saeedeh zomorody

 This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on psychological capital and cognitive regulation of emotion in people with peptic ulcer.

 The research method was semi-experimental and the statistical population in this research included all people with peptic ulcer referred to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, and also the sample size of the research was considered to be 30 people. The data collection tools in this research are Lutans (2007) psychological capital questionnaire and Cognitive Emotion Regulation (Garnefski,2007). In order to analyze the data, the covariance analysis method was used.

The results of data analysis showed that the psychological capital and cognitive regulation of emotion in peptic ulcer patients, who underwent cognitive behavioral therapy, was significantly higher compared to the control group (P<0.05).

 These results show the significant effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological capital and cognitive regulation of emotion in people with peptic ulcer.

The family is the first and smallest social unit in which a person experiences collective life, and group and cooperative behavior for the first time and builds his cultural-social identity. A healthy person is the product of a healthy family, and social health is undoubtedly related to family health. The family is the most suitable system for meeting the material, mental and spiritual needs of human beings, and it has provided the best platform for providing the security and peace of mind of the members, raising the new generation, socializing the children, and meeting the emotional needs. For people, the starting point of family formation is when a man and a woman marry each other and get married to form a family. What is being paid attention to today, along with psychological issues, is the issue of cognitive flexibility. In general, the ability to change cognitive signs to adapt to changing environmental stimuli is the main element in operational definitions of cognitive flexibility. This factor requires the ability to communicate with the present and the ability to separate the person from inner thoughts and experiences. People with flexible thinking positively adjust and change their mental structure according to the environment and overcome stressful and stressful situations by accepting and tolerating them to achieve optimal mental health. Another component of research is perfectionism. Perfectionism is a motivational component that includes the individual's efforts to reach the perfect self; In other words, people have a strong drive for perfection, unrealistically high standards, compulsive effort, and all-or-nothing thinking about outcomes in the form of complete success or complete failure. These people are so scrutinizing and critical that they cannot accept their faults and mistakes or failures in different aspects of life. Of course, reaching perfection and flourishing hidden and potential talents and abilities is very valuable in itself, and in this valley, perfectionism is a positive and desirable thing, but what was mentioned is the extreme or negative aspect of perfectionism. The characteristics of perfectionism are defined in three dimensions: self-centered perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and society-oriented perfectionism. It seems that people's perfectionism originates from their illogical and distorted views and thoughts; therefore, to treat these people, it is necessary to be familiar with cognitive biases and thinking errors, as well as to identify how these errors appear in perfectionism. Various methods have been used to improve psychological components in people. One of these methods is a treatment based on acceptance and commitment, whose clinical effectiveness has been shown in various research to improve the psychological components of different people. Treatment is based on acceptance and commitment, which is a combination of ways of accepting and paying attention to awareness along with commitment and changing behavior, and this approach teaches people to accept their thoughts without judgment instead of challenging them, and the goal is to People should learn to identify their life values and plan and act based on them. Action therapy is one of the treatments of the third wave of behavioral therapy, which is theoretically based on the theory of the framework of mental relations, which is how the human mind creates suffering and the useless methods of dealing with it, as well as alternative contextual approaches for It explains these areas. The treatment based on acceptance and commitment is studied by teaching this point to the sample group, i.e. overweight women, life is mixed with suffering, man cannot approach his desires by avoiding and abstaining, and by distinguishing between tolerance and Accepting and emphasizing the point that tolerance is accompanied by suffering and hides passivity in itself while accepting pain (instead of suffering) is accompanied and does not stop a person from moving; Maybe it follows the weaving. Also, accepting the fact that a valuable life is accompanied by suffering and moving in the path of values requires commitment, and words do not replace experience and can strengthen the tolerance of failure. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to answer the question, is the therapy based on acceptance and commitment effective on cognitive flexibility and perfectionism in married women?

The research method is semi-experimental with two experimental and control groups, and the statistical population of the research includes all married women of 25-50 years of age who announced their desire to participate in the research in virtual space, and their number was 120. According to the research method, 30 people were voluntarily and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people for each group) using the available sampling method. Data collection was done by Wall Wadner and Denier's cognitive flexibility and Hill et al.'s perfectionism questionnaires, and the intervention was done by acceptance and commitment protocol. Also, the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the mean value and standard deviation for the cognitive flexibility variable in the experimental group were 20.65 and 6.941 in the pre-test and 73.11 and 2.915 respectively in the post-test and the control group in the pre-test. 67/13 and 3/871 and in the post-test it is 67/20 and 3/840 respectively. Also, the mean value and standard deviation for the perfectionism variable in the experimental group in the pre-test were 191.60 and 12.046 in the post-test respectively, and in the control group in the pre-test 184.53 and 16.203 respectively. In the post-test, it is 183/80 and 15/001 respectively. According to the table, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the total cognitive flexibility and perfectionism test group. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the total score and the subscales of the cognitive flexibility and perfectionism questionnaires in the pre-test and post-test in the experimental and control groups of married women.

Considering the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on cognitive flexibility, it can be concluded that the awareness of the intensity of needs and the psychology of internal control is a predictive factor of people at risk. Therefore, it can be suggested that these factors are identified and necessary information provided in consultations using this technique. This study, like all other studies, has some limitations, which can be mentioned as follows: Since the present study was conducted on married women, caution should be observed when generalizing it to married men. Also, the geographical area investigated in this research was Tehran, so the generalization of its results to cities and provinces should be done with caution. According to the results of this study, it is suggested to hold a therapy workshop based on patience and commitment in the direction of flexibility and perfectionism for married people.

Family is one of the basic foundations of any society. Having healthy families can have an important effect on the mental health of society, and these social ties create a sense of meaning in life, and in this regard, women are considered one of the important pillars of balance, peace, and life improvement. They are responsible for very important roles such as mothers, wives, etc., so they are productive forces that nurture social and carry heavy tasks of education and community building. Considering the basic role of women in the family and their direct influence in society and the issues and problems that arise for these people due to the multiplicity of roles. One of the problems that women face is the fear of negative evaluation. In the field of interpersonal relationships, people's concern about others' inappropriate evaluation of them as an interpersonal inhibiting factor is particularly important. Women who are responsible for the family alone in their lives report a high level of stress and lack of self-esteem. When people fear the negative evaluation of others, they turn their attention to internal threatening stimuli such as anxiety reactions. High anxiety destroys the chance to reassess the situation and disrupts social functioning, and the level of self-efficacy of a person gradually decreases. Because the person avoids situations where there is a possibility of social evaluation and gradually provides the ground for the isolation of himself and his family. On the other hand, one of the variables that play a significant role in the well-being and mental health of married women is emotional maturity. Emotional maturity is described as the ability to control oneself in the face of failure, to feel responsible for one's decisions and actions, and to have an adequate level of awareness of one's emotions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the effective treatments that has been investigated in this research. The cognitive-behavioral approach focuses on cognitive distortions and efforts to change behavior. The core of CBT is the emotions and behaviors that are formed by our thoughts and perceptions. The therapist helps the patient identify cognitive distortions and replace them with more positive and realistic ways of thinking. It seems that this therapeutic approach can be used to increase emotional maturity and reduce negative evaluation in married women and is an effective step in improving their mental health. Therefore, the current research aims to answer the question of whether cognitive behavioral therapy is effective on emotional maturity and fear of negative evaluation in married women.

The research method is semi-experimental with two experimental and control groups, and the statistical population of the research includes all married women 25-50 years of age who announced their desire to participate in the research in the virtual space, and their number was 120. According to the research method, 30 people were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people for each group). Data collection was done by fear of negative evaluation and emotional maturity questionnaires, and the intervention was done by cognitive behavioral therapy protocol. Also, the statistical method of covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.

The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the total score and the subscales of the two questionnaires on emotional maturity and fear of negative evaluation, in the pre-test and post-test in the experimental and control groups in married women.

It can be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy can be used to improve social behavior, improve a person's positive feelings towards themselves and others, and provide the basis for a person's growth after marriage. The training of cognitive-behavioral skills leads to the reduction of extreme generalization and hasty conclusions, which are great obstacles on the way to emotional maturity. Undoubtedly, married people think that they cannot reach the level of skill and self-fulfillment in society because of problems after marriage, and they are constantly afraid of being blamed for their immature and unorganized behavior. Therefore, they are afraid of being judged and evaluated. In other words, these people may avoid social relationships due to fear of negative evaluation. Since the fear of negative evaluation is a cognitive component that exists in social anxiety disorder. People with this disorder think that everyone evaluates them negatively and are afraid of being exposed to negative evaluations. Therefore, with the help of cognitive behavioral therapy, these people can be helped to become aware of their negative thoughts that have led to fear and avoidance of social relationships and to be able to have a proper relationship with post-traumatic conditions by controlling and regulating emotions. This approach helps people gain control over their lives and reduce their vulnerability to being judged and evaluated. In general, in this type of treatment, through the correction of cognitive misconceptions, such as self-blame, negative reactions, emotional problems, worries associated with anxiety, avoidance, dependence, helplessness towards change, and thoughts that cause the continuation of negative emotions and It affects the strengthening of negative beliefs, and as a result, this treatment can improve social behavior, improve a person's positive feeling towards himself and others, and increase the ground for the person's growth after Marriage provides.

Backgrond:

Dyspepsia and digestive disorders are common, debilitating, and costly. Moreover, little information is available about the role of stress management in the treatment of dyspepsia. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of stress management on cognitive emotion regulation and general health of patients with dyspepsia.

We conducted an experimental study with pre-test and post-test as well as control group. Using random sampling method, 30 patients with dyspepsia were selected from among those referred to digestive Clinics in Tehran city in 2019 and were assigned to experimental and control groups (15 in each group). The experimental group received stress management trainings, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments were cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire of Garnefski and Kraaij and general health questionnaire of Goldberg and Hillier. The reliability indices for the cognitive emotion regulation and the general health questionnaire were 0.70 and 0.81, respectively. As the hypothesis of normality of the data was not confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk test, non-parametric (U-Mann-Whitney and paired Wilcoxon test) methods were used for data analysis in SPSS, version 22. The significance level was set at 0.05. 

The results showed that in the study of mental health, dimensions of physical symptoms (P=0.001), anxiety and insomnia (P=0.034), social dysfunction (P=0.005), depressive symptoms (P=0.028), and in the dimensions of cognitive regulation, in putting into perspective (P<0.001), positive refocusing (P<0.001), positive reassessment (P<0.001), acceptance (P<0.001), refocus on planning (P<0.001), self-blame (P<0.001), blame others (P<0.001), focus on thought/rumination, and catastrophizing (P<0.001), there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group after the treatment. Also, at the significance level of 0.05, in the experimental group, significant improvements in health status and emotion regulation were observed after the intervention.

Stress management is a reliable model for improving cognitive emotion regulation and general health of patients with dyspepsia.

Many people with MS report dissatisfaction with pain management programs and there is an urgent need to identify effective interventions that reduce the experience of pain. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on fatigue and chronic pain in women with multiple sclerosis.

Methods and Materials:

The research method was quasi-experimental studies with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population included all female patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are members of the inflammatory bowel association in Tehran. Among them, 45 people were selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The first and second groups received 10 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy and 8 sessions of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, respectively. Research data were collected using a multidimensional fatigue questionnaire and numerical pain rating scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS-25 statistical software using descriptive tests and analysis of covariance.

The results of analysis of covariance showed that two interventions of cognitive-behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness reduced chronic fatigue in women with inflammatory bowel disease (p <0.05); Regarding the chronic pain variable, this effect was not significant (p >0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two interventions (p >0.05).

The results of the present study can help to expand the available treatment options for patients with inflammatory bowel disease in reducing fatigue and chronic pain

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia in a referral center in Tehran, and investigate the clinical characteristics, manometric results and treatment responses among three achalasia subtypes in Iranian patients. Esophageal achalasia is an unusual swallowing disorder, characterized by high pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) on swallowing, failure relaxation of the LES and the absence of peristalsis in esophageal. Patients and In this cross sectional study, clinical symptom and esophageal manometry before and 2 months after treating with Heller myotomy in 20 patients with achalasia who were referred to Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, in 2013 were evaluated. Patients’ demographic, clinical features and response to treatment were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20, Chicago, IL, USA). All the diagnostic criteria measured after the treatment were significantly different (P<0.05) before and after the therapy. The average decline in the length of the esophagus was 1.8 cm and dysphasia score was 7.25 units. Also an average decline in LES Resting Pressure, LES Residual Pressure, PIP, and IRP were 23.2 mmHg, 14.3 mmHg, 3.4 mmHg and 17.8 mmHg, respectively. Results of this study showed that the Heller myotomy is highly effective in relieving dysphasia in patients with achalasia. Also, type II achalasia is the most common subtype of achalasia with a better response to Heller myotomy compared to the other types.