s. jamshidi

This 14-day trial was conducted on 24 Persian sturgeons with a mean weight of 300 g. The treatments consisted of the control group (no cadmium), treatment 1: 200 µg/L of dissolved cadmium, treatment 2: 400 µg/L of dissolved cadmium, and treatment 3: 800 µg/L of dissolved cadmium in triplicates. Results showed that the expression level of metallothionein (MT) at 200 μg/L on the first day was 1.06±0.02, which increased to 2.51±0.13 in the control with prolonged exposure until the fourteenth day. The rate rose from 1.43±0.19 on the first day of exposure to 2.60±0.36 folds the control by the seventh day at a concentration of 400μg/L. Moreover, the expression level at the concentration of 800 μg/L rose from 1.1±0.13 on the first day to 2.15±0.09 folds in the control on the fourteenth day. The results also indicated that the highest level of MT expression (2.60±0.36) was observed in Treatment 2. Accordingly, all three concentrations of dissolved cadmium (200, 400, and 800 µg/L) significantly increased the MT expression on the last day of the trial (p<0.05 and p<0.01). Therefore, MT can be considered a biomarker of cadmium exposure in Persian sturgeons. This study also demonstrated that the MT expression was increased in the kidney tissue of the samples with longer times of exposure to cadmium, but it did not increase by increasing cadmium concentration. Hence, the length of cadmium exposure can affect the kidney MT expression level of Persian sturgeon.

Well-testing is the analysis of reservoir and well behavior based on time. Obtaining the true value of changes in reservoir parameters plays a major role in creating an accurate and current model of the reservoir. The most crucial factor in achieving this objective is pressure, which is determined by a downhole pressure gauge. Operational issues and additional expenses are brought on by the use of pressure gauges at the well's bottom for the employer company. Surface well testing, which installs flow and pressure measurement devices at the wellhead, is another approach to well testing. The benefits of this technology include a significant cost reduction, ease of installation and data collection, easier operations, reduced risk, the ability to collect data for extended periods of time, and the ability to determine the impact of borders in large reservoirs. The difficulty of calculations and the insertion of errors as a result of the impact of well-column circumstances on the recorded data are the method's most significant issues. In this study, using Pipesim software, data obtained at the surface of a well located in a conventional undersaturated oil reservoir is converted to bottom-hole data, then analyzed, and finally, the properties of the reservoir are obtained. In comparison to the conventional well test method, the results demonstrate that the surface well test method can accurately forecast permeability, skin, productivity index, average pressure, and reservoir radius with error rates of 6.2, 17.3, 4, 7, and 13.3%, respectively.

In some statistical quality control applications, the process outcome is better expressed by a functional relationship among several correlated response variables and one independent variable called multivariate simple linear prole. Monitoring such proles without taking the correlation structure among the response variables into account leads to misleading interpretations. Specically, monitoring each prole by a separate chart increases the probability of Type I error. With increasing customer expectations, detecting small and moderate changes has become important in today's competitive markets. In this regard, some monitoring schemes including memorytype charts, adaptive charts, and progressive mean (PM) charts have been proposed to enhance the chart sensitivity in reacting to small and moderate disturbances. In this paper, three PM based monitoring schemes including MPMa, MPMe and MPMae charts are developed for Phase II monitoring of multivariate simple linear proles. Extensive simulations in terms of average run length (ARL) metric are carried out to probe the capability of the proposed charts in detecting separate and simultaneous changes in regression model parameters (intercept, slope and standard deviation). Moreover, the sensitivity of the proposed PM based charts is compared with competing ones in the literature including MEWMA, MEWMA/x2 and MEWMA-3 schemes. The results conrm that under dierent correlation coe cient values, when the intercept parameter of one pro- le changes from its nominal value, the proposed charts work better than the competing ones. Under the mentioned shift structure, the sensitivity of all charts improves by increasing the value of correlation coecient. Concerning the sustained shifts in slope parameter, it is observed that by increasing the correlation coecient and shift magnitude, the MPMa and MPMae charts perform better than the other ones. Besides, under standard deviation disturbances, the proposed charts have almost the same sensitivity to react to small and moderate changes. The results indicate that under simultaneous shifts in model parameters of both proles, the proposed PM based schemes have better detectability than their competing ones. Finally, the applicability of the best proposed chart is illustrated using a real life example from automotive industry.

PKD is the most common genetic kidney disease in Persian and mixed Persian cats. The prevalence of this disease in Iran is reported to be 33.8%. The most common cause of death in this breed is the complications caused by chronic kidney failure and electrolyte disorders caused by it. In this research, the changes of total and ionized calcium in cats with PKD were investigated and compared with the control group. Also, in the next step of this research, the changes of these electrolytes were investigated with the factor (cyst volume)/(kidney volume). In order to carry out this study, 50 healthy and PKD cats of Persian and mixed Persian breeds were evaluated. For this purpose, animal information including age, sex, food ration, and disease history were obtained, and after ultrasonography, the abdominal area of cats with one or more echo cysts with a clear and smooth wall in one or both kidneys and obstructive disease and or did not have kidney stones except patients were targeted. Also, positive patients were classified according to the ratio (cyst volume)/(kidney volume). Then blood sampling was done to perform biochemical tests. In this study, 25 cats with polycystic and non-azotemic kidneys and 25 healthy cats were evaluated as a control group. The results of the present study showed that total calcium was higher than normal in 22% of cats with PKD. But they did not show a significant difference between the control group and total hypocalcemia was not seen in either of the two groups, and in terms of the amount of ionized calcium, hypercalcemia was present in 52% of the cats and ionized hypocalcemia was present in 12%, but there was a significant difference between Two groups were not seen. The most interesting point in this research was the significant relationship between the amount of total calcium and the ratio of the volume of the cyst to the volume of the kidney in both kidneys. It has a direct relationship, and since hypercalcemia is one of the common causes of chronic kidney failure, it is recommended that in cats with PKD and hypercalcemia at the same time, despite the lack of asthma, diet changes and more specialized tests to evaluate the kidneys.

According to the effects of climate change on evapotranspiration and using of water resources, climate change prediction is vital due to water resources management improvement and decreasing damages of drought. The first rank of mango production in Iran belonged to Hormozgan province and the most amount of mango produced in Minab plain. In the present study, the amount of evapotranspiration of mango plants was calculated with FAO Penman-Monteith from 1985 to 2020 using meteorological data at Minab station. The evapotranspiration values of the plant were estimated from 2021 to 2100 with two optimistic and pessimistic scenarios using the last version of CMIP (CMIP6), atmospheric-ocean general circulation models, and performing statistical deviation corrections by the Python software. The results showed that the values of annual evapotranspiration will increase by 0.31 and 1.23 mm on average in the optimistic and pessimistic scenario, respectively in the future due to the increase in annual temperature.

The southern regions of the Caspian Sea are of great importance as one of the main transportation, military and fishing areas. Therefore, investigating the effects of environmental parameters on sea water characteristics and vice versa plays a significant role in decision-making in the exploitation of this water area. In this research, the results of the evaluation of sound speed changes in water in the southern part of the Caspian Sea and based on the data collected between 2008 and 2016 have been analyzed. This study was conducted based on the analysis of experimental and instrumental measurements along the transverse sections in the western, middle and eastern parts of the deep bank of the South Sea. The analysis and findings showed that the range of velocity variability in the deep water layer is 1450-1454 m/s. The maximum speed in the water in the deep area was about 1454 m/s. The temporal changes of the observed data show that the influence of the thermal structure and stability of the water column in the warm months on the speed of sound is greater than the influence of the salinity parameter. Due to the high correlation between sound speed and temperature in Caspian Sea water, their vertical structure from the sea surface to the sea floor is almost similar. The analysis of underwater sound speed showed that the vertical slope of changes in surface and middle water areas is more than the monthly and seasonal changes in the deep area. The range of measured sound speed data in February was about 1451-1463 m/s. While the values recorded in June were between 1501-1451 m/s. The results indicated the formation of a deep sound channel in the middle and deep areas of the sea water column (150-300m).

Drilling fluid properties and determination of its appropriate formulation are very important for the success of drilling operations. In this study, the effect of hydrophilic silicon oxide nanoparticles and iron oxide in combination with polyacrylamide on the rheological and filteration properties of water-based drilling mud was investigated. Silica and iron oxide have been used as nanomaterials due to their abundance and economical advantages. Material characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Rheological properties including plastic viscosity and gel strength were measured at different concentrations of polymer and nanoparticles. Moreover, the effect of additives on the mud filtrate and mud cake quality was evaluated. The results showed that the presence of silicon oxide nanoparticles can improve the rheology of drilling mud up to 15% at a concentration of 1 wt %. The viscosity increased due to the separation and dispersion of clay plates.  Furthermore, the results indicated that the addition of iron oxide nanoparticles did not have a significant effect on rheology. On the other hand, the addition of polymer caused a significant increase in viscosity and gel strength of drilling mud. The obtained results showed that due to the interaction of clay plates with silica nanoparticles, the gelatinous properties of drilling mud decrease at low concentrations of nanoparticles. The results of the filtration test showed that the addition of polymer and nanoparticles to the drilling mud causes a further decrease in the filtration rate at lower concentrations of the polymer. This effect is due to the clogging of mud cake pores by nanoparticles in the presence of polymer, so that with the simultaneous addition of nanoparticles and polymer, the mud filtrate was decreased from 128 cc to 14 cc.

Effect of saline and fresh water interference on sound speed variation in the basin of Anzali port has been evaluated. The research is based on the analysis of measured data of various physical parameters of sea water in the vicinity of Anzali port. Also, the effects of saline water of the Caspian Sea and fresh water imported from wetland on the changes in the sound speed in the access channel of Anzali port have been discussed. The data collecting operation was performed by a CTD profiler of the physical parameters of the seawater in fixed stations with a maximum depth of 18 meters in both warm and cold seasons. Results showed that sound speed changed between 1514 and 1511 m/s in the summer. While range of variation in the cold season, was between 1438 (at the surface) and 1454 m/s at 10 m depth. Variation of the sound speed during warm season was affected by water temperature. During cold season, variations of sound speed were under effect of water salinity and, sea saline and wetland fresh water interference. In comparison the results with previous measurements, it is observed that saline and freshwater interference on physical structure of water column and sound speed is considerable in cold season.

Results of the physical oceanography study in the southern coastal waters of the Caspian Sea were analyzed using field measurements data. The measurements were carried out in the region using acoustical current meter and CTD profiler. The observations were done over ten sampling stations with a maximum depth of 200 m depth during a physical oceanography research. During the marine cruise, CTD probe was released into the seawater column from sea surface to the bottom. Acoustic current meter were deployed by bottom mounted frame over the continental shelf of the sea. Physical parameters such as temperature, salinity, density and current (dynamical parameter) were measured and recorded. The collected data showed good knowledge about formation a seasonal thermal stratification, water column stability, alongshore, and cross shore components of wind and current in the region. The current over the southern continental shelf of the Caspian Sea was significant in terms of speed, and are mainly caused by winds (wind driven) on the areas. The wind area was mainly from the north and northwest areas on the studied area, while surface water flows on the continental shelf from the west and northwest toward the east. At the beginning of autumn vertical structure showed stratification across upper layer with stability at boundaries. In December, thermal and density stratification was not observed in water column.

The Caspian Sea by reach sources of black caviar and fields of oil and gas is very important water body in the Eurasia region for the lateral countries and for the world. In the last years, the southern part of the sea is important and remarkable due to development of cage culture and tourism industry. The research is based on field works on the southern continental shelf of the Caspian Sea, Nowshahr Port (near the Iranian coastline). Two important dynamical parameters of sea level fluctuation and current were studied. Current data were collected by deployed Recording Current Meter (RCM9) and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) near over the continental shelf in the middle part of the southern boundary of the sea. Observations on the sea current over the continental shelf showed that general circulation trend is from northwest (west) to east with value less than one m/s near the sea surface. Variations of sea level and dynamics of the coastal waters over the continental shelf are very important for cage culture industry in the region. Recorded data of tide gauges in Nowshahr port showed that the sea water level was collapsed about 1 m in the southern coasts during two last decades.

Results of field measurements using CTD profiler in the Gorgan Bay in the southern Caspian Sea were presented. The measurements were carried out along 2 east to west transects in 40 sampling stations. The observations were done warm and cold seasons by an Italian ocean seven probe. During measurements, probe was released into the water column from surface to the bottom. The collected data showed formation daily and seasonal thermal stratification in water column. Sea surface temperature was recorded in rang of 28-26 oC in warm and 12-10 oC in cold seasons. At the time of measurement in midwinter, dissolved oxygen had a level of 7 mg/L at surface. Horizontal structure of chlorophyll-a indicated levels of mg/m3 along the bay. Amount of oxygen and chlorophyll-a concentrations in cold season was a little more than those in warm step.

There were many natural pharmaceutical dosage forms cited by Persian pharmacists and physicians in the historical pharmacopeias (Qarabadins). This work aimed to perform a comprehensive study on “Qarābādin-e-Sālehi” (1765 A.D.), one of the main Persian pharmaceutical manuscripts defining traditional dosage forms. All traditional dosage forms as well as their definitions, descriptions and considerations were extracted by reviewing “Qarābādin-e-Sālehi”. Then, the textbook of “Aulton's Pharmaceutics; the design and manufacture of medicines” was considered to compare the medieval knowledge of pharmaceutics with current ones. Overall, there were 226 different dosage forms which have been cited in traditional Persian pharmacy. Since many of them were related to the preparation method, the final list of dosage form was shortened to nearly 60 items including solid, semisolid, liquid and gaseous forms. On the other hand, almost 40 forms with oral, topical, nasal, parenteral, vaginal and rectal routes of administration are mentioned as current dosage forms. Some of the dosage forms are similar or as the same in traditional and current pharmacy. But, there were too many novel dosage forms in traditional Persian pharmacy. There were 11 types of traditional nasal forms whereas, this route is still known as a novel route of administration. Also 5 different ophthalmic dosage forms have been cited in the textbook. Many of traditional dosage forms were designed according to the medical purposes. Several current dosage forms have roots in the historical definitions and can be found in Persian medicine. However, there are forgotten traditional dosage forms which can be modified and optimized in pharmacy nowadays.

Estimation of properties of near-wellbore damaged zone made by drilling, completion, injection, and other operations is a challenging issue in reservoir engineering. Researchers have proposed dierent methods to predict reduction in damaged zone permeability; however, few studies have focused on the prediction of the damaged zone radius and its permeability. In this study, a simple and practical method is proposed to predict the damaged zone properties, i.e., radius and permeability, based on pressure drawdown test data. In this approach, pressure derivative curves for a homogenous reservoir as a base case and a reservoir with spatial permeability variation based on Composite Reservoir model are compared. Eventually, the pressure data points were used for comparison from a drawdown test in a synthetic reservoir model. This spatial permeability variation represents a permeability anomaly. Permeability anomaly makes pressure derivative curve deviate from base curve for corresponding homogenous reservoirs. The parameters of permeability anomaly such as size, orientation, and location have dierent eects on pressure derivative curve. In reservoir with simple permeability heterogeneity that has a single permeability anomaly, originating location and end location of an anomaly can be predicted by pressure derivative curve. In this study, damaged area radius of a damaged homogeneous reservoir, causing a single anomaly in permeability, is calculated by means of pressure derivative curve, known correlations, and the result from pressure wave propagation concept in reservoir. Short-term pressure data is used to measure the damaged permeability. The method has been validated in a synthetic cylindrical reservoir generated by numerical simulation, as well as in an actual reservoir. For the actual reservoir example, validation is made by comparing the results with Skin Factor model. The proposed method is suggestive of its ability to predict the damaged radius and permeability very well.

To compare the yield and yield components of 10 promising dryland barley genotypes with a conventional cultivar (Reihan03), a field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design in Miyaneh region in the 2010-2011 growing season, and their agronomic and morphological traits were recorded. Genotypes were significantly different in terms of all the studied traits, and genotypes no. 5, 9 and 10 had higher yield than Reihan03. The studied genotypes were clustered in five groups; the fifth group, consist 9.1% of genotypes, had the highest yield (1972 Kg/ha). Regression analysis showed that traits including days to ripening, length of the final internode, thousand kernel weight, plant height, and spike number per m2 accounted for 98.8% of the changes. Furthermore, there was a negative and significant (P<0.01) correlation between yield and days to ripening, chilling injury percentage and days to spike emergence, and a positive and significant (P<0.01) correlation between yield and grain filling period, spike length, seed number per spike, spike number per m2, biological yield and harvest index. Genotype no. 9 was found suitable for this region considering its superior traits such as days to ripening, grain filling period, seed number per spike, spike number per m2 and grain yield.

The present study demonstrated the effects of nonylphenol (xenoestrogen) on Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) vitellogenin (VTG) protein changes and production. Identification, purification and changes of vitellogenin protein in sera of fish treated by 17-beta estradiol and different concentration of nonylphenol, were performed. Gel filtration of this protein demonstrated the actual size of vitelogenin is 420KD in the native form, but vitellogenin in denaturated polyacrylamide gel had the form of dimmer protein. Purified cleavage vitelloginin (lipovitelin), which obtained from protein of Persian sturgeon oocyte, injected to rabbit for polyclonal antibody production and polyclonal antibody tested with treated sera for vitellogenin production as a biomarker of xenoestrogen using Wester blotting and ELISA method. All groups treated with 10 and 100mg/kg concentration of nonylphenol had significant effect on VTG protein production (p< 0. 05) but the group received the lowest dose of nonylphenol (1mg/kg) showed no significant change in VTG protein production. These results further support the negative effect of xenoestrogen on Persian sturgeon, indicating that this index can be used as a biomarker of xenoestrogen in aquatic ecosystems.