leaves was observed in the treatments of CP100, NP100 and CP50NP50, and the lowest was observed in the NP50P50 treatment. Although the highest activity of catalase was obtained in the treatments of CP50NP50, CP100 and NP100. However, low activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme was seen in these treatments. Also, the highest activity of superoxide dismutase and proline enzyme was obtained in the CP100 treatment and the lowest in the NP100 treatment.

The treatment of CP25NP50P25 resulted in the highest relative water content of leaves. The highest intensity of variable fluorescence was obtained in the treatments of CP100, CP25NP50P25, NP50P50, and NP70P30 treatments. The relative variable fluorescence in the intermediate J stage was the maximum in the NP70P30 treatment and the minimum in the NP50P50 treatment. Nevertheless, the relative variable fluorescence in intermediate stage I was the highest in the CP100 treatment. The maximum efficiency of the photosystem II water decomposition system (Fv/F0) was obtained in the treatment of NP70+P30 and the lowest was obtained in the treatment of CP50NP50. However, the maximum photosystem II efficiency (ΦPO) and electron transfer quantum efficiency (ΦEo) were seen in the treatment of CP50P50. The quantum performance of energy loss (ΦDo) had its maximum value in the treatment of CP50NP50 and the lowest value in the treatment of NP50P50. In general, it can be concluded that one of the important factors in the cultivation of tomato seedlings is the type of culture medium, and cocopeat and Nipeat or their combination can be a suitable option.

Foreign body aspiration is common in children and poses a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Rigid bronchoscopy is the most common method for removing aspirated foreign bodies.

Anesthesiologists play a critical role in managing these procedures, aiming to find the best strategies with the fewest complications. This study aims to compare anesthesia-related complications during rigid bronchoscopy in children using muscle relaxants versus no muscle relaxants.

In this clinical trial, 60 eligible children were randomly divided into three equal groups: SP: Spontaneous ventilation with sevoflurane and propofol; VA: Controlled ventilation with sevoflurane and atracurium; VR: Controlled ventilation with sevoflurane and rocuronium. At the end of anesthesia, complications such as cough, bucking, hypoxemia, laryngospasm, and bronchospasm were compared, along with the pulmonologist’s level of satisfaction, surgery duration, and total anesthesia time in the three groups.

The comparison between the SP, VR, and VA groups revealed the following: No significant difference was found in the incidence of cough and respiratory distress following foreign body aspiration among the three groups (P = 0.262 and P = 0.762, respectively); minimum oxygen saturation during rigid bronchoscopy differed significantly between the groups (P = 0.013); bucking during bronchoscopy was significantly more frequent in the SP group (P = 0.017); laryngospasm was significantly more common in the SP group compared to the other two groups (P = 0.004); agitation during recovery was significantly lower in the propofol (SP) group; pulmonologist satisfaction was highest in the VR group, followed by the VA group, with a significant difference compared to the SP group (P = 0.021); although the SP group experienced more frequent hypoxemia, the difference was not statistically significant; there was no significant difference in anesthesia or bronchoscopy duration across the three groups.

The study results suggest that using muscle relaxants in rigid bronchoscopy offers several advantages, including fewer intraoperative complications such as bucking and laryngospasm. Additionally, controlled ventilation reduced the need for intravenous anesthetics and opioids, minimizing adverse effects and shortening recovery times.

Vegetable grafting is an emerging management technique extensively employed to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses in greenhouse-grown fruits and vegetables. In this study, the ‘SV4129TH’ tomato cultivar was grafted onto the ‘Emperdor’ rootstock. Grafted seedlings with two and three stems, as well as non-grafted control seedlings, were grown for 30 days in a controlled environment under four different LED light treatments: pure red, pure blue, white (full spectrum), and a combination of red and blue (30% and 70%, respectively). The findings indicate that the combination of red and blue light (RB) is the most effective light source for enhancing the quality of grafted tomato seedlings. After 30 days under these light conditions, evaluations revealed significant increases in morphological traits for grafted multi-stemmed plants compared to non-grafted single-stemmed plants, with height, stem diameter, and number of leaves increasing by 10.28%, 13.16%, and 65%, respectively. The yield and average fruit size in two-stem and three-stem grafted plants were 3.2-4.1% and 16.17-27% higher than those in non-grafted single-stemmed plants. Biochemical attributes such as lycopene, soluble solids, and vitamin C were 30%, 9.1%, and 9.58% higher in grafted plants, respectively, compared to non-grafted plants. Non-grafted plants had an acidity level of 0.67%, which was higher than that of grafted plants. Overall, the most productive and efficient option was the three stemmed grafted tomatoes, which produced 11.9 kg per plant.

Usually, during hydrocarbon production, water is produced along with oil. In the tertiary recovery, water flooding is conducted to reduce the pressure drop in the reservoir and increase oil production. Injected water can enter the production well through different pathways. Excess water production occurs when water enters the well more than water oil ratio economic limit. Excess water production is one of the main challenges of the oil and gas industry, which causes many economic and environmental issues. to control excess water production, knowing the source and mechanisms of water production is essential and plays a major role in designing the water shut-off methods. This review investigates the sources and mechanisms of excessive water production in oil wells. All kinds of mechanisms have been categorized in terms of water source, nature, and degree of difficulty of water control methods, and their identification methods have been classified in three groups of well logging, tests, and analytical-experimental methods to point and pathway of water entry into the production well and it should be determined accurately. According to the type of mechanisms and sources, various chemical and mechanical methods have been collected to control the entry of water into the well, each of which can be used in certain conditions. Leveraging available equipment and technology, engineers can pinpoint the exact mechanism and pathway of water ingress based on well and reservoir data. This knowledge empowers them to select the most effective method for controlling unwanted water production. By controlling the excessive water production mechanisms of injection well at the same time as reducing water production, improvement of water flooding performance which leads to the areal sweep efficiency will improve, and oil production increase.

Generally, tax morale is defined as an umbrella capturing non-financial incentives for tax compliance and factors outside the standard and expected framework. Therefore, this paper prioritizes the factors affecting tax morale. This is mixed-method research. The mixed method is a procedure for collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data in a study or a set of studies based on sequential and concurrent information. This paper first adopts the qualitative approach, followed by the quantitative approach. The Grounded theory approach is used to solve the research problem in the qualitative stage. This article adopted Strauss and Corbin's method and finally presented tax morale in six components, including causal, intervening, contextual, phenomenal, strategy and results of tax morale. This article prioritized the components identified from the Grounded Theory with two approaches, namely DEMATEL and ANP, and the sub-criteria were determined by 15 experts who had lived experience in taxation. The results showed that among the identified factors, the phenomenal category in the tax morale was the most significant, with a weight of $41\%$; followed by strategy and results, the causal category; and finally, the intervening and contextual categories are ranked next. The study results can be a guide for receiving taxes, and considering the identified components is a big step towards advancing tax goals and paving the path to achieving the taxation goals.

Recently, a new approach has emerged in management science that is related to positive psychology and is called positive organizational knowledge. Researchers in this field are interested in what enables people to be more flexible in times of crisis. One of these issues is employee energy, which is defined as the physical or mental response people have, voluntarily or involuntarily, to an event. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to develop a model of employee energy in the workplace.

The qualitative approach of thematic analysis (TA) based on the Braun and Clarke method was used to identify the antecedents, consequences, dimensions, and components of the model under study. The statistical population of the study included all articles and books available in the field, selected according to the principle of purposeful sampling method. The library study method, including the review of books and articles, was used to collect information on theoretical foundations and research literature on the research topic. The review method was used by a researcher colleague to check validity, and the P-Scott coefficient was used to measure reliability.

The general results of this research were extracted as 64 basic themes, 11 organizing themes, and 3 overarching themes The results of the research showed that the themes (psychological characteristics, job characteristics, leadership style, effective communication, and lifestyle) determined as drivers of employees' energy, (physical energy, emotional energy, cognitive energy, and spiritual energy) were determined as dimensions and components of employees' energy, and (primary and secondary outcomes) were determined as consequences of employees' energy.

Focusing on the concept of energy at different levels in organizations provides managers with valuable information about the energy status of employees. As a result, when there is a high level of employee energy in an organization, the employees will motivate other members by continuously trying to achieve the goals, and this issue has positive consequences for the individual and organization.

Wellbore stability is dominated by in-situ stress and geomechanical parameters of formation rocks, so estimating these parameters around the wellbore is important. The studied well is a suitable candidate for investigation of wellbore stability due to continuing directional drilling and planning for oriented perforation and hydraulic fracturing program from the wellbore and availability of dipole sonic, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), core image, and log data to optimize and estimate wellbore stability conditions. In this study, the rock permeability is derived from dipole sonic analysis to investigate the certainty of the model; these results are compared with NMR and special core analysis results. Then, based on these results, pore pressure, in-situ stress, rock mechanical properties, stress and fracture distributions, and anisotropy of formation are calculated and compared with Image log Results. Finally, the optimum mud weight to avoid wellbore failure can be estimated from all these data. As the final results, the maximum horizontal stress direction is N33E, and most open fractures are in this direction. The minimum horizontal stress direction is in N57W, and the safe and appropriate mud weight is between 6.5 and 7.5 ppg, which can be considered 7 ppg. This technique is based on dipole sonic analysis that can be applied to investigate wellbore stability in intervals with no core or image log analysis.

This study aims to determine the relationship between pain, muscle strength, function, and quality of life (QoL) in overhead players with chronic shoulder internal impingement syndrome.

Forty-seven overhead players consisting of 15 men, 32 and women (mean age 32.45±7.2) with chronic shoulder internal impingement were enrolled. The pain was measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS). Disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) and shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) questionnaires were used to measure pain and function, and a short form (SF)-36 questionnaire to measure QoL. Muscle strengths were evaluated in both hands with a hand-held dynamometer and players were asked to hold the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in the middle range for 3 s and rest for 30 s between each test and each contraction was repeated three times on both affected and healthy side and the average of contractions was considered for each side. 

The study showed a significant relationship between pain, the strength of shoulder muscle groups (-0.354), function (-0.935), and QoL (-0.861) in overhead throwers with chronic shoulder internal impingement syndrome and the strength of internal rotators of the affected shoulder decreased more than others. (P<0.05)

This correlational study showed a significant relationship between pain and strength of shoulder muscles and function and QoL in overhead throwers with this syndrome.

The international classification of functioning-disability and health (ICF) has been used by the State Welfare Organization in the medical commission in recent years. The present study was conducted with the aim of understanding the challenges of people with disabilities with the medical commission of the State Welfare Organization.

The research method was qualitative and content analysis type. The method of data collection was done through in-depth and semi-structured interviews while respecting ethical considerations. The current research field of Tehran City and the medical commissions of the welfare organization departments in Tehran City and the samples were people with disabilities referring to this commission or their companions. To select a pooled sample, snowball sampling and theoretical targeted sampling were used. Data analysis was done using the method of qualitative content analysis with conventional approach. In order to ensure the reliability of the research, the four pillars of reliability, validity, transferability and verifiability were used.

In this research, 86 codes were finally extracted, which formed the theme of “challenges of people with disabilities” in two sub-topics: “Executive problems of clients with medical commission” and “communication problems of clients with members of medical commission".

The findings of the research showed that those referring to the medical commissions of the welfare organization face problems related to the implementation of classification of function, disability and health, which need to be addressed by the authorities.

Two common choices exist for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, autograft and allograft. Hamstring tendon autografts and soft-tissue allografts are commonly used for ACL reconstruction. The outcomes between these two grafts are controversial. This research aims to quantify and compare lower limb joint coordination between two ACL reconstruction graft options and healthy individuals.

Sixty-one athletes were enrolled after ACL reconstruction surgery (allograft, n=22; autograft, n=18). Furthermore, twenty-one healthy athletes were considered in the control group. The inclusion criteria included unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery with allograft and autograft methods, male athletes with a minimum of 9 months and a maximum of two years since their surgery, successfully passing a series of quadriceps and hamstring strength tests and distance jumping before entering sports-specific activities under the supervision of a sports physiotherapist, and returning to pre-injury sports activities. 

Autograft was not statistically different from matched healthy limbs in terms of joint coordination variability and magnitude (P>0.05). However, the magnitude of joint coordination was superior to the allograft group compared to the autograft reconstructed ACL (P<0.05). 

Although our result reported no significant difference between groups in joint coordination variability, having an insight into coordinative function after ACL reconstruction will help develop postoperative rehabilitation programs as well as minimize the re-injury risk among patients. We also suggest that scholars should conduct more robust trials with valid research designs to control the results of ACL reconstruction comparison with autograft and allograft.

Despite the existing evidence indicating altered hip kinematics as well as the studies showing altered movement coordination variability in persons with patellofemoral pain (PFP), there is no study investigating the correlation between hip joint kinematic and movement coordination variability in persons with patellofemoral pain (PFP). This study aims to evaluate the correlation between peak hip adduction and variability of thigh frontal-shank transverse coordination during running in persons with PFP. In this cross-sectional correlational study, kinematic data were collected from 34 females (17 with and 17 without PFP) aged 18-35 years during treadmill running at preferred and fixed speeds, each for 30 s. The continuous relative phase method was used to calculate the coordination of thigh frontal-shank transverse. To calculate the deviation phase as the variability of intersegmental coordination, the standard deviation of the ensemble continuous relative phase curve points was averaged. The parameters of interest were peak hip adduction and coordination variability of thigh frontal-shank transverse. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) was used to calculate the correlation between the variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant negative correlation between the peak hip adduction angle and variability of thigh frontal– shank transverse during running at both fixed (r=-0.553, P<0.05) and preferred (r=-0.660, P<0.01) speeds in persons with PFP while the control group showed a small nonsignificant correlation (r<0.29, P>0.05).   The results indicated that greater adduction of the hip joint in persons with PFP during running is contributed to lesser variability of thigh frontal-shank transverse.

The survival rate in premature infants (PIs) has increased, but many have medical and developmental complications. Difficulty with sucking, swallowing, and poor nourishment are common complications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kinesio-tape (KT) combined with premature infant oromotor intervention (PIOMI) on feeding efficiency (mean volume intake [%MV]), oromotor skills (Preterm Oral Feeding Readiness Assessment Scale [POFRAS]), and weight gain in PIs.  

In this single-subject study, 5 PIs with feeding problems were received the PIOMI-KT for 7 consecutive days. The main outcome measure was the POFRAS scale. The %MV and weight gain were the secondary outcome measures. Measurements were taken before treatment (T0), after the 4th session (T1), and after the 7th session (T3).  

The POFRAS scores, %MV, and weight gain improved in all infants after treatment. The maximum and minimum change in level between the baseline and treatment phase was +26 and+16 for POFRAS, +54 and, +34 for %MV, +180, and +100 for weight gain. The treatment trend was upward for all infants and shown by the directions of the slopes indicated by positive values. The feeding problems were resolved in all infants after the 7th treatment session.  

The combination therapy of PIOMI-KT improved feeding function in PIs.

Hydrogen as a green fuel has attracted enormous attention recently. Although hydrogen combustion produces no harmful by-products, hydrogen production can be almost disastrous. Hydrogen production mainly originates from fossil fuels, and more than 80% of hydrogen production is produced using fossil fuel reformation with CO2 formation as a by-product. Light hydrocarbon gases, predominantly methane, are extensively used for hydrogen production. While methane reforming is an economical and efficient process, decarburization of flue gas can be a challenge. Processes involving chemical looping can be used to mitigate these challenges, and they are favorable for simultaneous CO2 capture during hydrogen generation. Intelligent models can help have accurate monitoring of such plants. The aim of this paper is to provide an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based approach to model a Sorption-Enhanced Chemical-Looping Reforming (SECLR) unit. To this end first, a SECLR unit was simulated using ASPEN Plus version 11. Then the simulation results were validated by experimental data, and the SECLR unit went through 31000 different scenarios. The derived data from ASPEN Plus was modeled and simulated with machine learning methods to estimate the CH4 conversion, H2 Purity, and CO2 removal in the SECLR process. Artificial neural networks, ensemble learning, and support vector machine methods were developed to predict the CH4 conversion, H2 Purity, and CO2 removal in a SECLR unit. All three models could provide satisfactory results for predicting CH4 conversion, CO2 removal, and H2 Purity. According to statistical evaluations, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) outperformed Support Vector Machine (SVM) and ensemble learning in producing results with lower error values and higher accuracy with an average 5.23e-5 of error and R2 of 0.9864.

One of the worrisome complications of hip arthroplasty is surgical site infection (SSI). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of SSI after hip arthroplasty.

A comprehensive and systematic exploration was conducted across various international electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, alongside Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex and the Scientific Information Database (SID). This search strategy entailed the utilization of Medical Subject Headings-derived keywords such as "Prevalence," "Surgical wound infection," "Surgical site infection," and "Arthroplasty," spanning from the earliest records up to January 1, 2024. Each study’s weight was assigned based on its inverse variance. A forest plot visualization was used to assess the studies’ heterogeneity. Data on sample size and SSI frequency were compiled for each study to calculate the overall effect size.

The study encompassed a cumulative participant cohort of 1,070,638 hip arthroplasty procedures drawn from seventeen selected studies. Notably, the female gender constituted 59.10% of the overall participant demographic. The aggregate SSI among patients undergoing hip arthroplasty was estimated to be 1.9% (95% CI: 1.3% to 2.8%; I2=99.688%; P<0.001). The results of the meta-regression analysis unveiled a statistically significant correlation between the prevalence of SSIs after hip arthroplasty and the year of publication (Coefficient=-0.0020; 95% CI: -0.0021 to -0.0018; Z=-19.39, P<0.001).

The study findings indicated a prevalence rate of 1.9% for SSI following hip arthroplasty. This prevalence underscores the importance of vigilance in infection prevention and management strategies within orthopedic surgery. However, it is essential to acknowledge the variability in SSI prevalence observed across diverse studies, which can be attributed to multifaceted factors, notably variances in patient populations and associated risk factors. 

Quantitative biomechanical tests, along with physical assessment, may be useful tounderstand kinematics associated with graft types in anterior cruciate ligament surgery, particularly inindividuals aiming for a safe return to sport.

Sixty male soccer players in three groups participated in this study. Three equal groups of healthy, autotransplanted and allotransplanted participants, matched for age, gender, activity level and functional status, landedwith one foot on a force plate. Their kinematic information was recorded by the motion analyzer and used to describecoordination the variability by measuring coupling angles using vector coding.

The coordination variability of the allograft group in the surgical limb was significantly greater than that ofthe healthy group at least 9 months after the reconstructive surgery of the ACL and at the stage of return to sports,(F (6, 35) = 2.79, p = 0.025; Wilk's Λ = 0.676, partial η2 = 0.32). The coordination pattern in the surgical and healthylimbs of the surgical groups also differed from that of the healthy people, which was more pronounced in the allograftgroup, (F (6, 35) = 2.61, p = 0.034; Wilk's Λ = 0.690, partial η2 = 0.31).

These results show that the allograft group has a different coordination variability at return to sportthan the healthy group, so they may need more time for excessive training and competition. Level of evidence: II

The present study aimed to compare the effects of simultaneous cognitive and motor tasks on walking performance between individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) and healthy controls.  

A total of 20 patients with NSCLBP and 20 healthy controls participated in this study. They walked at their self-selected speed on a treadmill under 3 walking conditions in a randomized order: walking only, walking while performing a concurrent cognitive task, and walking while performing a concurrent motor task. Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance with additional post hoc comparison (Bonferroni test) was used to evaluate the effects of group and walking conditions on gait parameters.   

The result showed a significant main effect of the group for swing time (P = 0.012) and double support time (P = 0.021) in those with NSCLBP compared with healthy controls. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the group and condition for cadence (P = 0.004) and step width variability (P = 0.016). Regarding stride length variability and stride time variability, the analysis indicated a significant effect of condition (P = 0.002 and P = 0.030, respectively). In both groups, no significant differences were observed in gait parameters between motor dual task and single walking (P > 0.05).  

Our findings indicated that those with NSCLBP adapted successfully to walking performance to maintain the performance of the concurrent cognitive task under the cognitive dual-task walking condition. Moreover, the present study observed no dual-task interference under the motor dual-task condition.

 Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) power spectra analysis was applied to assess brain activation during chronic pain. Although many studies have shown that there are some common characteristics among individuals suffering from various pain syndromes, the data remains inconclusive. The present study aimed to assess chronic low back pain (CLBP) based on functional brain changes with EEG in CLBP patients compared with healthy controls.

 Multichannel electroencephalogram data were recorded from 30 subjects with CLBP and 30 healthy controls under eye-open resting state conditions and active lumbar forward flexion, and their cortical oscillations were compared using electrode-level analysis. Data were analyzed using a pair t-test.  

 A total of 30 patients (19 men and 11 women in the case group (mean [SD] age, 35.23 [5.93] years) with 30 age and sex-match healthy controls participated in the study. A paired t-test was applied to identify whether there was any difference in the absolute and relative power of frequency spectra between CLBP patients and healthy controls. The results showed a significant increase in alpha relative power in CLBP patients compared with healthy controls in an open-eye resting state (P < 0.050) and active lumbar forward flexion (P < 0.050). 

 The enhanced alpha relative power in CLBP patients could be relevant to attenuating sensory information gating and excessive integration of pain-related information. Increased power at the EEG seems to be one of the clinical characteristics of individuals with CLBP. EEG can be a simple and objective tool for studying the mechanisms involved in chronic pain and identifying specific characteristics of CLBP patients.

The aim of this study was to compare postural control between Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) and healthy adolescents.

In this cross-sectional study, 20 AIS adolescents with a right thoracic curvature between 10 and 45 degrees and 20 healthy adolescents were matched to compare postural control. Postural control assessments included Center of Pressure (COP) range and COP velocity in the Anteroposterior (AP) and Mediolateral (ML) directions, and the COP sway area in the standing position with opened eyes and closed eyes by the force plate.

This study showed that the postural control variables in AIS adolescents and healthy adolescents in terms of COP range, COP velocity, and COP sway area in standing positions with open and closed eyes were significantly different with those of AIS adolescents being worse than those of healthy adolescents (all p<0.001). The interaction between Group and Condition (eyes open and eyes closed) was not significant for all variables (all p>0.05).

Differences in the postural control measures indicate postural instability in adolescents with AIS compared to healthy adolescents.

Taxes are a fundamental aspect of modern life. The funds that governments get from taxes are used to provide essential services and public goods. Therefore, people's willingness to pay taxes plays an important role in the economic and social well-being of any country. The approach of this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, which presents its model in the qualitative part based on grounded theory, and structural equation modeling (SEM) is used in the quantitative part. The statistical population of this research was conducted in the qualitative section, including 12 experts and elites of the country's tax affairs organization and university elites with high experience, who were selected by the snowball method, and interviews were used to collect the required data. In the quantitative part, the statistical population was selected based on the recommendations of using confirmatory models of 270 managers and financial experts. After the implementation, the textual data were analyzed using three successive stages of open, central and selective coding, and finally the research paradigm model was developed. The results show that the pattern of tax sentiment is based on the central category of virtual space, democracy and advertising, which is formed under the influence of causal conditions. This process begins with causal conditions and leads to the formation of a central category that helps to strengthen tax morale by using strategies, and its consequence is the improvement of economic indicators, the improvement of social indicators and the fight against money laundering. The lack of tax justice, flexibility and complexity of tax laws are also among the conditions interfering with the model of tax morale, and creating a culture and establishing tax justice are among the strategies to strengthen tax morale.

The reliability studies are limited to support ultrasound usage during dynamic conditions; for example, unstable sitting position.  This study aims to examine the reliability of ultrasound measurements of the lumbar multifidus and transversus abdominis during lying and unstable sitting positions in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and asymptomatic individuals considering abnormal lumbar lordosis. In this observational study, intrarater within-day and between-day reliability of muscle thickness and contraction ratio of the lumbar multifidus and transversus abdominis muscles were assessed using ultrasound imaging. In total, 40 participants (27 with CLBP, 13 asymptomatic individuals) with abnormal lumbar lordosis were recruited. The degree of lumbar lordosis has been measured by a flexible ruler. The muscle thickness was assessed at lying and sitting on a gym ball for both muscles in three sessions.  Both groups had well to high ICCs of thickness measurement and contraction ratio in the transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus muscles during both static (ICC=0.71-0.99) and semi-dynamic conditions (ICC=0.73-0.98). The standard error of measurements and minimal detectable changes were rather small in both groups.   Ultrasound imaging is a highly reliable method to assess muscle thicknesses and contraction ratio of the transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus during different conditions, even in patients with CLBP and abnormal lumbar lordosis.

In recent years, employee energy has become an important topic in management literature and an emerging concept. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the energy of employees in public organizations and to determine its consequences.

The current research method, which was implemented quantitatively, is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of descriptive research method, and correlation type. The statistical population of this research is the employees and managers of government organizations in Kermanshah city. The sample size is 150 people who were selected by equal stratified random sampling. The tool for collecting research data is a questionnaire, which has been validated through formal and structural validity and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha test. The method of structural equation model with the help of Smart PLS software has been used to test the hypotheses.

The results showed that the employee's energy has a direct and meaningful relationship with the variables of humor, enthusiasm, self-efficacy, and effective communication. In addition, employee energy has a direct and significant relationship with variables of learning, creativity, job performance, job satisfaction, and self-actualization.

Results of this research show that strategic attention to the factors affecting the employee's energy leads to consequences that play a significant role in the realization of individual goals and organizational goals.

In this experiment, we investigated impacts of various LED light qualities, including 100% red, 100% blue, 70% red + 30% blue, and 100% white with the same light intensity 75±5 µmol m-2 s-1 for 30 days on the growth and mineral element concentrations in grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ rootstock and non-grafted tomato seedlings. Photoperiod, temperature, and relative humidity of the growth chamber were maintained at 16 h, 25/21±2 °C (day/night), and 95%, respectively. Results showed that the maximum of plant height was obtained in non-grafted seedlings under 100% R light. The maximum of stem diameter was obtained under 100% B and 70% R:30 %B treatments. The maximum of root fresh weight was obtained under 100% W and 70 % R:30 %B treatments, while the maximum of root dry weight was obtained under 70 % R:30 % B light treatment. The maximum of leaf area, shoot and total dry weight were obtained in non-grafted seedlings under 70 % R:30 % B light treatment. In addition, non-grafted seedlings under 100% R treatment had the highest P concentration. The maximum of K was obtained in grafted seedlings under 100% B, 100% R and 70 % R:30 %B light treatments and non-grafted seedlings under 100% W and 70 % R:30 % B light treatments. Grafted seedlings under 100% B had the highest Ca concentration. In addition, the maximum of Mg was obtained in non-grafted seedlings under 100% W treatment. Collectively, our results showed that combination of 70% red and 30% blue light and as well as the use of a powerful rootstock like ‘Maxifort’ could promotes plant growth and mineral element concentrations for tomato seedlings.

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often require various specialized services and access to various specialists in the fields of medicine, rehabilitation, and education due to the multifaceted problems caused by these disorders. Also, parents of children with ASDs face many challenges which expose them to high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as the quality of life (QoL) of these parents is often affected. As a result, it is necessary for children with ASDs and their parents, especially their mothers to access various services. The present study was conducted to investigate and compare the effectiveness of the parent-mediated intervention method with social media-based and face-to-face rehabilitation approaches for mothers of children with ASDs.

The research sample included 30 mothers of 3-6-year-old children with ASDs who were randomly assigned to two groups of social media-based education and face-to-face education. Both groups received two training sessions every week for four weeks. The intervention for the first group was based on social media and using video calls, video, and educational texts, and for the second group, it was face-to-face.

The results showed that training was effective in improving social interaction and challenging behaviors in children and led to the improvement in depression symptoms, QoL, and sense of well-being in mothers; however the difference in the scores obtained from the two groups of social media-based education and face-to-face education is not significantly different from each other (P>0.05

According to the results of the research, it seems that the effect of the group interaction was significant in the time. Treatment as well as accessibility, choose one of the above two methods that are more economical for the individual according to the conditions, which requires further studies.

One of the most obvious problems faced by the blind is the inability to navigate properly. Safe and independent urban navigation is difficult for visually impaired people. According to the international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF), the health and illness status of a person is measured by the structure and function of the body, limitations in performing activities, and the person’s participation in society. Individual factors and environmental factors affect a person’s activities, and these activities affect a person’s participation in society. For this reason, the present study was conducted to investigate the individual factors that blind people use in their daily traffic.

In this qualitative study, 12 blind people, 1 person with severe visual impairment, and 1 sighted person were selected using the snowball sampling method to participate in the study. Information was collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The conventional content analysis method was used for analysis and the data triangulation method was used to validate the findings.

After analyzing the statements and classifying the extracted codes, 4 sub-themes were obtained, including “learning the route”, “reluctance to travel”, “helping others”, "using environmental signs” and from the integration of these sub-themes, the theme “daily traffic” appeared.

The present study showed that blind people use similar strategies in their daily traffic. These solutions include keeping the path, traveling on familiar paths, using environmental signs, and getting help from others. Reasons, such as fear of the environment, fear of injury, and the family’s unwillingness to leave are an obstacle to the independent movement of the blind person.