sadaf feyzi

Industries play an important role in the development of societies. The generation of large volumes of industrial waste with complex characteristics makes their management a challenge. In addition to occupying the land, the accumulation of these wastes causes environmental pollution. The main purpose of this study is to identify industrial wastes in the industrial zone of Gilan province and to investigate their management system. In this study, 11 industrial zones in Gilan province were investigated in 15 industrial groups. Astara industrial zone has the lowest number of units with six active units, and the largest number of active units under investigation is Sepidroud industrial zone (41 units) and then Rasht industrial zone (37 units). The food industry group with 50 active units (24%) has contributed the most in investigating the type and amount of industrial waste in Gilan province. Based on the data of the study, the total amount of industrial waste is 45926 tons per year. In addition, the main special genaration wastes are 60314 liters of used oils and 16707 tons of different types of wastes per year. The metal industrial group generated the largest amount of industrial waste with the genaration of 32917 tons per year. Also, the cellulose and synthetic oil industrial group units have the highest amount of hazardous waste genaration per year with the genaration of 29,600 liters and 6,300 tons, respectively. Based on the data obtained from the industrial units, the total sales and recycling methods accounted for 54.1% and disposal for 45.9% of cases. Obtaining information on industrial waste flow in Gilan province provides the opportunity to recover and save identified resources. In addition, many economic and environmental benefits are obtained by making a decision and implementing proper waste management.

Improper waste management threatens the sustainability of the environment. Defining an optimal and sustainable system for waste disposal requires the examination of all processes within the system, their impact on the environment, economic aspects, implementation, and energy consumption in each part. The present study was conducted with the goal of modeling the municipal solid waste management system of Rasht County based on the life cycle assessment approach. In this regard, two existing disposal scenarios and the development plan for the future were compared. The first scenario (existing disposal) includes the sale of recycled waste, biological processing (compost production), and landfilling. The second scenario (development plan) involves the use of an incinerator in addition to previous disposal methods. After collecting data using the IWM-2 model, the environmental impacts of each scenario were assessed. The results show that if the second scenario assumptions are applied, the amount of energy consumption, pollutants, and global warming will decrease relative to the first scenario. Total energy consumption in the first and second scenarios is respectively +3891 and -1683234 Gj. In addition, the global warming potential is reduced due to the reduction of landfills, reduced transportation and fuel consumption, improved equipment, and energy recovery in the second scenario. In general, environmental performance in the second scenario will be improved if appropriate action is taken. Reducing landfill and greenhouse gases, increasing recycling, etc., are the main reasons. Although incineration reduces landfilling in Saravan, it is still the proper design of the landfill, and energy utilization from it provides a favorable life cycle of waste management based on the second scenario. Moreover, the use of waste incineration is justified only if pollution and energy recovery standards are respected. Modifying the components and capacity of each disposal option produces new results. In this context, it is suggested to use alternative models.

Today, wetlands around the world have been destroyed due to insufficient attention during the development plan. Population growth and changes in economic activities are indirect factors in the destruction of wetlands. Also, climate change, land use change, over-exploitation of wetland resources, pollution, eutrophication, infrastructure development and Invasive species are the direct causes of wetland destruction. The negative environmental, social, and economic impacts (Such as increasing the risk of floods, reducing the quality and quantity of water, adverse impacts on health, cultural identity and livelihood) have led many countries to pursue management plans. New methods of protection and restoration of these habitats are proposing today. Of course, wetland management is related to their economic and social value. Wetlands are managed for a variety of purposes, such as increasing fish production, storing water for irrigation and drinking, or for aesthetic reasons to promote tourism. In Iran, a comprehensive plan for ecological management and dealing with damage to wetlands has been adopted. Ecological management, improvement and restoration projects have been carried out for some southern wetlands of the Caspian Sea, such as Amir Kalayeh International Lagoon, Selkeh, Sorkhanhol Wildlife Refuge and Steel wetlands. Jokandan is another wetland considered in this regard. Jokandan wetland is located as a part of the Lisar and Jokandan protected area in Guilan. This wetland has ecological, economic, and tourist potential. But, lack of proper management has caused its destruction and drying up. Thus, the restoration of it with the aim of developing tourism is considered by the authorities. If wetland restoration and tourism development projects are not accompanied by proper planning and assessment of the current situation, it will cause damage to the environment. So, before taking any action, it is necessary to examine the status of the study area from environmental, economic and social dimensions to determine the most appropriate management decisions and the relationship between human activities and habitat destruction. In this regard, various models and patterns have been created. To study the environmental status, a model called (DPSIR) Driving force, Pressure, State, Impact, Response was developed by the European Environment Agency. In the first step, by evaluating the sensitivity of the study area based on this model, potential environmental problems can be identified and solved. Following the status of the wetland, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate the solutions and responses provided by the authorities on the environment. One of the most effective tools in this regard is environmental impact assessment. So, the present study was conducted with the aim of increasing the efficiency of management measures to rehabilitate Jokandan wetland to develop tourism. For this purpose, DPSIR model and EIA method are integrated.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and has been done in two stages of basic studies and environmental impact assessment studies. First, in the basic studies section, using the DPSIR model, the condition of the wetland is described, environmental problems and its management challenges from environmental, economic and social dimensions are discussed. According to this model, the driving forces and pressures are often human factors for development and are associated with the consumption of natural resources. This causes a change in the environmental condition (environmental, physical, biological and chemical conditions) of the ecosystem. In this study, based on library studies and field visits, a list of management problems and environmental issues of Jokandan wetland was prepared with the opinions of experts. These factors were then categorized within the framework of DPSIR, which are known as pressure factors in large areas of the lagoon. These pressures have changed the condition of Jokandan wetland and have led to adverse impacts on this habitat. Then, in the impact assessment phase, the restoration activities of Jokandan wetland in order to develop tourism were quantitatively analyzed using a rapid impact assessment matrix. Restoration activities include the construction phase (dredging and sediment extraction, wetland expansion, cutoff construction, construction of ecotourism structures and bird watching sites) and operation (use of tourism and ecotourism capacity). To quantitatively evaluate the impacts, scoring matrices were first constructed separately for construction and operation phases. In these matrices, the impacts of activities on environmental components are placed in rows and scoring criteria in columns. Based on individual judgments and within the framework of the rapid impact assessment matrix method, the assessment team assigned an accurate value to each of the matrix cells.

According to the identified DPSIR model indices, the driving forces that cause pressures on the resources of Jokandan wetland are divided into four categories. These factors include unsustainable use of natural resources, land use change, low level of local community participation in wetland management, population growth and settlements. The most significant changes that observed due to the pressures in this area, are the increase in agricultural-range land use, increasing demand for water, and reduces the area of wetland habitat. Also, based on the results of the quantitative impact analysis, negative and important impacts of construction phase activities that appear in the range of many significant changes include noise pollution, the impact of clearing, shrubs and Cutoff construction on habitat destruction and land use in the region. The purpose of creating the Cutoff structure is to prevent the mixing of fresh water in the lagoon and salt water in the sea. Based on the present evaluation study, the creation of this structure will be subject to specialized studies. Also, according to the results, salinity does not interfere with the growth and development of alder trees, but monitoring salinity is essential. In the operation phase, the most important negative impacts include transportation activities on air quality and ecosystem simplification activities. According to final environmental evaluations the score of the construction phase is -764 and the score of the operation phase is 338. Summarizing the results and the difference in the range of scores shows that the negative impacts from the construction phase of the operation are decreasing and the positive impacts from the construction phase of the operation are increasing. This study highlights the importance of developing a comprehensive restoration plan.

Industrial development and rapid population growth due to the increase in consumed materials and the consequent increase in industrial waste is one of the challenges in the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantity of industrial waste production in the industrial group of plastics and synthetic rubber in Guilan province and the conditions of resulting pollution. The results of this study show that the major industrial wastes identified in this group include plastic waste, paint cans, cardboard waste, paint powder, packaging strap, polymer waste, polymer sludge, wood waste, glass and carbon fiber waste. Plastic waste with 136.08 tons is the highest and paint powder with 0.04 tons is the lowest industrial waste produced in this group. The used oil with a total amount of 14092 liters per year is the only hazardous waste identified in this group. From the present study, it is concluded that the main management methods used in this industrial group are recycling and sales, but hazardous waste is not disposed of properly. The proposed method for used oil is refining.

Human beings have extremely changed the shape, pattern, and function of nearly all landscapes. The cumulative effects of human activities on the environment have been the impetus for extensive research aimed at identifying guiding metrics to assess the quality of the environment in terms of planning, monitoring, and resource management purposes. In order to control and restrict human impacts scientists, planners, and natural resource managers are looking for holistic approaches to interpret the relation between land use and the quality of the environment. In this regard habitat fragmentation, alteration of the hydrologic system of the watershed, and water quality have attracted the most attention. Landscapes have been studied at different scales and various metrics have been introduced to measure the quality of the environment. In the past years, ecological recognition has introduced a big picture based on the main pattern and landscape ecology principles. The foundation of this big picture is based on the idea that there are indispensables patterns in the landscapes that if they are maintained the important functions are protected. In this regard, some of the ecosystem's attributes are not saved and important natural assets will be protected. A landscape is a mosaic including a mix of ecosystems and land uses that repeat in a similar form. The mosaic pattern of landscape or spatial arrangement of landscape elements determines the movement of material, energy, organisms, and humans between local ecosystems. Also the movement of animals, water, nutrient, and human determine the arrangement of mosaic patterns. Landscape ecologists identified five main ways in which human alter landscape spatially: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition. These changes result in different spatial patterning of landscape elements that can alter the ecological process and population distribution of plants and animals. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the landscape pattern change of Anzali watershed in the north of Iran.  

In this study, Landsat satellite imagery for 1994, 2008, and 2018 was used to determine land cover/land use using remote sensing. For landscape analysis, metrics of a number of patches (NP), class area (CA), patch density (PD), percentage of land (PLAND), and large patch index (LPI) were used. Based on how to change landscape metrics, landscape pattern change was examined through patterns of attrition, aggregation, creation, and dissection.  

Findings indicated a 10 percent decrease in forest cover and a 5.8 percent increase in agricultural land use. Also, a large patch index decreased for forest cover. According to landscape pattern change, Attrition was a dominated pattern that occurred mainly in forest cover. The second pattern was Creation that occurred for agriculture land use. Findings indicated decreasing in Anzali watershed integrity and connectivity of the forest patches as the most important patches in the watershed. Forest patches decreased in the area through attrition, aggregation, and dissection. In contrast, agriculture land use developed through aggregation and direct convert of isolated natural patches.

The pattern of land cover changes in the Anzali watershed indicated a shift in the balance towards the development of disturbed land cover, especially agriculture. However, forest cover as the most important land cover in the area has not been fragmented yet (simultaneous increase in the number of patches and drastic reduction of the area). The reason for this is based on the largest patch index of forest class. One of the forest patches alone, covering an area of 2071/34 hectares in 2018. Patterns of attrition, aggregation, creation, and dissection have provided the basis for the occurrence of disruption in forest cover. In this case, forest cover loses many of its capabilities, especially habitat services, water conservation, and decreasing soil erosion.

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) power plants often have negative, positive and environmental effects. Based on the sustainable development approach, assessing the environmental impact is one of the requirements for the construction of MSWI power plants which can lead to more use of its benefits, lower costs, and frustrate community discontent. In this research, separating the construction and operation phases, the desired and undesirable effects of municipal solid waste incineration power plant in the environment are predicted. Then, the studies on the environmental effects of MSWI based on two selected areas in Rasht County (Lakan and Pasiyekhan districts) were performed using the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). The findings revealed that the first priority is allocated Lakan district with a score of -142 in the construction phase and a score of -340 at the operation phase. Pasiyekhan district with a score of -146 in the construction phase and a score of   -496 in the operation phase is not a priority. Based on the results, the construction of MSWI power plant in Rasht decreases the need for landfill which can not only have a positive effect on improving the social conditions and the satisfaction of local communities but also prevent Saravan environmental degradation process in Rasht County. Comparing the negative effects of the project implementation and activities indicate that the most negative effect in both phases is related to the physical-chemical environment. This impacts are caused by the severity of construction activities emissions of gases, dioxin and furans, unpleasant smell and MSWI ash. The interactions of environmental parameters affect the intensity and radius of their propagation. Therefore, if environmental management practices are applied, incineration can be a good way to manage waste. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction  Nowadays, the amount of waste has increased due to population growth, rapid urbanization and changes in patterns of consumption. In the solid waste management system, there are various options for managing waste according to the amount of waste produced and its composition. The waste incineration process aimed at reducing waste landfilling and energy recovery is one of the most common methods for waste disposal in some countries. The reasons such as the value of habitat, the lack of suitable lands in terms of meeting the environmental requirements, high level of groundwater and short distances of cities from each other has made the northern provinces of Iran have lots of limitation for sanitary landfilling. One of the proposed waste disposal options is the implementation and operation of the Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) power plants. MSWI power plants often have environmental impacts and potential mismatches. Impact assessment of MSWI power plant based on a sustainable development approach, as one of the requirements for the construction of MSWI power plant, will lead to more advantages including reducing costs and eliminating community dissatisfaction. The purpose of this research is to provide an optimal option for managers and planners to construct MSWI power plants in Rasht, in order to minimize the environmental impacts of this development. 2-Materials and Methods This descriptive-analytic study is based on expert opinions, field and library studies. In this regard, the environmental impact assessment of MSWI power plant in Rasht has been carried out for two proposed options in Rasht (Lakan and Pasiyekhan districts) using Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). At first, the environmental status of the study area is described. The negative and positive impacts of MSWI power plant will be predicted during construction and operation. Then, they have been given a score by separating the environments (physical, chemical, biological, biological, social, cultural, economic, and technical). Being able to convert qualitative features to quantitative ones, RIAM method can evaluate and compares the options in a short time and illustrates the results in charts and tables. 3-Results and Discussion  Based on the results of this study, the first priority is assigned to Lakan district with a score of -142 in the construction phase and a score of -340 at the operation phase, and the second priority to Pasiyekhan district with a score of -146 in the construction phase and a score of - 496 in the operation phase. Comparison of the effects shows that the most negative effect in both phases is related to the physical-chemical components. Pasiyekhan District has more negative effects than Lakan District due to some reasons such as the remoteness of the city of Rasht and the depth of underground water. The proper utilization of MSWI power plants due to the reduction of waste landfill and energy recovery improves environmental conditions and the quality of life satisfying people in the indirect district of the present study. In addition, the results indicate that the activities of the construction and operation of MSWI power plants have adverse environmental effects on air quality in the area of deployment, soil, plants, and water resources. The major environmental hazards come from this development including the emissions of gases, dioxins, and furans, unpleasant smell and ash which are intensified, in term of parameters the intensity and radius, by  the Interactions of environmental 4-Conclusion  Regarding the environmental characteristics of Rasht County, and the findings from the evaluation of the effects of the rapid impact matrix, there are slight differences in the degree of the influence of some parameters in the studied areas. Therefore, it is imperative that management and planners in the field of waste management take the necessary precautions to comply with the required laws and policies. Therefore, compliance with environmental laws and control measures, such as the construction of airborne pollution control systems (Acid scrubbers, Bag filters, Activated carbon systems, etc.), can greatly reduce the severity and risk of hazard occurrence. Designing corrective actions through engineering operations and management plans are effective in reducing the adverse environmental impacts at each stage. If, from the outset, by doing EIA, environmental considerations are taken into account in the development plans by doing EIA and making an integration between the environmental policies and development plans, ay harmful effects will be prevented. Also, in order to understand the environmental performance of waste disposal methods better, it is suggested not only to use other quantitative-maker tools of environmental impact minimization but also to apply far more areas beyond the local scale of projects such as stain methods and environmental risk assessment in future studies.