reza zarei

The organizational structure is one of the most important factors of the organization's efficiency. The purpose of the research was to develop and validate a model for the organizational structure in Shiraz Municipality. The research method is exploratory. First, we collected and analyzed qualitative data, and then, based on the qualitative results, we collected and analyzed quantitative data. Next, the results of the quantitative part were used to explain the findings of the qualitative part. Qualitative data collection and analysis was done based on the qualitative case study method. In this regard, using a targeted sampling approach (based on specific criteria), in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty-three managers and employees of Shiraz Municipality. Then, the obtained data were analyzed through thematic analysis method and were organized in the form of basic, organizing and comprehensive themes, categories and network of themes. Based on the results, the model of organizational structure in Shiraz municipality has 5 dimensions and 46 indicators, which include the dimensions of formality, sustainable development, social responsibility of the organization, processes of the organization, and human capital, each of which has components. Validation of the data of the qualitative part of the research was done through reliability techniques. The findings of the first part were distributed among the managers and employees of Shiraz municipality in the quantitative part. The validity of the structure in the quantitative part was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and by Smart Pls software. The said dimensions and the relevant components are sufficient and reliable.

The current research has been conducted with the aim of designing and evaluating the model of professional ethics of principals of the first secondary schools of Fars province. The method of this research was carried out by adopting a mixed approach and using a sequential exploratory method of the instrument-making type. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included all principals of the first secondary schools in Fars province. Among them, 17 people were selected by purposive sampling and using the theoretical saturation method.In the quantitative part of the research, the statistical population of the research included 1020 principals of first secondary schools in Fars province, of which 302 were selected as the sample size, based on Morgan's table, using stratified random sampling. In the qualitative part of the research, the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part of the research, the questionnaire of the components of the professional ethics of managers was used in the quantitative part of the research to evaluate the principals of the first year of high school in Fars province. The reliability of the questionnaire is 99/ through Cronbach's alpha. The findings were obtained based on the network of themes of the components of professional ethics of the principals of the first secondary schools of Fars province, in the qualitative section including 4 inclusive themes including individual-personality factors, professional competences, organizational factors and environmental factors and 14 organizing themes including They were value, attitude, disciplinary, technical knowledge, responsibility, empathy, interpersonal relations, managerial-strategic, managerial-specialized, managerial-operational, managerial-communicative, political-legal, social-cultural, and information technology. The results showed that the factors affecting the professional ethics of managers have a significant impact on the behavior of school managers. It is necessary to seriously consider this matter by those involved in the educational system.

This study was aimed at validating a behavior-based safety model in elementary schools with a Passive Defense approach.

The present research used a descriptive-survey methodology, employing cluster random sampling. A sample of 416 principals and 1,000 teachers was selected from a population of 4,964 individuals – 4,348 teachers and 616 principals. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, developed following qualitative findings and verified for reliability with a reliability coefficient above 0.7, determined through Cronbach’s alpha using SPSS software for both the behavior-based safety model and its components. The questionnaire’s validity was assessed via exploratory factor analysis, using principal component extraction and Varimax rotation. For assessing the reliability of the quantitative section, test-retest, Cronbach’s alpha, and split-half methods were employed. To calculate test-retest reliability, the scale was administered to 30 normal participants with a two-week interval, and the test-retest reliability coefficients were computed from both administrations.

In all cases, the minimum factor load exceeded 0.4, and the bootstrapping output in the model significance test indicated that the significant values for all paths were greater than 1.96. This finding confirms that the observed variables effectively measured the latent variables. Reliability values for all variables were above 0.7, and divergent validity was supported based on the Fornell-Larcker matrix, as each construct’s correlation with itself was higher than its correlation with other constructs. Thus, all examined indices were validated, indicating that the designed model was acceptably reliable.

Focusing specifically on schools – particularly elementary schools due to the students’ unique age and physical characteristics and their relatively large population compared to other educational levels – can be a key objective for Passive Defense efforts aimed at enhancing deterrence, reducing vulnerability, and mitigating harm. The selected indicators and variables in the current research are crucial for identifying and evaluating the study area from a Passive Defense perspective, and they could significantly contribute to the prevention and control of damages and losses.

Introduction and Goal:

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental, natural resource and agricultural issues in the world. Soil splash is the initial stage following the impact of raindrops on the soil surface, leading to the breakdown of the soil aggregates and the detachment of soil particles, ultimately cousing splash erosion. This process is followed by a decrease in soil permibeality, an increase in runoff, and consequently, surface erosion. Therefore, the accurate estimation of splash and surface erosion is necessary for the success of soil conservation erosion control and reduction of natural hazards. In this regard, innovative methods have been developed that utilize photography and image processing techniques to estimate splash and surface erosion. The aim of this research was to  validate the splash and surface erosion estimates using synthetic colour-contrast aggregates.

Synthetic colour-contrast aggregates were initially prepared using mineral pumice particles and yellow concrete colour. Then, soil with a silty-clay-loamy texture was sampled from the Marzanabad-Kandalus road bank, and natural and synthetic colour-contrast aggregates with diameters of 1.77, 2.89 and 4.05 mm were separated. Surface erosion was then measured in 20×40 cm plots. Additionally, splash erosion was measured using the splash cup method under a rainfall intensity of 60 mm hr-1 lasting 10 min in three repetitions.

The results showed that the average rates of net splash for different soil aggregate diameters of 1.77, 2.89 and 4.05 mm, were 73.72, 38.73 and 20.68 g m-2, respectively, and also the average rates of total splash were 192.61, 73.97, and 44.46 g m-2, respectively. These results indicate a decrease in the average amount of net and total splash with increasing in the soil aggregate diameter. The results showed that synthetic colour-contrast aggregates demonstrate an acceptable efficiency in measuring net splash, total splash and surface erosion with coefficients of determination of 82, 70 and 82%, respectively. The results also showed that the average soil loss for different soil aggregate diameters of 1.77, 2.89, and 4.05 mm, was 94.69, 83.22, and 42.20 g m-2, respectively. in other words, surface erosion decreased with an increase in the diameter of soil aggregates on the soil surface.

Conclusion and Suggestions:

The results of this study indicate that using synthetic colour-contrast aggregates allows for a quicker and reasonably accurate estimation of splash and surface erosion at the plot scale. As this method does not require sampling runoff and sediment from the plot, it reduces the cost of erosion and sediment research. Additionally, the synthetic colour-contrast aggregates do not disturb the soil surface and are environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method for indirect estimation of splash and surface erosion in field and laboratory studies.

Electrical burns are a less prevalent type of burn injury. However, some acute and chronic complications only occur in this type of burn due to its underlying mechanisms that lead to tissue injury. This study aimed to describe epidemiological patterns of electrical burns in the north of Iran to improve the prevention and management of burns in the area. All medical records of patients who were admitted to Velayat Burn Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran, due to electrical burn injuries between March 2010 and March 2020 were studied retrospectively. A total of 271 patients were included in this study. Occupational accidents (59.78%) were markedly more common than non-occupational injuries (40.22%). High voltage was responsible for 44.6% of the burns. Among the clinical outcomes studied, wound infection and the need for blood transfusion were the most frequent complications, with recorded rates of 17% and 18.5%, respectively. Regarding surgical procedures, limb amputations were performed in 8.1% of patients, 9.6% of cases required a flap, and 56.1% required a skin graft. The rate of transplant rejection was 2.2%. The higher incidence of occupational electrical burns in men of working age with non-academic education and the significant correlation between high voltage and worse clinical outcomes in this type of injury, compared to other types of burn injuries, indicate the need for employers to raise safety awareness in this area.

Incidents causing death, injuries, and various damages to humans and properties occur at any time and place. Schools are the main platform for education and upbringing shaping the future of a nation. Unfortunately, as evidenced by national statistics in recent decades, a significant number of students have become victims of accidents and unfortunate events within the educational system. Hence, considering the role of educational systems responsible for educating and nurturing the human resources of society, preserving and protecting students, and paying attention to their safety and health as one of the fundamental human rights is crucial.

This study was mainly aimed at designing a behavior-based safety model in elementary schools with a passive defense approach.

This qualitative research was conducted using phenomenological method and content analysis. The data collection method involved semi-structured interviews. Accordingly, out of the potential participants, 27 individuals including professors, experts, managers, and specialists in relevant fields were selected based on the criteria of holding a Ph.D., having a minimum of 2 years of work experience, based on the inclusion criteria of the research, and sampling continued until reaching theoretical saturation. The interviews were analyzed using the seven-step (Colaizzi , 1978) model and the content analysis method, and the validity of the data obtained was confirmed through information triangulation and researcher validation.

After extracting and categorizing the themes, the findings were categorized into three organizing themes: psychophysical (psychological-physical), administrative-educational, and structural safety, and eight basic themes: physical safety, psychosocial (psychological-social) and behavioral safety, administrative, awareness-education and content, encouragement and reward, structurearchitecture, facilities and equipment, and proximity and accessibility. Since education is the cornerstone of sustainable development and students are the primary targets of education and upbringing, i.e. the most vulnerable group among incidents and disasters within schools, the mission of education goes beyond education and upbringing towards the social health of students. To this end, education should focus on preparing guidelines for passive defense considerations in school design and establishing a school safety movement with the participation of student mobilization and the community, making the implementation of passive defense considerations mandatory in the construction of new schools, establishing passive defense technical offices in the Ministry of Education, utilizing the capabilities of engineering mobilization for the necessary studies and designs, and creating a sense of participatory among the main pillars of the educational system (officials, students, and parents) to create new safe schools and secure existing schools, leading to the psychological safety of families and students.

The current research has been conducted with the aim of designing and evaluating the model of professional ethics of principals of the first secondary schools of Fars province. The method of this research was carried out by adopting a mixed approach and using a sequential exploratory method of the instrument-making type. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included all principals of the first secondary schools in Fars province. Among them, 17 people were selected by purposive sampling and using the theoretical saturation method.In the quantitative part of the research, the statistical population of the research included 1020 principals of first secondary schools in Fars province, of which 302 were selected as the sample size, based on Morgan's table, using stratified random sampling. In the qualitative part of the research, the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part of the research, the questionnaire of the components of the professional ethics of managers was used in the quantitative part of the research to evaluate the principals of the first year of high school in Fars province. The reliability of the questionnaire is 99/ through Cronbach's alpha. The findings were obtained based on the network of themes of the components of professional ethics of the principals of the first secondary schools of Fars province, in the qualitative section including 4 inclusive themes including individual-personality factors, professional competences, organizational factors and environmental factors and 14 organizing themes including They were value, attitude, disciplinary, technical knowledge, responsibility, empathy, interpersonal relations, managerial-strategic, managerial-specialized, managerial-operational, managerial-communicative, political-legal, social-cultural, and information technology. The results showed that the factors affecting the professional ethics of managers have a significant impact on the behavior of school managers. It is necessary to seriously consider this matter by those involved in the educational system.

The purpose of the present study is an analysis of dimensions and components of sustainable human resources management in Fars province Azad universities. The research method is qualitative, and applicative in terms of its purpose. The statistical population includes 18 members of the faculty, staff and experts of the Islamic Azad University of Fars province, who were selected by purposive sampling and criteria-based technique. The data collection tool includes two parts; a semi-structured interview in the field part, and the review and exploration of upstream documents and higher education documents in the library part. To analyze the data; open, central and selective coding was used based on the theory of the foundation data, and the Atlas ti software was used to code the interviews. The results indicated that the dimensions and components of sustainable human resource management in the Azad universities of Fars province, a total of 151 concepts and 31 categories or core codes were identified and extracted. 31 categories identified in 6 groups which include causal conditions, governing context, intervening conditions, strategies, consequences, and central category or phenomenon.

Psychological well-being, characterized by positive emotions and overall life satisfaction, encompasses various domains such as family, education, and more. Riff’s model conceptualizes psychological well-being as a comprehensive developmental process that spans an individual’s lifespan. One construct related to consciousness that has been discussed for its impact on well-being is mindfulness. Mindfulness, defined as conscious, deliberate, and continuous attention in the present moment, is a burgeoning field of research in mental health. Empirical evidence suggests that teachers should employ mindfulness training to enhance students’ psychological well-being. Another variable addressed in this research is self-esteem, a crucial construct associated with a broad spectrum of psychological outcomes such as general psychological adjustment, positive emotions, social confidence, personal behavior, and life satisfaction. Research findings indicate a positive correlation between self-esteem and all dimensions of psychological well-being. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, no study has directly or concurrently examined the relationship between the variables of the present study. The current research aims to compile and test this set of relationships in a model format. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being, with self-esteem serving as a mediator. Research Hypothesis: The research hypothesis is as follows: Self-esteem mediates the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being.

The current research employs a correlational method to investigate the structural relationships between the research variables using the structural equation modeling. The research population comprised all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht branch, enrolled in the 2020-2021 academic year. Upon data collection and entry into the computer, SPSS-25 and AMOS-20 software were utilized. The sample size was determined to be 393 individuals, selected using the cluster sampling method. Initially, four faculties (Humanities, Basic Sciences, Technical Engineering, Educational Sciences, and Psychology) were randomly selected from the faculties of Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht branch. Subsequently, three classes were chosen from each faculty, and all students in these classes completed the questionnaires individually. It is worth noting that Kline’s recommendation (2016) was considered in determining the sample size. Kline (2016) suggests that the appropriate sample size for the structural equation modeling test should be 10 to 20 times the number of parameters of the research model. The inclusion criteria for the study were informed consent of the participants and enrollment in the specified academic year, while the exclusion criteria were a history of specific physical and mental illness (according to the subjects’ self-report) and incomplete questionnaires. The APA ethical code, comprising important principles and ethical standards, was adhered to in this research. The majority of participants in the current research were female, numbering 203 (51.65%), with an average age of 21.44 and a standard deviation of 3.25 years. Male participants numbered 190 (48.35%), with an average age of 21.30 and a standard deviation of 3.39 years.

The findings demonstrated a good fit between the research model and the collected data. Furthermore, the results indicated that the direct effects of mindfulness on self-esteem and psychological well-being, as well as the direct effect of self-esteem on psychological well-being, were significant. Notably, the impact of mindfulness on psychological well-being, mediated by self-esteem, was also significant. These findings suggest that self-esteem serves as a mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being.

This study aimed to explore the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between mindfulness and the psychological well-being of a student cohort. The findings related to direct relationships revealed a positive and significant direct effect of mindfulness on students’ psychological well-being. This outcome can be interpreted as mindfulness, through its role in promoting happiness, cheerfulness, and mental clarity, inherently fostering a positive and pleasant state in an individual. Indeed, it can be posited that mindfulness of events and experiences can be beneficial and effective for mental health. The study results also indicated a positive and significant direct effect of mindfulness on self-esteem. Individuals practicing mindfulness exhibit non-judgmental acceptance of their situation, which contributes to maintaining secure self-esteem. Additionally, the results revealed a positive and direct relationship between self-esteem and psychological well-being. In essence, self-esteem is positively correlated with all dimensions of psychological well-being. Individuals with higher self-esteem tend to have better psychological health and exhibit a reduced psychological response to stress. Regarding the primary hypothesis of the study, which postulated that “self-esteem plays a mediating role in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being,” the present research validated this hypothesis. Given the results obtained and considering the role of mindfulness and self-esteem in explaining psychological well-being, it is feasible to enhance students’ psychological well-being by conducting educational workshops on mindfulness and self-esteem. Consequently, it is recommended that similar research be conducted in other universities, taking into account the ethnic, cultural, economic, and social lifestyle of the students to obtain more reliable results. One limitation of the current research is its reliance on causal inference from the relationships included in the proposed model.

The current study was carried out with the objective of formulating and validating the media literacy instructional model within the educational framework.

Employing a qualitative exploratory approach, this study utilized purposeful sampling and criteria-based techniques for sample selection. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews during field research and examination of primary documents and educational materials in the library. Theoretical saturation was reached after interviewing 20 individuals, with data analysis conducted through thematic analysis. Following validation and alignment with existing theoretical frameworks and literature, expert opinions were sought regarding the scope and elements of media literacy education.

The findings facilitated the identification of 49 elements distributed across 6 dimensions: media literacy instructors, educational practices, curriculum development, school environment, governmental involvement, and Ministry of Education contributions.

Overall, the results offer valuable insights for educational policymakers aiming to enhance media literacy within the realm of Education.

‎The cost function and the system ‎s‎tationary‏‎ probability are two key criteria in the design of queuing systems. In this paper, the aim is to design a single server queuing models with infinite capacity, where the service times in the first model and the interarrival times in the second model are assumed to have an Erlang distribution. For this purpose, a new index based on the cost function and the system reliability probability is introduced, the larger of which indicates the optimality of the model. Several numerical examples and an applied example are presented to explain the computational details of the proposed method.

The current research aimed to design and fit the knowledge-enhancing model of effective teaching. knowledge-enhancing in teaching, as a condition of "life, durability and survival", displays the dynamic spirit of education and is created in three pyramid heads (students, parents, and teachers). The research method is mixed and practical in nature. The statistical population includes all teachers working in the education ministry in Fars province. The sample size of 18 people sample selection was determined in the qualitative section by the purposeful sampling method. Quantitative sampling was obtained according to Cochran's formula of 376 people. The data collection tool, in the qualitative part, included two parts, a semi-structured interview and review of upstream documents, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire tool. Data analysis in the qualitative section was based on thematic analysis in ATLAS TI software. Structural equation modeling was used in SMARTPLS software to fit the model. The obtained findings led to the identification of 3 dimensions, 10 components, and 176 indicators, and finally, the research model was presented. The results showed that each of the dimensions, respectively: teaching and evaluation, scientific-educational (/66), and individual (/57) affected effective teaching in elementary school. Students learn by connecting new knowledge with existing knowledge and concepts, constructing new meanings. Knowledge-based education emphasizes primary education on deep and powerful teaching and learning from shared knowledge.

Nowadays, the severe degradation of the environment and the reduction of the performance of watersheds are very important in order to respond to the various demands of human societies. In the meantime, in order to deal with these threats, the use of the approach of integrated management of watersheds as an infrastructure and acceptable management principles in the world community and based on conceptual and mental models has a special emphasis. The SWOT analysis has structural features and suitable flexibility that has a wide range of capabilities in managing different ecosystems. In the SWOT analytical model, strategies are formulated to maximize strengths and opportunities and minimize weaknesses and threats. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to evaluate the impact of various anthropogenic and natural factors on the status of Mikhsaz Watershed with the SWOT approach.

The Mikhsaz Watershed with an area of ​​11191.1 hectares is located in the west of Mazandaran Province and in Nowshahr City, Kajur district and Zanus Rostaq village. In terms of elevation changes, the lowest height is 1374.7 meters above sea level located at the outlet of the watershed and the highest is 3689 meters located in the southern. The average amount of annual precipitation in the Mikhsaz Watershed is 427.8 mm and the average annual temperature is 10.53 degrees celsius. SWOT analysis is one of the most efficient methods of strategic management which can be used for beneficial results in different study watersheds, analysis of local capacities and generally in order to achieve the goals of integrated development planning studies in economic, social, cultural and physical. The first step in strategic management is the establishment of the SWOT matrix. The SWOT matrix, considering the conditions, internal and external factors governing in a system that provides a good basis for developing approaches. In order to present the strategy in the framework of this approach, four types of strategies have been used, including competitive-offensive, diversity, revision and defensive. In order to provide any type of strategy, two or more components of the existing factors that cover each other or are related were considered. Then, in direction of these combined factors, the best strategies for the study area were determined and finally the factors were ranked. In the execution of SWAT strategies, by using the internal strengths, it is possible to make maximum benefit of external opportunities.

Two factors of income reliance on different sectors (livestock-agriculture-services) and climatic diversity (rainfall and temperature) in the watershed with a weighted score of 0.23 are usually the most important among the strengths. In the weaknesses, the factor of inadequacy of property compared to family members has been identified as the most important weakness of the watershed with a weighted score of 0.63. Two factors of the possibility of reviving handicrafts and nature suitability for tourism with a common score of 0.3, were the most important opportunities in the watershed. In this watershed, the possibility of spring floods caused by melting snow with a score of 0.2 and early and late cold temperatures with a score of 0.18 are among the most important threats. Therefore, internal factors with a score of 3.54 have a greater effect on improving the situation of Mekhsaz Watershed than external factors with a score of 2.89.

In this research, the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on the management of Mekhsaz Watershed in Mazandaran Province was evaluated and measured using the SWOT model. The results showed that in the Mekhsaz Watershed, income reliance on different sectors and climatic diversity are the most important strengths and lack of property compared to the family members is the most important weakness. The prioritization of the region's strategies also indicates that the strategy of reducing the destruction of resources and modification of the livelihood pattern are ranked first and second with the scores of 2.21 and 2.19, respectively.

The aim of this research was to identify the dimensions and components of the educational competency model in the students of technical and vocational university. This research was conducted qualitatively using thematic analysis approach. The method of data collection included semi-structured interviews with the participants and the study of relevant high-level documents. People were selected by targeted sampling with the criteria of at least 15 years of teaching and research expertise and familiarity with technical and professional education and having a related field of study with the participation of 22 experts and experts until the theoretical saturation stage. The process of data analysis was carried out by using the Atride-Sterling method and in three stages of breaking the text and coding the quotes, exploring the network of themes from the text, integrating the discoveries and presenting the research model. The topic network, based on a certain process, organizes the basic topics (codes and key points of the text), the organizing topics (topics obtained from combining and summarizing the basic topics) and comprehensive topics (higher topics that include the principles governing the text as a whole). it gives Validation was done during data analysis and their convergence was confirmed. The findings of the research showed that the model of educational competence of technical and vocational university students includes 17 components and 3 dimensions (strategic factors of competence, technical competence, non-technical competence). In addition, the participants mostly mentioned the dimensions of technical competence and non-technical competence, but in the above documents, the dimensions of strategic factors of competence were discussed more.

In the third millennium, professional ethics is one of the main concerns of managers in organizations. The present study aimed to design a conceptual model of professional ethics in primary school principals in Fars province.

The approach of this qualitative research and research tool has been exploratory and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of this study included all principals of primary schools in Fars province who were purposefully selected by the method of key experts and using the method of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was an open interview with the participants.

Using the results of the review of the theoretical foundations and background of the research, the data obtained from interviews with school principals (focus group) and data were collected in a synchronization manner and analyzed using the content analysis method; To validate the data, methods of feedback to participants, researcher review and stance, and alignment with scientific sources and key educational documents were used. After deleting the common codes, 121 items were extracted from the basic themes (codes and key points of the text), then based on the existing similarity (content, composition and summary), it was reduced to 6 organizing themes.

The results showed that according to the principals of junior high school, the components of professional ethics have a significant impact on the behavior of school principals.

Background &

One of the most important signs of commitment to community health is the field of nursing education, in which effective communication is a serious issue. Medical sciences in prestigious universities attract considerable attention to effective communication. Good education and scientific research in nursing schools are needed to train a successful medicine ethically. For this purpose, education for medical students plays an important role. For instance, multimedia education significantly improves the listening skills of English learners. Moreover, studies showed that attitudes toward using multimedia education had a significant effect on explaining changes in learners' listening skills. They recommended that multimedia education be merged with English language instruction as a part of the listening skills training course (1). The hypothesis of the effect of a teacher-student method according to multimedia education on students' academic achievement was confirmed (2). Furthermore, good communication skills are an essential component of nursing education. In teaching communication skills, methods such as lectures and seminars are less effective than experimental ones with feedback(3). Results of this study, similar to other research, indicated the positive role of multimedia use in the development of social skills of deaf female students (4). It also demonstrated that the multimedia method had a more lasting effect than lecturing. Thus, it is believed that this method will be implemented more widely in universities in addition to education(5). Today, injuries and complications, as well as deaths due to medical errors, are one of the problems in this area (6). Discussion in small groups is considered the most effective way to provide ethics education for medical students (8). Undoubtedly, being a good doctor is more than just knowing the standards of professional competence. In other words, there is a difference between doing a job and understanding and doing it. So, what a doctor does matters (10). As education has a positive effect on promoting oral health behavior, its type also plays a key role. In this regard, the multimedia teaching method was more effective than the lecture method in all stages (21). Employing multimedia training programs has increased the knowledge and practice of nurses about safe injection, which is one of their serious tasks. Therefore, utilizing this method is recommended to improve their clinical performance (22).

This study was quasi-experimentally, and its samples were selected by stratified random sampling method among nursing students who had taken professional ethics courses. Two classes were considered experimental, and the other two were as evidence. Students in both groups completed a researcher-made effective communication questionnaire before and after the training. All of them were in one faculty and ethics course. They also were professionals and in the clinical training phase. The researcher-made questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part was related to individual questions and demographic information of the samples. The second part was questions designed based on the research objectives, which included 24 items. The questionnaire was according to the opinions of 15 professors and experts to check its validity. After the necessary editing, the final questionnaire was provided.

According to Table 2, it can be said that the average pre-test scores and the standard deviation in the experimental group that received multimedia training are 70.71 and 6.27, respectively. For the control group, these values are 71.22 and 4.74, respectively. According to the mean values in the control and experimental groups and based on the value of t obtained in the degree of freedom 97, there is no significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups in the pre-test. Considering results and homogeneity of variances in experimental and control groups and comparing the means in them, we found no significant difference. Furthermore, Table 4 displays that the average post-test score and the standard deviation in the experimental group are 75.39 and 8.74, respectively, at the end of the course. Also, these values are 71.88 and 8.26, respectively, for the control group. Consequently, taking into account that the mean of the post-test in the experimental group is higher than that of the control group and based on the obtained t - 2.09 in the degree of freedom 97, there is a significant difference at the level of p <0.03 in the two post-test scores of both groups. Similarly, Table 5 demonstrates that the mean of pre-test scores and the standard deviation are 70.71 and 6.27, respectively, in the experimental group. These values are 75.39 and 8.74, respectively, at the post-test for the control group. Therefore, as the mean of the post-test in the experimental group is higher than that of the control group and taking the obtained t -0.93 in the degree of freedom of 63 into account, it is evident that there is a significant difference at the level of p <0.01 between the two pre-and post-test scores.
In addition, the average post-test scores and the standard deviation in the experimental group at the end of the course are 75.39 and 8.74, respectively. These values are 71.88 and 8.26, respectively, for the control group. As a result, since the mean of the post-test in the experimental group is higher than the mean of the control group and considering the t obtained 2.09 in the degree of freedom 97, we can say that there is a significant difference at the level of p <0.05 between the two post-test scores in the experimental and control groups.

Effective communication of nursing students is one of the essential pillars of the basic training of nurses. Thus, it deserves considerable attention. In this study, findings demonstrated that teaching nursing courses with a multimedia teaching method compared to the old one, the lecture method, exerts a greater influence on effective communication among nursing students. Consequently, it is suggested that medical science training centers use the multimedia method to improve their performance.

Introduction and The purpose of this research was to identify the components of professional development of secondary school teachers using a qualitative method. The participants in this section include experts, experts and people knowledgeable in the field of development and professional development of teachers in Fars province, and the selection of people was made by purposeful sampling method and criterion-based technique, with the criterion of having a master's degree and doctorate and at least fifteen years of teaching and research experience in education. It was education that after the semi-structured interview with 23 people, the information became saturated. Data analysis method Thematic analysis is done step by step in six steps, the first step is the initial acquaintance with the interview text, the second step is to create initial codes, the third step is to search for themes, the fourth step is to review the themes, the fifth step is to title the themes, and the sixth step is to prepare the interview report and prepare The table of basic themes is organizing and inclusive; and the findings obtained from the interviews conducted in eight components are as follows: change skills, communication skills, individual growth, research growth, evaluation skills, organizational growth, educational growth, Information technology. The results showed that the professional development of teachers helps to improve the activities and tasks of people, in connection with their jobs and specialized professions, which is mainly for the purpose of increasing their knowledge, skills and changing their professional attitudes. By means of that, people can perform their duties effectively and improve the teaching and learning process.

To compare the outcomes of various invasive and noninvasive approaches to the treatment of malignant glaucoma.

Glaucoma‑related keywords were looked up in PubMed and Google Scholar, and related articles up to 2022 were used to put together this review article.

Numerous surgical methods and techniques have been introduced in the past few years. This review outlined current knowledge regarding the nonsurgical and surgical management of malignant glaucoma. In this regard, we first briefly outlined the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of this disorder. Then, the current evidence on the management of malignant glaucoma was reviewed. Finally, we discuss the need for treatment of the other eye and the factors that might affect the outcome of surgical intervention.

Fluid misdirection syndrome, or malignant glaucoma, is a severe disorder that can occur spontaneously due to surgical intervention. The pathophysiology of malignant glaucoma is complicated, and numerous theories exist about the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to the disease. Malignant glaucoma can be treated conservatively using medications, laser therapy, or surgery. Laser treatments and medical treatments have been adequate for the treatment of glaucoma, but the effects have generally been short‑lived, and surgical treatment has proved to be the most effective. There have been a variety of surgical methods and techniques introduced. Still, none have been studied in a large proportion of patients as a control case to compare effectiveness, outcomes, and recurrence. Pars plana vitrectomy with irido‑zonulo‑capsulectomy still seems to have the best results.

The purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions and components of an effective teaching model in primary school. This research has been done qualitatively and by content analysis method. Participants in this study are teachers working in education in Fars province with a history of at least 15 years and have a master's degree or higher. The individuals were selected by purposive sampling method based on their teaching experience in the primary school. Sampling was performed with the participation of 18 experts. Data collection tools include two sections: reviewing upstream documents in the library section and semi-structured interviews in the field section. Data analysis was performed based on content analysis. In order to ensure validity, the interview questions were approved by 3 experienced teachers.Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability, the overall coefficient was 84%.Findings showed that the effective teaching model includes 3 main components (individual, teaching and evaluation, scientific-educational) and 10 indicators (personality, communication, professional ethics, classroom management, teaching skills, evaluation and evaluation, technical and professional, educational And research, preparation and development, scientific support).Discussion and Conclusion The issue of effective teaching in primary school should be given special attention. Also, teachers, as an important part of the scientific community of any country, have an important role in the production of science and knowledge. Attract efficient staff and give the required training and skills to teachers, as well as real understanding of the needs of their teachers and with the necessary knowledge and awareness, provide them with the necessary resources and provide access to it and provide the ground for teachers' growth and excellence, because if Teachers have good teaching, then we can hope to improve the quality of educational activities and missions.

Education is the most important tool to achieve balanced and sustainable development and scientific and technological progress. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without the development of education and both without the institutionalization of research. Paying attention to research and the value of the culture of research and its development and questioning is a basic motto in education.
 
The present research was conducted using a mixed exploratory method of sequential type. The statistical population of the research was all primary school teachers in the four educational districts of Shiraz in the academic year of 2019, numbering 6022 people. In the qualitative part, the sample was selected by purposive sampling, and in the quantitative part, 361 people were selected by simple random sampling. Research tools were used in the qualitative part, open interviews with the participants, and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used based on the findings of the qualitative part. The content validity of the scale used in the quantitative section was calculated using the expert and corrective opinions of professors and experts, as well as using confirmatory factor analysis, and its reliability was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha method. Qualitative part data analysis was done by thematic analysis method and quantitative part data analysis from sample t-tech test and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was done by SPSS version 26 and Lisrel software. In order to test the factor structure of the general model and its fit, confirmatory factor analysis was used.
 
The findings of the qualitative section showed that 5 criteria (Individual, organizational, extra-organizational, programmatic and informational)  with 15 indicators were used to determine the organizational research culture development model of primary school teachers. After triangulating the findings with previous research and experts' opinions, the initial conceptual model was obtained. The findings showed that organizational, programmatic and informational factors affecting the development of research culture among primary school teachers in Shiraz, in terms of importance the vision of teachers were above average and below optimal. Also, the highest average belonged to informational factors (3.68). The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis test showed a good fit of the model.
 
Based on the obtained information, the research culture development model was designed and fitted. This model can reduce learning-centered and memory-centered learning and help improve learners' deep learning.

Following the ban on the principle of non-use of force, governments turned their attention to sanctions - economic coercive measures - as the main means of achieving their foreign policy goals. The desirability of the use of unilateral sanctions by countries now stems from the idea that it is a middle ground between diplomacy and the use of force, and is also a simple and peaceful tool for changing the behavior of governments The method of this research is descriptive and analytical and the method of collecting library and documentary information. The purpose of this research is to investigate economic sanctions with emphasis on its legitimacy from the aspect of human rights. The question is, what is the status of unilateral economic sanctions in terms of human rights documents? According to the investigations of this research, its findings show: (1) Unilateral sanctions are a violation of treaty, customary international law, as well as a violation of the rule of ius cogens. (2) Although in some cases the doctrine of international law in retaliation is invoked for the legitimacy of unilateral sanctions, these sanctions cannot be considered reciprocal action under the theory of international responsibility of the state. It must therefore be argued that unilateral sanctions are completely contrary to international law especially the fundamental documents of human rights.

A conceptual remote educational framework was introduced based on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) in vocational and Kar-o-Danesh schools in Fars Province-Iran. The study was a developmental work with a qualitative design, which was carried out using content analysis and semi-structured interview. The participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method based on theoretical saturation criterion. The designed framework contained four main aspects, namely directors’ support (awareness, commitment, and responsiveness), upstream policies support (vision, amendment of plans, and policy making), preparing the ground (expert forces, beliefs, hardware, software, appeal for users, support, education, and motivation), and planning (setting goal, content development, and evaluation), and execution (feasibility study, design, application, and evaluation). The presented conceptual framework in mentioned schools of Fars province helps educational policy makers in launching the MOOC system and its application gives students the opportunity of learn online using new interactive tools, actively participate in the education process.

Soil is one of the most important national assets of any country. Since the effects of aggregate detachment and formation of surface sealing on increasing flood fertility, reducing soil fertility and increasing erosion is an important issue, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of surface sealing in sediment concentration and soil loss.

The present study was performed on two loamy-sandy and loamy-sandy-clay soil textures under the influence of three rainfall sequences with intensities of 50 and 90 mm h-1 and duration of 15 minutes at the intervals of 10 days in small erosion plots with dimensions of 0.5×0.5 m with a slope of 18%. Also, two weighted average indices of the diameter of soil grains and a three-dimensional scanner with an accuracy of 20 micrometers were used to measure the surface coating.

The results showed that rainfall sequence had a significant effect (p<0.01) on sediment concentration and soil loss. As a result of the sequence of rainfall, the loss of soil in the loamy-sandy texture increased by about 45% in the rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1, while it decreased by 38% in the rainfall intensity of mm h-1, and in the loamy-sandy-clay texture respectively Rainfalls of 50 and 90 mm h-1 reduced soil loss by 5 and 67%, respectively. Sediment concentration also decreased after rainfall sequences. The results of measuring soil loss showed that, except in loamy-sandy texture at an intensity of 50 mm h-1, in both soils, the amount of soil loss decreased from the first rainfall to the third rainfall. The results of three-dimensional scanner at rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1 showed that the soil surface roughness in loamy-sandy texture decreased from 1.30 to 1.18 mm and in loamy-sandy-clay texture decreased from 1.80 to 1.31 mm, but at rainfall intensity of 90 mm h-1, the soil surface roughness increased and the formation of surface sealing was prevented.

The results showed that soil surface roughness and surface sealing resulting from previous rainfall can change soil surface conditions and runoff and soil loss at the plot scale and the intensity of these changes is under the interaction of rainfall intensity and soil texture.

This study aims to provide a paradigm model for sustainable management of human resources in the free universities of Fars province based on a review of studies. The statistical population of this study is 11 experts of executive directors of free universities in Fars province who were selected using purposive sampling method. Interview data collection tools are semi-structured. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The results of this research show: adding environmental requirements in the job description, designing environmental criteria in job advertisements, symmetry of environmental goals with the organization evaluation system, reviewing and determining educational needs in environmental issues of causal factors, questioning Instead of observation, use of persuasive methods, contingency of research knowledge, technology and knowledge, having social responsibility and accountability, of hospitalization factors, transfer of environmental concerns in employment activities, definition of incentives for environmental measures such as recycling, Among the intervening factors, selecting people aware of environmental issues, establishing an environmental management system and environmental audit, designing green criteria in evaluating employee performance, strategies and creating a systematic training program to provide environmental skills to employees, creating environmental measures To reduce the risks of the workplace, as the consequences of the model.

Currently, the use of MOOCs is known as one of the learning gateways in the 21st century to technology-based learning, which has advantages in the learning process. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to design a conceptual model of distance learning based on MOOCs in technical and vocational high schools in Fars province.

The research was done in a developmental type with a qualitative design and through using thematic analysis and semi-structured interview instrument. The participants were selected using the purposeful sampling method with theoretical saturation criteria, and based on that, 32 professors and specialists in the field of technical high schools and vocational training were selected. In order to obtain the reliability and validity, two methods of review of participants and review of non-participating experts were used in the research. In order to obtain transferability, interviews and consultations were conducted with 32 experts, and in order to comply with the transferability, all the details of the research were carefully recorded in all stages.

The research findings indicated that conceptual framework for distance education, based on MOOC in  Fars province technical high schools and vocational training, includes five main dimensions concerning managers' support with components  of managers' awareness, managers' commitment and managers' accountability; support of high-level documents with the components  of vision, correcting manual documents and policy making; platform building with the components of professional expert, beliefs, hardware, software, user-friendliness, support, training and motivation; planning with the components of targeting, content developing, evaluation; and implementation with components of feasibility, design, performance, and evaluation.

Determining the main factors influencing MOOC in technical and vocational high schools and paying attention to them in the matter of education management macro-planning can be the basis for more use of this educational method even at the country level.