s. m. hosseini

 Wheat grain is normally used for animal feed in some regions, but is seldom used in others. Its nutritional composition is very similar to that of the barley grain commonly used, but there are concerns about its effects on the performance and health of the animals. Wheat seed is one of the grain varieties with the highest amount of protein available for animal feed, exceeding corn. Furthermore, it has a high energy value of 3.0 to 3.5 Mcal of ME (metabolizable energy), which is an important source of energy for animal feed. The most abundant carbohydrate in wheat is starch, a digestible polysaccharide. On the other hand, it is recommended that wheat has a moisture content of less than 14% to avoid problems with digestibility and contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. Barley is an important grain which is widely used as a source of feed for ruminants. Feed deliveries during the fattening period are the physical processing of the feed. It has been demonstrated that barley starch ferments rapidly in the rumen. The high digestibility of barley has raised concerns regarding acidosis, lameness, liver abscesses, and gastrointestinal abnormalities in ruminants. It is generally considered that the processing of barley grain may be used in the feed industry to adjust the rate of digestion of its nutrients to avoid acidosis. Consequently, the distribution of particle sizes after processing is one of the main factors influencing the rate and extent of digestion of barley (feeding of livestock accounts for 65-70% of the cost of raising livestock). Wheat and barley are used as the predominant source of energy for animal nutrition in most parts of the world. Wheat seed has been used for a long time because of the extensive cultivation and livestock rearing in Iran. The most common way of processing barley and wheat grain in the country is by grinding. Farmers prefer to use whole grains in the production of concentrates, as the concentrate involves the use of crushed grains, but the farmer's wish to use whole grains in the concentrate requires a study and field investigation. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine the effects of the grain size of barley and wheat on the diet of lambs fattening and to compare their effects on growth performance, digestibility, rumination and blood parameters.

 This experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 3×2 with six treatments including 1. Finely milled barley grain with sieve number two, 2. Coarsely milled barley grain with sieve number eight, 3. Unmilled barley grain, 4. Finely milled wheat grain with sieve number two, 5. Coarsely milled wheat grain with sieve number eight, and 6. Unmilled wheat grain. Five fattening lambs aged 4-5 months with almost the same starting weight were allocated to each treatment and a total of 30 male lambs were individually tested for 98 days, including two weeks for acclimatization and 84 days for the remainder of the main test period. The performance of lambs was assessed in this experiment, including average daily feed consumption, daily weight gain, final weight, and feed conversion ratio. Nutrient digestibility was measured by the acid-insoluble ash (AIA) method from day 80 for four days. The digestibility of dry matter organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber was evaluated. Blood parameters were measured including blood glucose, blood cholesterol (LDL-c, HDL-c), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).

 The results showed that daily weight gain was significant throughout the treatment period and daily weight gain was greater in the treatment group that consumed barley than in the treatment group that consumed wheat (P<0.05). The impact of the grain, the type of processing, and their interaction on feed consumption in all three experimental periods was not significant. Total feed consumption was not significant, but it was significant during the last month of fattening (P<0.05). Lambs consuming barley and wheat milled with sieve number eight had the highest feed consumption compared with the treatment of wheat and barley with sieve number two and whole grains (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in treatments receiving wheat was higher than that in those receiving barley (P<0.05). The type of processing had no significant impact on the feed conversion rate (P>0.05). In the study of nutritional behavior, the results showed that the parameters of eating and rumination were higher in the treatments receiving wheat compared to barley (P<0.05). Also, the treatments receiving unmilled barley and wheat (whole grain) showed the highest levels of eating and rumination (P<0.05). The treatments receiving barley and wheat grains with sieve number two also showed the lowest levels of eating and rumination. There were no significant differences in nutrient digestibility, rumination parameters, and blood parameters (P>0.05). Contrary to the view of the farmers that whole grains are better than milled grains, the results showed that overall the use of ground or whole grains did not show a significant difference.

 Overall, the results showed that there was no significant difference between whole grain and milled grain, and even from the point of view of palatability, milled grain with a sieve number 8 had a higher consumption rate than the other treatments. These findings indicate that milled barley grain with a sieve number 8 may be used as a substitute for whole barley grain in the feeding of lambs.

 Human food sources are always threatened by countless harmful factors, including residues of toxins and pesticides used in agriculture; in the meantime, the systemic fungicide Tricyclazole (TCZ) has received much attention due to its cytotoxic effects.Hence, the purpose of the present study was to determine and evaluate the histopathological changes of tricyclazole toxin on brain tissue in Wistar rats.

The present experimental study conducted in 2022 which lasted for 28 days to qualitatively examine pathological lesions and quantitatively count brain neurons, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of eight, including: a control group,and groups receiving toxin orally at doses of (A) 50, (B) 37.5, and (C) 25 (mg/kg body weight). After sampling the brain tissue, the slides were examined with Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining and then the data were analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software, followed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Investigations carried out in the groups receiving the poison indicated pathological lesions, including necrosis of neurons and an increase in microglia cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, followed by the results of cell counting indicating a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex A (157/20 ± 4/68), B(167/20 ± 4/94) and C (186/60 ± 5/46) and different hippocampus areas (CA1-4, DG) in all groups compared to the control group (p<0.05).

The results of the present study revealed that the antifungal combination of tricyclazole caused damage and pathological death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and different areas of the hippocampus and decreased the number of cells in these areas; that the severity of the lesions was directly related to increasing the dose.

Curcumin, a natural polyphenol found in turmeric, is widely recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, its therapeutic potential is often restricted by its low water solubility and limited bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, we synthesized a biodegradable hydrogel composed of chitosan and xanthan gum to function as a curcumin delivery vehicle. The hydrogel, optimized with a 3:1 ratio of xanthan gum to chitosan, achieved a production yield of 66%, exhibited a substantial swelling degree of 2373%, and demonstrated a high curcumin loading efficiency of 92.17%. Given curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties, the hydrogel's potential for treating periodontal diseases was evaluated. In vitro release experiments conducted in artificial saliva indicated a sustained release of curcumin over 7 days, with the majority being released within the first 5 days. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assays using human gingival fibroblast cells confirmed the non-toxic nature of the curcumin-loaded hydrogel. The findings suggest that this hydrogel presents a promising platform for curcumin delivery, enhancing its therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability for treating inflammatory conditions such as periodontal diseases.

Considering the impact of different forest management methods on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of deadwood is of great importance in the protection and functioning of forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to compare the quantitative (number and volume) and qualitative (species, types, degree of decay, and diameter classes) characteristics of deadwoods in two managed forest and intact beech-hornbeam forest in Kelardasht region, north of Iran.

In this research, in both forests, using full inventories after complete identification of deadwoods (with a diameter >7.5 cm), the diameter and length of snags, logs and stumps were recorded by species and the volume of each was calculated according to the respective equations. In addition, the number and volume of deadwoods were recorded based on the diameter classes and the degree of decay in two forests.

The number of deadwoods in the intact and managed forests was 2.60 and 1.85, respectively, and their volume was 13.49 and 6.59 m3/ha, respectively. In both forests, more than 80% of the number and volume of deadwoods were allocated to beech and hornbeam. Also, the highest frequency (76.92% to 81.08%) and volume (79.94% to 85.92%) were recorded for logs, but snags and stumps were in the next ranks. The highest number of deadwoods in the intact forest (36.54%) belonged to deadwoods with a diameter of 50 to 75 cm and in the managed forest (30.11%) to deadwoods with a diameter of 35 to 50 cm. This is despite the fact that in both forests, deadwoods >75 cm had the highest volume. The highest number and volume in the intact forest was assigned to the deadwoods with decay grade 4 and in the managed forest with decay grade 3 and 2, respectively.

In general, forest management reduced the number and volume of deadwoods and affected the distribution of them in classes and degrees of decay. In fact, considering the importance of deadwoods in ecosystem sustainability, in the case of implementation of exploitation and management plans with the objectives of forest training, it is necessary for the designers and forest experts to distribute the deadwoods properly (with emphasis on the shapes, diameter classes and degrees of decay) in a forest.

Nowadays, radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are satisfactorily used for the diagnosis and therapy of different types of cancers. In this study, the human absorbed dose of 177Lu-Cetuximab-PAMAM was estimated based on the biodistribution data in tumor-bearing mice.

177Lu-DTPA-CHX-Cetuximab-PAMAM was prepared after the conjugation of cetuximab to PAMAM nanoparticles and DTPA-CHX to mAb-PAMAM. The biodistribution of the labeled nano-system was studied in the tumor-bearing nude mice up to 72 h after injection. The absorbed dose of human organs was calculated according to the animals’ data utilizing the radiation absorbed dose assessment resource (RADAR) and the relative mass extrapolation methods.

The radiolabeled compound, prepared at the optimized conditions, had a radiochemical purity (RCP) of 99.6% ± 0.4% (P < 0.05).  Most of the activity was accumulated in the tumor site (10.14 ± 0.89; P < 0.05). The liver and the kidneys received the highest absorbed dose with 0.561 and 0.207 mSv/MBq, respectively, which is lesser than the other monoclonal antibodies labeled with 177Lu.

Considering the special characteristics of 177Lu-DTPA-CHX-Cetuximab-PAMAM, this radiolabeled nano-system can be considered as a safe and effective radiolabeled compound for treatment of EGFR-expressing tumors.

Preventing falls among the elderly is a significant public health priority in aging populations. This study examined the impact of an eight-week square stepping exercise program on fall risk in elderly men.

In this randomized clinical trial, 30 elderly men aged 60-75 were recruited from senior day care centers in Tehran and randomly assigned to either a square stepping exercise group or a control group. Fall risk was measured using the Biodex Balance System and Fall Risk Test at levels 10 to 12. The exercise group participated in a structured square stepping exercise regimen three times per week, with each session lasting 60 minutes, over an eight-week period. The control group continued their usual daily routines. Fall risk was reassessed after the intervention, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare pre- and post-intervention results between groups.

After verifying the ANCOVA assumptions, results indicated a significant group effect in the post-test, with a substantial reduction in fall risk in the exercise group (2.35±1.15) compared to the control group (4.85±1.70; p=0.001) following the eight-week intervention.

Square stepping exercises provide a straightforward, effective, and affordable option for reducing fall risk among elderly individuals, supporting its potential as a practical home-based intervention.

Optimal planning and management of electric vehicle parking lots (EVPLs) can be an effective approach for improving the operation of both the distribution system and traffic networks. However, the limited land areas of cities can be an obstacle for constructing a large number of parking lots (PLs). This paper proposed a model for optimal siting and sizing of EVPLs as well as their charging schedule to maximize the total profit of their owners, while maximum parking demand of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) can be satisfied. In the proposed model, the purpose of trips, number of PEVs, plus their arrival and departure time in different urban areas are considered. Distribution network constraints are also taken into account using linearized load flow equations. The proposed model is implemented in a 37-bus distribution system coupled with a 25-node transportation network which includes four different areas in terms of PEV travel type. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed model to cover the parking demand of PEVs with a limited number of PLs.

Biosphere Reserves are international natural-biological protected areas that, besides offering protection, showcase achievements such as providing rare study habitats to scientists and demonstrating human skills in support of sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the participatory management in the protection of Golestan National Park, one of the first biosphere reserves in the country.

This descriptive field research prepared the required data by having the target community, including non-governmental organizations, nature partners, local communities, government forces, and other members of society, complete internet questionnaires. The results highlight the cooperation of nature partners in their desire to participate in community education and in dealing with wood smuggling. Local communities showed prominence in fire prevention, and non-governmental organizations stood out in community education, fire prevention, and combating wood smuggling.

The results indicate a significant difference in participation in community education, firefighting, fire prevention, desire to participate in firefighting, dealing with forest destruction and conversion, dealing with illegal hunting, preventing livestock entry to the forest, and combating wood smuggling among groups.

Therefore, given the significant difference between the groups, it is possible to plan in the field of their interest and participation. Lastly, since society members frequently use social networks like WhatsApp and Instagram, and the target groups have strong membership in environmental groups, this capacity can be utilized in education and participation in the management of biosphere reserves.

Cooperatives have an important role in rural development in a way that they are mentioned as a part of the dynamic and active agricultural environment and as a way to the agricultural world. The studies on the production cooperatives clarified that the cooperatives have a significant role in making important decisions. Agricultural cooperatives are so important in the development of agricultural efficiency that may help to the economic welfare of the farmers. Agricultural cooperatives as one of the most important sources producing agricultural productions are among the suppliers of food security of Iran. According to the statistics and information in this field, nowadays agricultural production cooperative companies provide more than 30% of the products like wheat, barley, rape, sugar beet, cotton, corn and potato. The existing cooperatives have not been that successful so far due to reasons like lack of credit, weak financial basis, inadequate capital, lack of the required training for team work, their inability in omitting brokers and mediators, poor management, the disappointment of the members for the function of cooperative, lack of sufficient expert personnel, law quality of the machinery and poor notification. Regarding the numerous problems of cooperatives, a comprehensive planning for solving the problems is required. These factors result in decrease performance and consequently efficiency drop. The role of management in cooperatives is an effective factor in their efficiency and performance. With the above- mentioned items in mind, estimating the performance of cooperatives in order to compare the managerial abilities of each of the cooperatives, the efficiency of production cooperatives in Khalil Abad, Kashmar and Bardaskan around the province of Khorasan Razawi has been fulfilled.

In this study, random data envelopment analysis with random scenario approach (SDEA) was chosen in order to estimate the economic efficiency of rural production cooperatives in Tarshiz (Plain Khalil Abad, Kashmar and Bardaskan). Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) approach and entropy criterion were used to prioritize the problems of rural production cooperatives in these cities in the management process and marketing system.
Generally, in the common DEA models, the exact data is used for measuring the efficiency of decision units. Since a person who wants to make decision is confronted with risky situation and uncertainty, it is not possible to determine the exact amount of inputs and outputs and this may put the precision of the model under question. In order to solve this shortcoming and enter the risky terms and uncertainty in determining the efficiency of each decision making unit, Random Data Envelopment Analysis can be used.
In this study, the statistical information of the year 2019-2020 which was collected by completing a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with 220 members of the selected cooperatives. The studied units include 60 rural production cooperatives. For this, Excel, GAMS and Eviews software have been used for their analysis.

This study aims to estimate the efficiency and the effective factors on efficiency of production cooperatives in the above-mentioned cities. In order to follow a set of national policies and fulfill them to reach to a required level of efficiency in cooperatives some actions should be taken. Therefore, in order to provide strong results random Data Envelopment Analysis with random inputs to estimate the efficiency of the cooperatives, separate local studies and categorization based on their efficiency and optimization was conducted. The results showed that the range between the most efficient and the inefficient ones are so wide and with promoting managerial factors from the efficient ones to the inefficient ones, increasing profitability would be possible.
According to the results, the level of efficiency in agricultural cooperatives of these cities is more than average and is relatively efficient. The average of economic efficiency in agricultural cooperatives in the studied areas is 74% and it is possible to promote it up to 26%.
Based on the data collected, there is a direct relationship between CEO’s level of education and economic efficiency in a way that the more educated the CEO, the more efficient the cooperative. Also, the distance of the cooperative from the city center has the direct effect on economic efficiency of the cooperatives. As it is shown variables like the education of the CEO, the distance of the cooperative to city center, participating in training classes and investing in cooperatives have a positive and meaningful effect on the efficiency of the cooperatives. Other factors which were analyzed about efficiency are the number of members in cooperative age and risk taking of the CEO but they were not considerably effective on the efficiency of cooperatives.

The results of random data envelopment analysis (SDEA) showed that the average random efficiency of rural production cooperatives in three cities is 74% and is at a relatively moderate level. The efficiency of private sector cooperatives (83%) is more efficient than the state-managed sector (73%). The results of the hierarchical analysis model (AHP) showed that inappropriate policies in pricing and price fluctuations of agricultural products, low services in the field of packaging, processing, marketing and distribution of products and lack of comprehensive long-term planning by managers (lack of marketing research) are priors in, respectively, the inefficiency of the management process and marketing system of rural production cooperatives in our cities. It is suggested to create an independent unit in the rural production cooperatives of the region in the field of obtaining information about the daily price trends of products in the domestic and global markets in order to reach farmers support the marketing system.

This research was conducted with the aim of designing a strategic extension-education theoretical model for agricultural waste management to sustain agricultural development in Mazandaran Province. The statistical population of this study included experts, gardeners, and farmers in Mazandaran Province, among whom 30 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and snowball technique. A semi-structured interview was conducted to collect research data. The data collection process continued until the theoretical saturation level. A qualitative data analysis was performed using MAXQDA12 software. Analyzing this model showed that factors affecting agricultural waste generation consisted of five categories as, respectively, farming practice, market and transportation, processing procedures, agricultural and natural and support policies, based on their impact factors. In addition, 12 factors within these categories affected the establishment of agricultural waste management extension education were identified. Based on their impact factors in the model, these categories included class participation, food processing industry development and expansion, general knowledge and information about agricultural waste, appropriate farming practice education, educational workshop participation, farm visits, farmers and gardeners education, listening to the radio and TV educational programs, group discussion participation, transfer of new applied waste management technologies, and contact with agricultural extension agents, respectively. Therefore, it is highly recommended to put in action the theoretical model provided in this research for the sake of agricultural development in Mazandaran, Iran.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Vacuum Non-thermal Plasma (VNP) on surface decontamination of pistachios. Food safety is considered as a critical issue in food industry, and detoxification is an essential step during food processing. VNP is an effective method on decontamination of food and food processing. In this experiment, the ability of VNP to inactivate highly resistant indicator bacteria Geobacillus stearothermophilus and pistachio contaminating microorganisms was investigated. Firstly, the effect of Vacuum Non-thermal Air Plasma (VNAP) on G. stearothermophilus was investigated at power of 30, 50, 70, and 90W for 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes. The results indicate that the minimum dose of VNAP to completely inactivate G. stearothermophilus was 30 minutes and 50W. So, it can be considered as an Optimum Dose (OD) for VNAP treatment. Thereafter, OD was used to investigate the effects of VNAP and then Nacuum Non-thermal Oxygen Plasma (VNOP) on pistachio contaminating microorganisms. The pistachios samples exposed to VNAP in OD (50W for 30 minutes) showed 1.0 log microbial reduction, while the samples exposed to VNOP in OD showed 2.0 log reduction. Both VNAP and VNOP applied significantly decreased microbial load of pistachios, however, VNOP was more effective than VNAP. Therefore, VNOP in 50W for 30 minutes can be chosen as an OD. Pistachio samples were also analyzed by physicochemical properties in OD. In conclusion, VNP was found to be effective on decontamination of pistachios, with no significant effects on its properties.

In this paper, the mechanical fracture problem of a half-plane made of functionally graded material (FGM) with a coating of a homogeneous layer containing multiple interface cracks is investigated in order to determine the dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) under transient in-plane loading. According to exponential law, the properties of functionally graded material change continuously along y-direction. Initially, integral transformations and dislocation of the Volterra type of climbing and sliding edges on the interface of a FG half-plane with a homogeneous coating leads to the numerical solution of a system with singular integral equations. These equations which have the Cauchy type-singularity are then obtained using the distributed dislocation technique (DDT). Using the inversion technique in the Laplace domain, the dislocation density on the crack faces is obtained which has led to the determination of the DSIFs. Finally, in order to show the accuracy and validity of this research, the final results in the form of graphs have been compared with other references and a very acceptable conformity has been observed. The influences of the FG parameter, coating thickness, crack length, the variation of time and the interaction between of cracks on the DSIFs are studied.

In this paper, the effect of magneto-hydrodynamic flow on two aerodynamic geometries (2D & 3D) is investigated. The results (Lift and drag coefficients) for two and three-dimensional geometries, which have been tried to be similar to rocket wings, at high altitudes where the pressure is high and the temperature low, as well as Machs at 6 and 8 and at 9 different angles of attacks, are obtained in two modes with and without magnets. At the end, it was observed that adding a magnet to the problem increases the lift coefficient which maximum increment (77.5%) occurred for 3D geometry at Mach 8 and 50000 m height. Also, comparing the two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometries, it was observed that the stall angle did not occur in the two-dimensional geometry at 9000 altitude and Mach 6, but in the three-dimensional geometry and the same conditions, the stall angle was observed for the non-MHD mode, which is due to flow line of two-dimensional geometry. However, it was further observed that this angle was delayed by adding a magnet to the 3D geometry with the mentioned solution conditions.

This research aims to investigate a fault detection method applicable to the stator part of the Brush-Less DC motor (BLDC). Indeed, it is a concern to make sure the motor is operating in a healthy mode, and in any other case, it is of great importance to detect the fault as soon as possible to prevent the further ruin of the major system. Regarding this, a sub-branch method of the Wavelet Transform (WT) analysis, named Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), is utilized to observe the short-circuit fault in the stator coils. Thus, a novel simulator of the BLDC motor is developed by making an interconnection between ADAMS and MATLAB in which different electrical and mechanical components are included. Therefore, a close-to-reality model of the BLDC motor is achieved, leading to a more accurate evaluation of the proposed method. An energy-type feature will be suggested to characterize the fault happening. Through acquiring the normalized energy amount for one of the Wavelet Coefficient (WC) signals, obtained by the CWT, and comparing the energy with a predefined threshold amount of energy for that signal, it is feasible to detect the stator's flawed performance. By conducting different simulations, the proposed method will be validated.

Along with the steady growth of the population, the widespread use of systemic fungicides, which leads to increased productivity and higher yield of food products, has been given a lot of attention. Therefore, considering the cytotoxic effects of systemic fungicides tricyclazole and thiophanate methyl, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the neurotoxicity caused by the use of fungicides tricyclazole (TCZ) and thiophanate methyl (TM) in Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 including: control group, groups receiving pesticide mixtures orally at doses of (A) TM 664 + TCZ 25, (B) TM 498 + TCZ 19 and (C) TM 332 + TCZ 13 (mg/kg body weight) and brain tissue sampling was done after 28 days. Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used for qualitative assessment of pathological lesions and quantitative counting of brain cells.

In the histopathological examinations of the groups that received toxins, it was observed that the neurons became necrotic, and the increase of microglia cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was also observed. The results of cell counting indicated the lowest number of neurons in group A in the cerebral cortex (171.40±4.88), CA1 (152.80±5.99), CA2,3 (127.90±8.36) and CA4 (59.20±3.86), which showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p<0.05).

The results of the study showed that the mixture of tricyclazole and thiophanate methyl caused damage to brain neurons in the cerebral cortex and different areas of the hippocampus and subsequently caused a decrease in the number of neurons in these areas; Of course, the amount of damage was directly related to increase in the dose.

Chemically injured veterans are very vulnerable because of their special situation, and they may confront numerous difficulties. Body composition is one of the effective factors in mental health in adults. So, this study aimed to survey the correlation between body composition and body mass index with mental health and sleepiness in chemically injured veterans.
Instruments &

This cross-sectional study was conducted on chemical veterans referred to the rheumatology ward in Karaj province. 131 patients were selected through the available sampling method. The body composition and body mass index of veterans were determined, and General Health Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were answered. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient by SPSS 19 software.

There was a significant correlation between body fat percent and fat mass with total general health (p=0.004). The correlation between body composition and sleepiness was not significant (p>0.05). There was no significant correlation between body mass index with mental health and sleepiness (p>0.05).

Body composition, particularly fat percent and fat mass, is associated with general health in chemically injured veterans.

A new hybrid variational model is presented for image denoising, which in-corporates the merits of Shannon interpolation, total generalized variation (TGV) regularization, and a symmetrized derivative regularization term based on l1-norm. In this model, the regularization term is a combination of a TGV functional and the symmetrized derivative regularization term, while the data fidelity term is characterized by the l2-norm. Unlike most variational models that are discretized using a finite-difference scheme, our approach in structure is based on Shannon interpolation. Quantitative and qualitative assessments of the new model indicate its effectiveness in restoration accuracy and staircase effect suppression. Numerical experi-ments are carried out using the primal-dual algorithm. Numerous real- world examples are conducted to confirm that the newly proposed method outperforms several current state-of-the-art numerical methods in terms of the peak signal to noise ratio and the structural similarity (SSIM) index.

Pastures provide an important part of ruminant fodder needs, and farmers store some pasture plants to use in winter-feeding of livestock. Therefore, having enough information about the nutritional value of such plants can help to optimize their consumption in animal feeding. Completing the information on the good-quality plants adapted to different environments will help to use and develop these valuable resources in a better way. In addition, it may be possible to improve rumen fermentation by aromatic pasture plants. Adiantum capillus-veneris (Adiantum) and Salvia officinalis L. (Salvia) are valuable genetic resources in pastures that are also used in livestock feeding. Due to the presence of plant secondary metabolites, they may improve rumen fermentation. However, there is little information on the nutritional value of Adiantum. Some information is available on the chemical composition of Salvia species (especially the leaves) and the effect of its essential oil on the rumen, but data on the use of the whole plant as forage are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional value of Adiantum and Salvia compared to alfalfa, and the effect of including different levels of them in the diet on in vitro ruminal fermentation variables and digestibility.
The experimental pasture plants (Adiantum and Salvia) were obtained in July, after flowering, from the pasture of Safrin village located in the rural district of Rajaeedasht in western Alamut (Qazvin, Iran). In experiment I, the chemical composition of the fodders was determined by the standard methods, considering alfalfa as the control forage. In experiment II, the effect of different dietary levels of the fodders was assessed using in vitro gas production technique with five treatments including 1. A diet without the rangeland plants (control diet), 2. A diet containing 15% of Adiantum, 3. A diet containing 30% of Adiantum, 4. A diet containing 15% of Salvia, and 5. A diet containing 30% of Salvia (on a DM basis). The in vitro digestibility, fermentation variables, microbial biomass production (MBP), total antioxidant power (TAP), protozoa numbers, and methane production were determined. The gas test was performed in three replicates and two runs, and data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS.
According to the results of experiment I, Adiantum and Salvia had higher ash compared to alfalfa (P<0.05). The crude protein and digestibility of Adiantum were lower than Salvia and alfalfa (P<0.05). The lower digestibility of Adiantum could be due to its higher lignin and ash and the lower crude protein concentration. Therefore, when consuming Adiantum in diets of high-productive ruminants, it is necessary to pay more attention to the use of energy supplements. Compared to alfalfa, the in vitro fermentation of Adiantum and Salvia resulted in higher in vitro ruminal MBP and TAP and lower ammonia-N and protozoa population (P<0.05), due to the presence of plant secondary metabolites such as phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and terpenes. The results of experiment II showed that the inclusion of Adiantum and Salvia in the diet had no significant (P>0.05) effect on in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, and metabolizable energy. Dietary use of Salvia, however, enhanced truly degraded substrate (P<0.05). Sometimes, high amounts of secondary metabolites in plants may have negative effects on the rumen but the amounts of metabolites in the pasture plants used in this study were not so high as to hurt rumen microbes and digestion. Dietary inclusion of Adiantum and Salvia improved in vitro TAP and decreased protozoa population, methane production, and acetate to propionate ratio (P<0.05). The lowest methane production was observed for the diets containing Salvia. The positive effect of the rangeland plants on in vitro TAP was because both plants contain significant amounts of various secondary metabolites (such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenes) that are known to be favorable and high-capacity antioxidants. These plant metabolites can remove free radicals, bind transition metals (such as free iron), remove active oxygen from the environment, induce antioxidant enzymes, and reduce and moderate the conditions of oxidative stress and destruction. The reduction of methane release using Adiantum and Salvia in the diet was probably related to the fact that plant secondary metabolites destruct the protozoa or interfere with their metabolic pathways. In addition, they may inhibit methanogenic and hydrogen-consuming bacteria or hydrogen-producing Gram-positive bacteria. The dietary addition of Adiantum and Salvia improved in vitro ruminal MBP and decreased the ammonia-N concentration (P<0.05) compared to the control diet. The result could be due to the reduction of the protozoa population, causing a decrease in nitrogen recycling in the rumen and a decrease in bacteria predation. The formation of phenolic-protein complexes can also be another possible reason for reducing protein breakdown and ammonia concentration. Moreover, as rumen protozoa are reduced, the bacteria will have fewer natural predators and their population (reflected in the higher MBP) will increase, improving the degradation of feed ingredients. The inclusion of Adiantum and Salvia in the diet did not affect in vitro pH, total volatile fatty acids, and partitioning factor (P>0.05).
It is possible to include whole plants of Adiantum and Salvia in the diet, up to 30% DM, without adverse effects on digestibility. It also improves diet efficiency by increasing in vitro ruminal MBP and TAP and reducing methane and ammonia production.

In this paper, a robust optimization method is developed to solve the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) trajectory design problem in the presence of uncertainties using a powerful Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Given the uncertainties such as uncertainties in the actual values ​​of aerodynamic coefficients, engine thrust, and mass in the ascent phase of a SLV, it is important to achieve an optimal trajectory that is robust to these uncertainties; because it improves the flight performance, reduces the workload of the guidance-control system, and increases the reliability of the satellite. For this purpose, first the optimization problem is considered by using the criterion of minimizing the flight time of the SLV as a cost function, and three-dimensional equations of motion as constraints governing the problem. Then, by adding the mean parameters and the standard deviation of uncertainties in the cost function, a robust optimizer model is developed and the algorithm is used to numerically optimize the model. Monte Carlo's perspective has also been used to analyze the results of uncertainties and their continuous feedback to the optimization model. Finally, the optimal trajectory is obtained that is robust to the uncertainties. The resulting simulation results show the accuracy of this claim.

Investigating community preferences about natural forest parks ecological services and determining their economic value is a useful method for planning and managing them. The purpose of this study is to the economic valuation of Chaldarreh Forest Park ecological services in Tonekabon County, Mazandaran province, Iran. Research data were collected by field survey, and random sampling by completing a Choice Experiment questionnaire by 135 visitors to Chaldarreh Forest Park. In this study, the willingness to pay of individuals for forest ecosystem conservation was estimated by the Choice Experiment method and conditional logit model. Also, a multinomial logit model was used to investigate the effect of socioeconomic variables on the willingness to pay. In this study, willingness to pay each household for the conservation of ecological services in the region, including the attributes of plant species conservation, animal species conservation, water protection and soil protection from the status quo to the improvement situation, respectively, equal to 21560.15, 15880.47, 47440.6 and 21180.85 Iranian rials per month have been estimated. Water protection was the most important ecological attribute of Chaldarreh Forest Park known to the respondents. Also, the final willingness to pay each household for the conservation of ecological services of Chaldarreh Forest Park was estimated to be 106080.07 Rials per month.

In order to investigate the effects of humic acid and Fe nano-chelate on improvement of vegetative characteristics, seed yield and essential oil content of black cumin (Nigella sativa) under drought stress an experiment was done during two cropping seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Eghlid. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were irrigation at three levels (50, 75 and 100% of available water), humic acid at three levels (0, 250, and 500 mg/l) and nano-Fe chelate at three levels (0, 1 and 2 g/l). The results showed that drought stress reduced the vegetative and yield traits. The interaction of humic acid, nano-Fe chelate and drought stress showed that the highest yield with 1036.7 kg/ha was observed in plants treated with 500 mg/l humic acid and 2 g/l iron nano chelate with 75% water available use. Also, the highest essential oil, seed oil, and leaf protein content was observed in plants treated with 500 mg/l humic acid and 2 g/l iron nano chelate with 100% usable water. As a conclusion, application of humic acid and nano-Fe chelate leads to the improvement of vegetative and chemical factors of black cumin in under drought stress conditions

Design optimization of structures with discrete and continuous search spaces is a complex optimization problem with lots of local optima. Metaheuristic optimization algorithms, due to not requiring gradient information of the objective function, are efficient tools for solving these problems at a reasonable computational time. In this paper, the Doppler Effect-Mean Euclidian Distance Threshold (DE-MEDT) metaheuristic algorithm is applied to solve the discrete and continuous optimization problems of the truss structures subject to multiple loading conditions and design constraints. DE-MEDT algorithm is a recently proposed metaheuristic developed based on a physical phenomenon called Doppler Effect (DE) with some idealized rules and a mechanism called Mean Euclidian Distance Threshold (MEDT). The efficiency of the DE-MEDT algorithm is evaluated by optimizing five large-scale truss structures with continuous and discrete variables. Comparing the results found by the DE-MEDT algorithm with those of other existing metaheuristics reveals that the DE-MEDT optimizer is a suitable optimization technique for discrete and continuous design optimization of large-scale truss structures.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral calcium supplementation in the postpartum period on milk production and composition, animal health  and reproduvtive performance. For this purpose, forty-two Holstein lactating cows were selected and divided into two groups: control (twenty-one cows, without any calcium bolus) and treatment group (twenty-one cows,43 g oral bolus immediately after calving). The results showed milk yield and composition (fat and protein), and milk somatic cell count were not affected by oral calcium bolus. The incidence of impending diseases in this group of cows such as metritis, mating and abomasum reversal in the experimental group was lower than animals that did not consume calcium bolus (odds ratio (OR) = 0.13). It is also worth noting that in the case of reproductive indices, the mean of open days in the treatment group decreased compared to the control treatment but was not statistically significant. There was no difference in body condition score at the time of insemination in the control and treatment groups (P <0.05) and the mean number of inseminations per pregnancy in the treatment group was not significant compared to the control treatment (P <0.05). In general, with proper nutrition management during the close up with diet DCAD controling, it is possible to pass the transfer cows without consuming calcium bolus, and also to avoid increasing costs.

One of the most important problems in the agricultural sector is the lack or deficiency of processing of agricultural products; however, in processing two products including sugar beet and sugarcane, Iran has a suitable position in the world, being able to expand this activity by creating the necessary infrastructure and attracting private and public investments through the capital market, and provide the ground for relative self-sufficiency in sugar industry. In the present study, by examining and identifying macroeconomic variables affecting the stock returns of the sugar industry in the Iranian Stock Exchange in the period 2010 to 2019 using the genetic function approximation algorithm, the effect of shocks of these variables on the returns of such stocks was examined using panel vector auto-regression method. The study results showed that among the six macroeconomic variables, the variables of government exchange rate, OPEC oil prices and liquidity volume had significantly positive effects on the stock returns of the sugar industry, so that with the increase of these variables, the incentive to invest would increase in the sugar industry; however, land prices had a significantly negative effect on the stock returns of the sugar industry, because with the increase in prices in the land market, the incentive to invest in this market would increase and, consequently, investment to buy shares in the sugar industry would decrease. According to the impulse reaction functions, the reaction of the sugar industry stock returns to the government exchange rate was initially negative and then, from the second period onwards, increased, and the sugar industry stock return reaction to the OPEC oil price shock have been effective and upward up to five periods; and also, the reaction of the sugar industry stocks to the shock of the variables of liquidity volume and land prices at the beginning of the period was upward and then, from the third to the fifth period, was downward. According to the study results, it is suggested that with the increase of government exchange rate, OPEC oil prices and liquidity, the management of the sugar industry should try to attract more financial resources from the capital market so that with more investment, it could pave the ground for the development of this industry and self-sufficiency in processing of this strategic product. Policymakers are also advised to prevent capital outflows by controlling price fluctuations in parallel markets.

Central ignition is one of the main ideas of inertial confinement fusion in which the target is irradiated symmetrically and uniformly by laser beams. The study of target layer design using hydrodynamic codes is very important in improving target performance and fuel gain. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the optimization of a typical spherical target with a polystyrene ablator by using MULTI-IFE hydrodynamic code. Considering the remarkable physical properties of diamond, it has been used to optimize the ablator layer. This target was irradiated with symmetrical laser beams with 1.7 MJ total pulse energy and peak power of about 600 TW. The results show that the optimal thickness of the diamond is about 18 mm. A diamond ablator increases the absorbed laser energy at the target surface by about 16%. Increasing the absorbed energy leads to an increase of about 4% in the maximum temperature of the ions, and as a result, the fuel burn fraction increases by about 1%. Eventually, fuel gain increases by about 9%.