sardarnia khalil

The question of this article is what are the most important challenges and limitations of cultural diplomacy between Iran and post-Saddam Iraq from 2003 to 2024? This research has been done with analytical-descriptive method with historical sociological approach to international relations and with library, internet and documentary techniques. The findings of this study showed that Iran has tried using the comprehensive discourse of historical relations with Iraqi Arabs in general and with Shiites in particular based on cultural and religious commonalities and an approach based on resistance against the development and hegemony of trans-regional powers, of course with the cooperation of the Iraqi government. , to create a suitable environment for cultural diplomacy and improving relations between the two nations. However, there have been challenges and obstacles in the way of cultural diplomacy between Iran and Iraq from 2003 to 2024, the most important of which are: the activities and negative role-playing of the American-Saudi media centered on Iran phobia in the region, the activities and destructive actions of Takfiri terrorist groups, especially ISIS. The formation and political-intellectual divisions between the Shiite organizations, especially the Sadr group and the rest of the Shiites, Shiite phobia in the region in the context of geocultural competition between the Shiite Crescent led by Iran and the Sunni bloc led by Saudi Arabia, the activeness of anti-Iranian currents in Iraq and the remnants of the Baath party. Foreign interventions in Iraqi affairs to make the government fragile.

In today’s world, political and civic education is a part of the process of political development and the most important mechanism for citizenship, which plays a key role in establishing national sovereignty and unity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the essence of political education, goals, and ultimately to find the mechanism and method of appropriate political education in Iran. The following paper seeks to answer these two main questions: 1. What is Political Education? 2. What are the goals, mechanisms and requirements for the method of political education in Iran? The paradigm of this research is qualitative. So in order to answer the first question in the framework of a phenomenological approach, by reviewing different perspectives, a general concept of political education is presented and then, in response to the second question, the method of analytic logic or transcendental analysis has been used. Findings of the research indicate that political education is a process by which the legitimacy of sovereignty, lawmaking, discourse, the improvement of life and human flourishing will be done. This requires the creation of democracy, the discourse and the public sphere, by providing individual conditions )1. familiarity with the method of reasoning or logic; 2. familiarity with legal literacy or constitution and citizenship rights) and social conditions )1. freedom of expression and belief; 2. A place to exchange views) in the shadow of education.