sahar pirjamadi

This study aimed to identify the obstacles of women cycling from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and experts in the field of sport.

This qualitative research was done with the exploratory-grounding strategy. For this purpose, theoretical saturation was achieved with 24 experts in a targeted manner using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data was collected using an exploratory approach through the identification process and its analysis using the qualitative software MAXQDA.

The results of the research in the section on obstacles to cycling from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence include two categories: 1) Secondary rulings, which include two sub-categories (customary conditions of society and culture of society), and 2) Jurisprudence, which includes a sub-category (individual benefits). According to sports science experts, the results of the research were six concepts, which included (physical factors, security, organizational, software factors, rules and regulations, cultural-social).

The results indicate that women's cycling is not a problem per se from the point of view of Islam and jurisprudence, and according to the works it follows, scholars have raised these questions for women cycling with secondary titles. Therefore, it is suggested to design special parks for women's cycling or covered bicycles to cover women's body size. In addition, relevant organizations, including the Islamic Council, the municipality, and the Ministry of Sports and Youth, should consider the necessary budgeting for the construction of parks and spaces for women. Also, by forming a team of engineers and jurisprudence experts, design and produce bicycles with covers.

This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying the causes of students' Hate and Practice of Sports. The purpose of the research was applied and exploratory research.

theoretical saturation was achieved with 21 experts in a purposeful judgment and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data was collected using an exploratory approach through the identification process and its analysis using the qualitative software MAXQDA. Also, the validity of the research was taken into consideration by using things such as the accurate selection of samples, simultaneous data collection and analysis, and consistency in the research methodology, and the repeated reliability of the test was used.

According to the findings of the research, the elements of perception of sports, religious beliefs, behavioral-ethical elements of students, strategic planning, sports culture, educational weakness, infrastructures, facilitating access were known as facilitating factors of students' dislike of sports. Also, spatial-spatial elements, use of knowledge, social elements, knowledge of practical science, moral-professionalism of the teacher or trainer, psychological needs and schemas, knowledge and talent, individual experiences and interests, and extra-personal experiences of students are among the limiting factors of knowledge aversion. Students were recognized for sports.

The current research emphasizes on the factors of personal beliefs, system elements, structural-environmental elements, institutional factors, factors related to the teacher or coach, factors related to the individual and past experiences in preventing students from hating sports.

This study aimed to modeling the institutional factors affecting the utilization of entrepreneurial capacities in sports tourism in Iran. The research was applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of type, which was conducted as a survey. The statistical population included all entrepreneurs in the field of sports tourism in the country, of which 384 people were randomly selected as a sample, and finally 367 questionnaires could be examined. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire taken from the research of Heydari et al. (2021), was used. To confirm the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 11 sports management experts were used. Cronbach's alpha test was used to determine the reliability of the tool, and its value was 0.92. Findings revealed that the necessary institutional factors in the legal-administrative, normative-cultural, cognitive-educational, and guiding-supportive dimensions can increase entrepreneurial behavior in this field by increasing the ability and willingness of entrepreneurs to utilization entrepreneurial capacities in sports tourism. Results suggest that to grow the sports tourism industry in developing countries like Iran, many factors with greater convergence should be involved. In this regard, the existence of a suitable legal, normative, supportive and educational environment will affect the ability and willingness of market leaders to identify and utilization the entrepreneurial opportunities of this emerging industry in the country.

In contemporary industrial societies, sports and healthy recreation have emerged as essential components for maintaining public health, fostering physical and mental growth, and enhancing overall quality of life. These activities also play a crucial role in safeguarding aging populations by promoting active lifestyles and preventing chronic diseases. Recreational sports, which are defined as sports products aimed primarily at enjoyment, vitality, and leisure enrichment, have gained considerable prominence in recent years (Tatary et al., 2019). This rise coincides with the proliferation of virtual social networks, which have transformed the way individuals engage with sports and leisure activities.Virtual social networks function as online communities where users with shared interests connect, communicate, and collaborate. These platforms provide sports organizations with a competitive advantage by enabling cost-effective and time-efficient customer engagement and marketing strategies (Oktavia et al., 2020). The interactive nature of social media facilitates direct communication between sports businesses and their audiences, fostering deeper relationships and enhancing customer loyalty.Research by Nisar et al. (2018) underscores the power of social media as a marketing tool capable of attracting spectators and expanding the reach of sports organizations. Similarly, Ratten (2020) highlights the critical need for innovation management strategies within sports enterprises, emphasizing that technology is an intrinsic driver of contemporary sports business success. Despite these opportunities, countries like Iran face unique challenges, including restricted access to certain platforms and socio-cultural barriers that limit the full exploitation of social networks for sports marketing. Nevertheless, platforms such as Instagram remain viable and popular channels for sports entertainment businesses in Iran.Given this context, the present study seeks to address a critical research question: What factors influence the development of sports entertainment businesses on social networks Understanding these factors is vital for sports managers, marketers, and policymakers aiming to leverage digital platforms for sustainable business growth and enhanced customer engagement.

This research adopts an applied correlational design, employing structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the relationships between variables influencing the development of sports entertainment businesses on social networks. The statistical population comprises experts and practitioners actively involved in sports entertainment businesses within social networks.Using Cochran’s formula for unknown populations, a sample size of 384 participants was determined and selected through random sampling to ensure representativeness and generalizability. Data collection was conducted via electronic and face-to-face questionnaires, designed to capture comprehensive information on the variables of interest.The questionnaire underwent rigorous validation by a panel of eleven professors specializing in sports management, marketing, and social media, ensuring content validity. Reliability analysis was conducted using Cronbach’s alpha, yielding a coefficient of 0.801, indicating good internal consistency of the instrument.Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Descriptive statistics provided an overview of the sample characteristics and variable distributions, while SEM was applied to test the hypothesized model and examine the strength and significance of relationships among latent constructs.

The second-order structural model developed for sports entertainment business development demonstrated acceptable fit indices, confirming the robustness and validity of the proposed framework. The key factors identified as significantly influencing business development included communication channels, culture and lifestyle, financial and economic factors, and entrepreneurship.Communication channels exhibited the strongest influence, with a standardized path coefficient (β) of 0.851. This underscores the critical role of effective communication strategies, including the use of diverse social media platforms, content dissemination, and customer interaction, in fostering business growth.Culture and lifestyle factors followed closely, with a coefficient of 0.817. This reflects the importance of aligning sports entertainment offerings with the cultural norms, values, and lifestyles of target audiences to ensure relevance and acceptance.Financial and economic factors also played a substantial role (β = 0.771), highlighting the impact of economic conditions, investment availability, and financial management on the viability and expansion of sports entertainment businesses.Entrepreneurship, with a coefficient of 0.727, was identified as a vital driver, emphasizing the need for innovative, proactive, and risk-taking approaches among sports business managers to capitalize on emerging opportunities within social networks.The model fit indices further validated the structural model: Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) was 0.91, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) was 0.93, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) was 0.89, Normed Fit Index (NFI) was 0.90, and Incremental Fit Index (IFI) was 0.92. Residual measures such as Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) were 0.047 and 0.096, respectively, indicating an adequate fit between the model and observed data.

The findings reveal significant positive relationships between sports entertainment business development and components such as customer needs assessment, value proposition, marketing strategies, creativity, and innovation. These results align with Ratten’s (2020) assertion that innovation management is indispensable in the sports sector, particularly in the digital age where technological advancements continuously reshape consumer behaviors.In the Iranian context, the study highlights a prevalent neglect of customer-centric approaches, with many sports businesses relying on outdated marketing methods that fail to engage modern audiences effectively. This gap underscores the urgency for sports businessmanagers to balance competitive innovation with deep customer insights, branding efforts, and creative service delivery to succeed in the dynamic environment of social networks.Moreover, the prominence of communication channels as the most influential factor confirms the necessity for sports enterprises to adopt multi-channel communication strategies that leverage the interactive and viral potential of social media. Engaging content, timely responses, and personalized interactions foster stronger customer relationships and brand loyalty.Cultural and lifestyle alignment emerged as another critical factor, indicating that sports entertainment businesses must tailor their offerings to resonate with the socio-cultural context of their audiences. This cultural sensitivity enhances acceptance and participation, contributing to sustainable business growth. Financial and economic considerations remain foundational, as the availability of resources, effective budgeting, and strategic investment underpin the capacity to innovate and expand. Entrepreneurship complements these factors by driving the agility and creativity required to navigate the competitive landscape of sports entertainment on social networks.

This study contributes to the understanding of the multifaceted factors influencing the development of sports entertainment businesses on social networks. It underscores the imperative for sports business managers to adopt customer-centric, innovative, and culturally attuned strategies supported by robust financial management and entrepreneurial spirit. To capitalize on the opportunities presented by social networks, sports enterprises must prioritize the development of effective communication channels, align their offerings with cultural and lifestyle preferences, secure adequate financial resources, and foster an entrepreneurial mindset. These elements collectively enhance customer engagement, brand differentiation, and competitive advantage.Future research should explore longitudinal impacts of these factors and examine the role of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality in transforming sports entertainment business models.

The purpose of this study was to identify sport development indicators in Iranian-Islamic universities with the EFQM model approach. The research method was qualitative, which was done with a field-exploration strategy.The statistical population included all specialists in the field of university sport, Senior managers of the ministry of science, research and technology, professors of sport management and managers of physical education departments of Tehran national universities. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in a purposeful manner and theoretical saturation was achieved with 21 people. T A total of 124 indicators were identified, which were classified into 34 concepts and not general categories including structural and functional process, leadership, strategy and policies, customer results, individuals, community, financial resources, human and key performance results. The results of the present study emphasize the need to pay attention to performance appraisal, planning and organizing academic sport programs, leadership, society, facilities and physical factors, scientific and applied research, university sport culture, cost management, education and Proposes staff development, staff recruitment and selection, and advertising and information for the development of university sport with the EFQM model approach in the physical education departments of the country's universities.

Almost a decade has passed since the adoption of the Entrepreneurs Protection Act in the form of knowledge-based companies. From this point of view, it is necessary to conduct research on entrepreneurship, new businesses in the field of sport, or knowledge-based sports companies in the country. Therefore, the aim of this article was to design model of the entrepreneur -centered knowledge based sports companies in Iran. In this regard, the qualitative approach and Grounded Theory, Strauss & Corbin method have been used. After conducting 20 deep and semi-structured interviews with managers and founders of sports and non-sports knowledge-based companies, , science and technology parks, growth centers, sports startups, Industries, professors, PhD graduates in sports management and elites in the field of sports entrepreneurship theoretical saturation was obtained and the main issues were extracted after completing the coding process. Also, the validity of the research was considered using the processes of researcher sensitivity, methodological solidarity ,sample appropriateness, simultaneous data collection and analysis, theoretical thinking and seven steps, and open-test reliability was used. After completing the findings, structural and governmental factors, perspective and processes, IT and hard infrastructure were the main factors. Internal and external factors of the company and the creation of a specialized maternal institute including contextual factors and organizational and cultural factors such as interferer factors were in this study. Team building factors, Expert and entrepreneur human resources, support system and facilitation of regulations were such procedures of this study that can help to employment creation, economic self-sufficiency, sport development and growth and revival of knowledge-based sports companies.

This study aims to investigate the attention cognitive process while watching sports advertisements in interested and non-interested people using electroencephalogram technology. The research method was semi-experimental and the population included 30 students of Birjand University who were selected randomly as a sample. To collect data, the General Health and Sanchez-Torres Questionnaire (2021) was used. Then to record the brain signal, the 21-channel Electroencephalography Instrument was used. The results revealed a significant difference in attention index (AI) between sports advertising and non-sport advertising. Also, the attention index in people who were interested in sports showed a significant difference compared to those who were not. It can be concluded that sports are a suitable platform for advertising products so that it can create a positive effect through increasing the customers’ attention. The level of interest also in sports may be a persuasive calculation of consideration for publicizing.

Today, spin-offs are considered as a major commercial and economic value in the mission of the new generation of most universities in developed countries. But these companies have not been able to fulfill greatly their main mission in Iranian universities, especially in the field of sport. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying strategies and consequences of establishing university spin-offs in the field of sport in the country. The present study was conducted using a qualitative method with an exploration-fundamental nature. The research data were collected through subjective sampling and based on deep semi-structured interviews with experts in this field (university professors, knowledge-based companies' managers, startups, university Spin-Offs, science and technology parks, growth centers, elites in the field of sport entrepreneurship). The number of participants in this study reached 22 using the theoretical saturation index and the findings were analyzed in open, axial and selective coding. Findings indicate that categories such as human, environmental, legal infrastructure, environmental links, sport mother Spin-Offs, educational developments, consulting teams, financial resources, technical resources, central idea, creativity et e were among the strategies for of this study that can help to country economic self-sufficiency, employment creation, new sport businesses, extend university spin-offs in the field of Sport, comprehensive growth of sport, commercialization of sport findings and entrepreneurship of sport science colleges in Iran.

Today, there are sizable chunk of cities in the world, trying to introduce themselves as destination brands in various areas. Given that, this study aimed to explain the effective factors on destination branding in the field of sports tourism in Mashhad. This study was of applied research, from the view point of purpose, and also, in terms of its nature, it was in the field of exploratory research, furthermore, in terms of data collection, it was of a descriptive-survey type. Also, due to the use of Q methodology, it was a type of mixed research (quantitative-qualitative). The statistical population included marketing and branding specialists, sports tourism experts, sports management professors and people active in the field of tourism who had complete knowledge of Mashhad. For this purpose, theoretical saturation was achieved after in-depth and semi-structured interviewing 16 experts selected purposefully and finally 26 people completed the Q questionnaire. The data obtained from sorting the Q statements were entered into SPSS software version 26 and analyzed through varimax rotation (exploratory factor analysis). The priority of these models were infrastructural factors, inner city situation, cultural activities, commercial creativities, urban essence, and transportation, respectively. The results of this research emphasize the strengthening of indicators such as suitable access to the Internet, managerial decisions, cultural diversity, the existence of suitable places and markets, the potential of the region and the smoothness of traffic and roads in order to make the destination as a brand in Mashhad's sports tourism.

 In the third millennium, political, economic, geographical, and technological changes have had a profound effect on organizations. The speed of these changes, along with the increase in global competition, has forced organizations to reorganize their activities by rethinking new marketing methods (Veynberg et al, 2018). In this regard, sports organizations to increase their competitiveness, need to use various tools to be able to facilitate the achievement of predetermined goals and results (Hautbois, 2019). Among these sports organizations are federations, which play an important role in developing and developed countries. Sports federations operate in a competitive and dynamic environment; An environment in which internal and external variables are constantly changing and it is very difficult to predict these changes (Shamounian et al, 2019). Due to the high sensitivity in the current sports industry and in order to achieve effectiveness in marketing programs, recognizing the dimensions of managerial competencies has become a vital factor in sports success. In fact, strong managerial competencies in contemporary sports management can be a source of significant competitive advantage (Frawley et al, 2018). On the other hand, another component that provides the necessary context for the emergence of managerial competencies is structural capital (Matos et al, 2017). In this regard Swanson et al (2020) in their research, they concluded that managerial competencies have a significant positive effect on knowledge sharing and job performance of employees. Neumeyer & Liu (2021) also concluded that the adoption of new (digital) technologies can significantly contribute to a company's short-term and long-term competitive advantages. In the new era, the professionalization of sports and the performance of sports organizations, along with the increase in organizational and non-organizational areas of sports, has forced managers and employees of sports organizations to seek new processes in their field of performance beyond traditional concepts (Dellitalia, 2018). In addition, sports federations, especially the Karate Federation, have faced many problems in purchasing equipment and supplies, sending their teams to international competitions, holding training camps, holding training competitions, and so on. Given the above, the researcher seeks to answer this question: Is there a relationship between managerial competencies and structural capital with the effectiveness of marketing programs of the Karate Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran
The research is an applied one and in terms of data collection method is a correlational research based on structural equation modeling which was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study includes all members of the Karate Federation (president, vice president, vice president of women, secretary of the federation, staff of the federation (various committees and staff of other departments) (43 people), members of provincial karate boards (presidents, vice president, finance officer, teachers The provincial karate boards (124 people) and experts in the field of karate included first-class coaches, judges, and national athletes (56 people). All members of the community were identified as a total of 223 people. In this study, the Cutler and Keller (2006) marketing program effectiveness questionnaire, Nwokah, & Ahiauzu (2008) and Shakarian (2013) structural capital questionnaires were used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors and the construct validity was confirmed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.
According to the results of Pearson correlation test, it is observed that between managerial competencies and structural capital (Sig = 0.001, r = 0.873), between managerial competencies and the effectiveness of marketing programs (Sig = 0.001, 0.778). r) And there is a significant positive relationship between structural capital and the effectiveness of marketing programs (Sig = 0.001, r = 0.894). After examining the relationship between research variables, the research model was designed in AMOS software version 24.
The results of structural equation modeling showed that managerial competencies have a significant positive effect on the effectiveness of Karate Federation marketing programs. Also, based on the findings of the structural equation model, it was observed that structural capital has a significant positive effect on the effectiveness of the marketing programs of the Karate Federation. The research findings are in line with the results of Neumeyer & Liu (2021) research. In addition, based on the findings of the research model, it was observed that managerial competencies have a significant positive effect on the structural assets of the Karate Federation. This research finding is in line with the results of Swanson et al (2020) research. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that the marketing director of the Karate Federation coordinate with the director of research, production, procurement, physical and financial distribution, etc., so that different marketing opportunities serve the needs of important marketing departments, territories and presentation. Design services. In addition, it is recommended that the unit manager in the Karate Sports Federation have the appropriate information to plan and properly allocate resources in different markets, products, domains and marketing tools to create effective marketing.

Nowadays, the security process is among the most important and essential planning issues in the realm of the activity of the football competitions’ organizers; because football is the center of attention and many people belonging to various classes of society presence are interested in watching football matches in stadiums. In this regard, maintaining security and peace in the society is the most important task of the police force. Therefore, the present research was carried out with the aim of identifying strategies to combat vandalism in the stadiums of the Premier Football League of Iran.

The present research aims to achieve applied outcomes and was of exploratory type. For this purpose, theoretical saturation was achieved with 19 experts in a purposeful judgment and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data was collected using an exploratory approach through the identification process and its analysis using the qualitative software: MaxQD. Also, the validity of the research was taken into consideration by using issues such as the accurate selection of samples, simultaneous data collection and analysis, consistency in the research methodology, and the repeated reliability of the test.

According to the findings of the research, the monitoring and security, educational, technical, managerial, safety, communication, and environmental components were recognized as the main strategies to combat the occurrence of vandalism. Also, according to the observed frequency, the concept of security with an importance factor of 133, event management with an importance factor of 114, infrastructure and communication networks each with an importance factor of 102, and risk assessment with an importance factor of 101 had the highest importance coefficients among other concepts.
The results of the current research emphasize the attention paid to the supervisory and security, educational, technical, managerial, safety, communication, and environmental approaches in combating the occurrence of vandalism in the stadiums of the Premier Football League of Iran. In this context, attention should be paid to factors such as the provision of facilities, control the stadium by digital cameras, the presence of trained police before and after the match, security measures of the external environment around the sports stadium, special supervision of the security team in decisive games, protection of sports venues against poisonous substances, the appropriate price of the ticket is suggested taking into account the conditions of society and the management of information conditions and the reflection of public opinion in order to prevent the occurrence of vandalism in sports stadiums.

The present study was conducted with the purpose of identifying the solutions and consequences of preventing Students' Hate and Leaving of Sport.

The purpose of the research was applied and the research method was qualitative. For this purpose, theoretical saturation was achieved with 21 experts in a purposeful judgment and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data was collected using an exploratory approach through the identification process and its analysis using the qualitative software MaxQD. Also the retest reliability of the test was used.

In the current research, 104 indicators in the form of 14 concepts (use of knowledge and practice science, attention to personality-psychological characteristics, development of public sports, elimination of inappropriate habits in sports environments, advertising and promotion, economic, facilitating access, role of government and officials, Increasing participation, increasing awareness, improving the physical-psychological condition of society, changing beliefs, professional development, educational development) were identified.

The current research emphasizes on the factors of motivational strategies, culture building, structural strategies, acculturation of sports in the society, increase of public health and development of sports infrastructures in preventing students from hating and practicing sports. In this context, paying attention to factors such as the construction and location of sports facilities in the school environment, increasing the hours of physical education in schools, preparation of sports programs on radio and television, holding morning sport programs, invite famous sport figures and offer discounts to teenagers in order to prevent students from hating and leaving of sport it is suggested.

This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying The Causes of Hatred of Sports and Overtraining in Students. The purpose of the research was applied and the research method was qualitative. Theoretical saturation was achieved with 21 experts in a purposeful judgment and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data was collected using an exploratory approach through the identification process and its analysis using the qualitative software MAXQDA. In the current research, there are 107 indicators in the form of 11 concepts (physical, psychological, educational-cognitive elements, individual experiences, informational-knowledge, transpersonal, teachers' professional weakness, security-safety, beliefs, support and economic-scientific) and 4 categories (intrapersonal, extrapersonal, environmental-physical and structural-organizational factors were identified. The current research emphasizes on the factors of the intra-personal, extra-personal, environmental-physical and structural-organizational levels in preventing students from hating and Overtraining sports. In this context, attention should be paid to factors such as the implementation of the sports fields that students like in schools, making the sports fields attractive in schools, increasing the hours of physical education in schools, providing sports spaces and sufficient facilities to schools, preparing programs on radio and television in order to familiarize students with knowledge. Students with the benefits of sports, reducing the rent of gyms, showing successful sports people who did not interfere with their studies, identifying the sports talent of students by parents and coaches, using experienced and tested teachers, and holding counseling sessions for sports coaches and parents. In order to prevent students from hating and practicing sports, it is suggested.

The purpose of this study was to compare emotional investment in the body and social adjustment of male athletes and non-athletes in the second year of elementary school. The research method was descriptive-comparative. The statistical population included male students of the second year of elementary school in Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2020, of whom 206 were selected as a sample by random cluster sampling. To collect data, two questionnaires were used. The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts and their reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.80 and 0.98, respectively. There was a significant difference in the level of emotional investment in the body and social adjustment between the mean scores of athlete- and non-athlete students. In addition, the average score of social adjustment in students who practiced group sports was higher than students who practiced individual sport. The results of this study emphasized the need to use group sports activities for the development of students in terms of family relationships, school relationships, templates, skills, social relationships and attention to the important role of sports in students' perception and feeling, comfort, care and protection of their body.

The purpose of this study was to model the personality and popularity brand on the behavior of sport products consumers. The research method was correlational with the structural equation model approach. The study population included customers of sport stores in Tehran, 384 of whom were selected as a sample using the random-cluster method. To collect data, the Brand Personality Questionnaire of Jones et al. (2009), the Brand Popularity Questionnaire of Kim and Ku (2012), and the Instrumental Purchase Intention et al. (2014) were used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and their reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha above 0.7. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson’s Correlation and SEM were used to analyze the data. The results of the research model showed that brand personality had a significant positive effect on consumer behavior and on brand popularity; and brand popularityhad a significant impact on consumer behavior. Brand popularity also had a mediating role in the relationship between brand personality and consumer behavior. The results of this study emphasized the need for managers to pay attention to attractiveness, uniqueness, dynamics, boldness, simplicity, transparency, value, responsibility, credibility and reliability of the sport brand to achieve new marketing in the sport industry.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of green marketing mixes and mental image on the intention of students to return to sport Olympiads. The research method was correlation with the structural equation model approach. The statistical population included all managers, physical education teachers and high school students in Tehran, 331 of them selected as a sample by random-cluster method. To collect data from 3 questionnaires Ranaei Green Marketing (2012), the mental image of Boo et al (2009) and intention to return Mohammadi (2017) were used. The face and content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and their reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.806, 0.856 and 0.800, respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze. It was found that the green marketing mixes and mental image had a significant positive effect on students 'intention to return to Olympiads and green marketing mixes had a significant positive effect on students' mental image. The results emphasize the need to improve the quality of the Olympiad by moving towards green sport services, green advertising, environmentally friendly sport fields, mental image creating environmental attitudes and suitable environmental space for maximum participation of students in sport Olympiads.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of marketing capabilities on creating competitive advantage for sport clubs in the days of the COVID_ 19 pandemic. The research method was correlation with the SEM approach. The statistical population was the customers of bodybuilding sport clubs in Tehran, of which 411 people were selected by cluster-random sampling. In order to collect data, Atuahene‐Gima (1993) and Porter's Competitive Advantage Questionnaire (2002) were used. In data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency tables and graphs) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and path analysis) were used. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between marketing capabilities and competitive advantage of clubs in the days of the COVID_ 19 pandemic. Also it was found that the marketing capabilities of 76% of the total variance explain the changes in the competitive advantage of sport clubs. The results of this study emphasize the strengthen of indicators such as promotion activities, customer service, distinctive service, marketing research, customer relationship in sport marketing policies in order to achieve competitive advantage in the days of the COVID_ 19 pandemic, especially sustainable and homogeneous competitive advantage.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the amount of sports walking (case study of police force employees).

The statistical population included all the male employees of the Khorasan Razavi police force, of which 384 were selected as a sample by stratified sampling. The Face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha above 0.7. In the data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Friedman's test and t-test were used in SPSS version 26 software.

The results of the research showed that internal motivations and external motivations were recognized as factors driving the participation of police command staff in sports walking. Also, according to psychological-personal factors, not having access to facilities, facilities and facilities and lack of interest were among the factors preventing the participation of police command staff in sports walking.

The results of the current research on the need to strengthen indicators such as strengthening the internal and external motivations of employees, suitable sports facilities and equipment, preparing arrangements for the movement of military forces during work or leisure time, establishing organizational rules, determining rewards, creating social connections, holding competitions. Sports and introduction of selected athletes, holding sports workshops and conferences, examining the psychological and individual issues of employees and using various sports activities in order to make employees interested in sports are emphasized.

 Today, the sport industry is of great economic importance with the growing tendency of people to play sport and the need to consume sport goods and services (Kokolakakis & Gratton, 2019: 51). The quality and quantity of this industry in different countries depends on the scope of production of sport products in that country (Yang et al, 2021: 1). In this regard, brand heritage, nostalgic experience and brand love are key marketing concepts that can play a major role in branding and strengthening the brand. Brand preference is widely used to evaluate the effects of brand equity and indicates a desire to choose and buy a brand (Patil, 2017: 14). Utilizing the potential and hidden value of a brand heritage can be a way to link the past and the present and secure the future (Zhe, Zhu, & Huan., 2020: 179). Nostalgia is also used in marketing; In this way, marketers encourage consumers to travel to the past to buy goods (Kordnaeij, Nejat & shahi., 2019: 41). Therefore, brand preference can be introduced as one of the main explanations of customers' intention to buy. In view of the above, it is necessary in the new era to improve and develop sport marketing with a new look at the role of various factors in this study, the effect of three variables of brand heritage, nostalgic experience and love for sport brand on brand preference and preference has been investigated. Now the question is whether there is a relationship between brand heritage and nostalgic experience with brand preference with the mediating role of brand love .Chen and Zhang (2019) have defined brand preference to the extent that the customer considers the services provided by the current company to be superior to the services provided by other companies (Chen & Zhong, 2019: 1). Akir (1996) first defined brand heritage as part of brand equity (Dion & Mazzalovo, 2016: 5894). Nostalgia is also a recurring experience in all cultures among young and old and a bittersweet experience that includes both feelings of sadness and longing for the past )Sedikides & Wildschut, 2018: 48). Brand love is also defined as the degree of a passionate emotional attachment that a customer is satisfied with a particular brand (Hajibabaei & Esmailpur, 2019: 1). In this regard, Cho and Chiu (2020) in their research concluded that the nostalgia of sport products was a significant and positive relationship with interest, brand equity and brand preference (Cho & Chiu, 2020: 315). In a recent study, Song and Kim (2021) showed that brand heritage directly and indirectly significantly influences customers' intention to buy and choose a brand through brand originality and nostalgic experiences (Song & Kim, 2021: 1). Liebl (2021) also examined the love of the sport brand in the Covid 19 crisis and concluded that brand love leads to a desire to pay more, spread more positive word of mouth and increase loyalty to the sport brand (Liebl, 2021: 65). In internal studies, eshfagh, khodadad hosseini & Mansouri Moayyed concluded that nostalgia variables have a positive and significant effect on tourist satisfaction (Eshfagh, Khodadad Hosseini & Mansouri Moayyed., 2019: 15). Background analysis shows that despite the importance of concepts such as brand preference, brand love, brand heritage and nostalgic experience in the field of branding, so far in the field of research of the country's sport industry, no study has been done on these variables.  

The study was an applied research and was a correlational research based on structural equation modeling which has been conducted in the field. The population included all customers of sports stores in Tehran. 354 of them selected as a sample by a random-cluster method.  4 questionnaires were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and their reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha for all four questionnaires above 0.7. Descriptive statistics were used for data classification and statistical deduction. Pearson tests were used in SPSS software and modeling structures in AMOS software.

Based on the research findings, it is observed that brand heritage has a significant positive effect on love the brand of sport goods (Sig = 0.001, t = 6.454) with an impact factor (β = 0.596). Nostalgic experience has a significant positive effect on love the brand of sport goods (Sig = 0.001, t = 3.170) and the coefficient value (β = 0.310) was obtained. Brand heritage has a significant positive effect on love the brand of sport goods (Sig = 0.001, t = 6.341) with impact factor (β = 0.620). Nostalgic experience has a significant positive effect on brand product preference (Sig = 0.001, t = 3.696) with an impact factor (β = 0.431). Finally, brand love has a significant positive effect on the brand preference of sport goods (Sig = 0.001, t = 4.323) with an impact factor (β = 0.503).

Based on the results of Pearson correlation test, it was observed that there is a significant positive relationship between brand heritage and nostalgic experience and brand love. Sport stores are recommended to do comprehensive research on creating the ideal physical space, music, friendly public relations, Internet and virtual, coloring and lighting, use of appropriate words, and…. In examining the relationship between brand heritage and brand preference, Pearson correlation results also showed that there is a significant positive relationship between these two variables. In addition, based on the research findings, it was observed that nostalgic experience and brand love has a significant positive effect on brand product preference. Considering the effect of brand love on brand preference, it is suggested that store managers take measures such as creating an intimate atmosphere in the store and treating the customer politely, arousing feelings and heart desires in various ways, creating a sense of belonging and brand affiliation. , Positive evaluation and… to increase customer interest.

Today, the subject of sports is an important social phenomenon in all advanced societies. Almost all philosophical schools and religions have commented on sports in some way, and the holy religion of Islam has considered sports in general. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of university sport activities on changing the meaning of Students Religious-Islamic life.

The research method is correlation with SEM and statistical population included students of Mashhad universities, 386 of whom were selected as a sample by random cluster sampling. Two questionnaires were used. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 11 experts and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha above 0.7. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. 

The results showed that the components of sport activities and the meaning of religious-Islamic life before entering the university are in a bad condition. Also, the component of "socialization" and the component of "search" were the most important priorities of the components of sport activities and the meaning of religious-Islamic life after entering the university, respectively.

The results emphasize the need to pay attention to sport activities in order to achieve leisure, socialization, prevention and treatment of diseases, improvement and learning skills, physical fitness and strengthening the meaning of  religious-Islamic life (presence, search).

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the leisure time of students Razavi University of Islamic sciences with emphasis on sport activities.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and in the category of descriptive survey research that conducted in the field. The statistical community included male students of Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, 290 of whom were selected by random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability with using Cronbach's alpha was obtained above 0.7. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as Friedman test, one-sample t-test in SPSS software version 26 were used.

The test results showed that two factors, mental-emotional and hygienic health respectively, have a positive and significant effect on students' satisfaction. Also, the most important factors in exercising were physical health, mental relaxation, feeling of pleasure, physical strength.

The results of this study emphasize the need for reinforcement indicators such as mental-emotional, hygienic health, facilities, scheduling programs, in order to maximize the participation of students in sport activities in their leisure time.

This study aimed to investigate the role of urban management and cultural adoption of public cycling on sustainable urban development.

The research method was correlation by applying structural equation model approach. The statistical population of the research included Tehran's citizens who were the members of the BDOOD system (N=215/409).  Finally, 319 people were selected as the sample using cluster-random sampling.  These participants were studied in a period of 12 months. To collect data, three questionnaires were used.  The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the related experts using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Also, the reliability was obtained above 0.7 using Cronbach's alpha for all three questionnaires. To analysis data, descriptive statistics were used for data classification, and in inferential statistics, Pearson correlation tests were used in SPSS software and structural equation modeling was utilized in AMOS software.

Based on the results, it was found that urban management had a significant positive effect on sustainable development and acculturation of citizens and acculturation on sustainable urban development. It was also observed that citizens' acculturation plays a mediating role in the relationship between urban management and sustainable urban development.

The results emphasize the need to strengthen indicators such as infrastructure, facilities, aesthetics, culture, security, sociability and geographical differentiation in the future policies of citizens' using bicycles in order to achieve the goals of sustainable urban development, especially sustainable environment and urban health

With the spread of the Covid-19 virus, a new way of life was formed with the requirement of general quarantine and forced the students of physical education who were very active and active to stay at home. The aim of the present study was to understand the lived experience of twelfth grade male students of physical education during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The current research was applied in terms of purpose and with an inductive research approach and phenomenological strategy. The statistical population of the research was all experts in the field of education and twelfth grade male students of physical education in Tehran in the academic year of 2019-1400. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 experts and students according to the principle of theoretical saturation. To ensure the validity of things such as accurate selection of samples, simultaneous data collection and analysis, and consistency in methodology by the researcher, compliance and reliability were obtained using the recoding method of 82. In order to analyze the research data, the method of open, axial, and selective coding was used using MAXQDA software version 2020.

In the current research, there are 64 indicators in the form of five categories, including economic factors (household economic conditions and clubs), lifestyle changes (health recommendations, home quarantine experience, sports restrictions, knowledge enhancement and leisure time), preparation Physical and competitive (physical and competitive conditions), psychological (thought obsessions, mood swings) and media and virtual space factors (changes in the conditions of media contact, virtual education and happy program) were identified.

The results of the current research emphasize the need to pay attention to the economic conditions of the household, health recommendations, increasing sports knowledge, maintaining physical conditions, psychological control, and virtual training of sports during the epidemic. In this context, developing a strategic plan for physical activity at home, providing health recommendations, virtual education, new technologies and existing software in the field of exercise during the covid-19 epidemic by the authorities in order to prevent physical inactivity, It is recommended to motivate the students and encourage them to study

Today, the sports industry is known through modern technology, especially in the field of manufacturing sports tools and equipment. The present study uses correlation and applied methodology, which was done in the field using Structural Equations Modeling (SEM). The statistical population included producers of sports products, of which 320 producers from Iran were considered through available sampling. Morris (2002) Standard Entrepreneurial Marketing Questionnaire, Moghimi Market Orientation (2011), Noh and Fitzsimmons Information Technology (1999), and Azizi (2011) Financial Performance Questionnaire were used to collect data. Finally, 292 questionnaires were received physically and electronically. The results showed that entrepreneurial marketing and market orientation had a direct and indirect effect (mediated by technology) on financial performance and they significantly affected the financial performance. Finally, the model had the goodness of fit. In general, manufacturers who adopted a combination of entrepreneurial marketing strategy and information technology had better and more rational financial performance by taking advantage of attractive entrepreneurial opportunities. According to the research results, it is suggested that manufacturers provide the consumers with superior value by paying attention to the market orientation and innovation, to enable the company to achieve a competitive advantage.

This descriptive study sought to investigate the effect of leisure time's perceived risks on the sports tourists’ social happiness during the COVID_ 19 Pandemic using the structural equation model. The study’s statistical population comprised all tourists who used sports tourism complexes in Mashhad, out of whom 381 people were selected via purposive sampling. The required data were collected via Ishraqi et al’ (2017) perceived risks questionnaire and the oxford social happiness scale. The questionnaires’ face and content validities were confirmed by experts, and their construct validity was confirmed via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, the questionnaires’ reliability, obtained through Cronbach's alpha, was found to be over 0.7. As for analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics such as one-sample T-test and structural equation modeling were used. The study’s results indicated a significant difference between the mean perceived risk components, the tourists’ happiness, and the theoretical mean. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between perceived risk components and the tourist's happiness during the COVID_ 19 Pandemic. Therefore, it is emphasized that factors such as supervision, planning, hardware, security, information provision, organizational matters, and internationally recognized methods be considered in setting sports tourism policies to prevent the psychological consequences of COVID_ 19 and achieve perfect social happiness.