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Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in preterm infants is a critical condition often necessitating urgent medical intervention. This meta-analysis assesses the efficacy and safety of combining surfactant with budesonide for treating NRDS in preterm neonates, emphasizing respiratory outcomes.
We performed a systematic review of databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) following PRISMA guidelines from inception to July 30, 2024. Studies comparing budesonide-surfactant combination therapy to surfactant alone in NRDS were included. Respiratory outcomes evaluated included duration of mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), length of hospitalization, and frequency of a second surfactant dose. The outcomes were the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and mortality rates. Data from eligible studies were pooled for meta-analysis using a random-effects model.
Ten articles involving 920 infants in the treatment group and 1167 in the control group were analyzed. The combination therapy significantly reduced mechanical ventilation time, hospitalization duration, and CPAP use and decreased the need for a second surfactant dose. The treatment group also showed significantly lower mortality rates (OR = 0.694, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.927, P < 0.05) and BPD incidence (OR = 0.639, 95% CI: 0.525, 0.778, P < 0.001) compared to controls.
Budesonide-surfactant therapy for NRDS in preterm infants effectively reduces mechanical ventilation time and hospitalization. It also significantly lowers mortality rates, the need for a second surfactant dose, and BPD incidence, indicating its potential for widespread application in NICUs. Further large-scale trials are needed to validate these findings and assess long-term outcomes.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent complication during pregnancy that poses risks to both maternal and fetal health. This study aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between stress and the development of GDM, highlighting how stress-related hormonal fluctuations and behavioral changes—such as increased cortisol levels, inflammation, disrupted sleep patterns, and poor dietary choices—contribute to insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation. We examine the influence of stress on hormonal and lifestyle factors associated with GDM and evaluate interventions that manage stress-related metabolic disturbances. Elevated levels of stress hormones (like cortisol and adrenaline) and inflammatory markers (such as IL-6 and TNF-α) are linked to an increased risk of GDM due to their detrimental effects on insulin sensitivity. Our findings suggest that effective interventions, including mindfulness practices, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and regular physical activity, can reduce cortisol levels and enhance glucose regulation. This underscores the necessity of addressing both the metabolic and psychological dimensions of GDM. Current evidence supports the integration of stress-reduction strategies—such as mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and exercise—into GDM management, as they can improve glycemic control by lowering cortisol and enhancing insulin sensitivity. Recognizing stress as a modifiable risk factor for GDM is crucial for improving maternal and fetal outcomes, emphasizing the importance of incorporating stress management into GDM prevention and treatment protocols.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are among the most prevalent congenital defects observed in neonates, leading to structural and functional abnormalities in the heart. This research examines the prevalence of CHDs and its various subcategories among neonates admitted at Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran, from 2022 to 2023. The study also aims to assess the presence of risk factors among infants diagnosed with CHDs. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, encompassing all neonates diagnosed with CHDs. Echocardiography was conducted to classify the specific type of CHDs, and a questionnaire was administered to the parents of neonates with CHDs to identify potential risk factors. Out of 1149 newborns admitted to the hospital in one year, 29 (2.52%) were diagnosed with CHDs, and 9 of them died from the condition. The prevalence of CHDs and the mortality rate were 2.5% and 0.78%, respectively. The most common defect was atrial septal defect (ASD), affecting 19 newborns (65.5% of cases), and 15 newborns exhibited multiple defects within the subtypes of CHDs. Our research reveals that the incidence of CHDs among newborns in our area was 2.52%, with a mortality rate of 0.78% within a one-year timeframe. More than half of CHD cases were found in offspring of consanguineous unions, suggesting a potential risk factor within the Yazd community, likely linked to the prevalent custom of consanguineous marriages in the region.

Maternal factors like age, existing medical conditions, and exposure to medications/substances during pregnancy are crucial in the development of congenital anomalies. This study aims to investigate maternal risk factors associated with congenital anomalies in newborns in Yazd from 2018 to 2021. This particular research entails a cross-sectional descriptive analysis where the data concerning all live births and their respective mothers from the years 2018 to 2021 in the hospitals situated in Yazd were culled from the database of the National Mother and Newborn Health Registration System affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Over four years, approximately 122,098 mothers' information was recorded in the mother's information registration system. The outcomes about social factors indicated that 1.3% of mothers with limited educational background and 0.62% of educated mothers had newborns with abnormal conditions. The heightened occurrence of newborns with congenital anomalies among mothers with lower educational attainment in comparison to their educated counterparts was deemed statistically significant (P < 0.001). Moreover, mothers under the age of 19 exhibited a 1.2% frequency of abnormalities, a rate significantly surpassing that of other age brackets. The discernment that very young mothers and those with limited education exhibit a higher frequency of abnormalities underscores the necessity for enhanced medical attention and awareness within these specific demographic segments. Nevertheless, further comprehensive inquiries regarding risk factors among mothers and high-risk cohorts are imperative.

Quantitative fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction (QF-PCR) has been widely used by laboratories as a rapid, low-cost, and convenient test compared to conventional karyotyping for detecting the most common aneuploidies for prenatal diagnosis. Although the latter has been considered the gold standard for detection, the debate to use QF-PCR or both methods together continues. We screened the results of QF-PCR and karyotyping to compare their detection rate for the most common aneuploidies. In addition, we aimed to investigate the most informative markers in the Iranian population for aneuploidies.  We screened 741 pregnant women’s amniotic fluid samples with nuchal translucency (NT) ≥2.5 for two years, during which QF-PCR and karyotyping were performed to compare the results. Also, we did a statistical assessment of samples for heterozygosity of 25 short tandem repeats (STR) markers in the Iranian population, which can be applied to find the most informative markers based on the population for each chromosome analyzed in the QF-PCR test. The QF-PCR results were 99.8, consistent with the results of cytogenetic analysis, and just one case could not be detected with QF-PCR due to mosaicism.  Among the evaluated markers in this study, D13S258, D18S51, and D21S1411 had the highest frequency of heterozygosity. QF-PCR could be used as a stand-alone test to reduce the workload and time-consuming of karyotyping, but using both of them could lead us to the most reliable results.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a type of lung development defect that is commonly seen in preterm births. Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant due to immaturity is the principal cause of RDS in premature infants. This study was conducted with the aim of Iranian surfactant (Beraksurf)’s effect in treating RDS in premature neonates. In this study, all infants who were premature and had RDS were included in the study. Also, the infants were examined based on primary and secondary outcomes. Primary outcomes include the duration of need for nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP), number of surfactant administration, and secondary outcomes including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), pneumothorax, and pulmonary hemorrhage. A total of 162 neonates with a mean gestational age of 31.28 ± 2.58 weeks were evaluated. The 120 people (74.1%) used medicine only on the first day, 19 people on other days, and 23 people on the first and second day. Also, 141 children (87.6%) were discharged from the hospital and unfortunately, 20 children (12.4%) died. The prevalence of pneumothorax, BPD, and pulmonary hemorrhage was 1.8%, 1.2%, and 1.2% respectively. Also, 69.7% needed less than five days of mechanical ventilation and 30.2% needed more than 5 days of mechanical ventilation. Considering getting better treatment results from taking Beraksurf, as well as fewer side effects and the fact that this drug is Iranian, and due to its easier access and cheaper price, we can pay more attention to the prescription of this drug.

Congenital anomalies are responsible for a remarkable proportion of disability and mortality in newborns. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the incidence and types of congenital anomalies in newborns born in Yazd hospitals during the years 2016 to 2021. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the data of all live births from 2016 to 2021 in hospitals of Yazd were extracted from the database of the National Mother and Newborn Health Registration System of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. From a total of 151,566 live births during six years, congenital anomalies were seen in 1338 (0.88%) newborns. The most common congenital anomalies involved the cardiovascular system (0.31%), followed by musculoskeletal anomalies (0.16%), gastrointestinal tract (0.14%), and genital system (0.1%), respectively. The incidence increased from 0.63% in 2016 to 1.05% in 2021, with the highest incidence observed in 2020 (1.31%). The incidence of congenital anomalies in Yazd is lower than in most studies in Iran. However, shows an increasing trend over the years which can be due to the improvement of diagnostic methods especially in the case of congenital heart anomalies. However, more extensive studies on maternal risk factors and neonatal outcomes are needed.

Neonatal jaundice is a common clinical problem caused by the deposition of bilirubin in the tissue. Natural products have long been used to treat jaundice, and Iranian medicine can be a good source of natural treatments for this purpose. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of the effect of Cotoneaster, an Iranian herbal medicine, in the treatment of jaundice in neonates.

We investigated every article that evaluated Purgative manna, Cotoneaster manna, or Cotoneaster in the treatment of neonatal jaundice. We searched the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, SciELO, CNKI, and Google Scholar for English articles, and a search was also done in Persian in Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID) published until August 2023.

The exact mechanism of Cotoneaster in reducing jaundice is not known, but the following mechanisms have been suggested .The most common mechanisms include increased urination, increased bile excretion from the liver, and increased defecation, as well as neutralizing the effects of oxidative agents and free radicals.

 Considering that most studies have stated that Cotoneaster combined with phototherapy is effective in treating jaundice and herbal medicines alone cannot treat jaundice. Therefore, identifying the mechanism of Cotoneaster in reducing jaundice can lead to the creation of methods to strengthen its effect. More detailed biochemical and pharmacological studies are needed to understand the mechanism of action of Cotoneaster in reducing neonatal jaundice.

 The aim of this study is to analyze the positive predictive value (PPV) of trisomies 21, 18 and 13 at first and second trimester using amniocentesis for clinical practice.

 : This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which data were extracted from a cohort project of mother and infant conducted between March 2016 and February 2021 among 3110 pregnant women in Yazd city.

 Out of 3110 pregnant women, 84 mothers were at high risk in the screening tests of the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and therefore were candidates for amniocentesis. None of them were detected by the positive amniocentesis method. The mean age of mothers was 33.2 years. The causes of amniocentesis included old age (45.9%), positive results of Down syndrome screening (23%), high NT ultrasound (4.9%), and pathological results of anomaly scan sonography (3.8%).

 In this study, the PPV was zero and the number of false positives in screening tests was 84 (100%). This may be because our population was normal and had no history of genetic abnormalities or other special conditions.

 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is known to be the most common cardiac disorder in fetuses of diabetic mothers, especially when diabetes is not controlled in pregnancy. This study aimed as to estimate the prevalence of HCM in neonates born to diabetic mothers and to evaluate therapeutic interventions with follow-up after six months. We also focused on the possible association of neonatal HCM with the maternal type of diabetes.

 A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2016, and September 2017, in the Cardiac Clinic of Yazd, a city in the center of Iran. The subjects were 150 neonates of mothers with diabetes. We determined HCM through fetal echocardiography before treatment and assessed the maternal and fetal factors. Finally, after a 6-month follow-up period, the data were analyzed statistically.

 According to the results, the prevalence of HCM in neonates of diabetic mothers was 14% (P < 0.0001). The results showed that there is a relationship between maternal uncontrolled diabetes and the incidence of HCM in the infant (P < 0.0001), but there is no relationship between the type of diabetes and the incidence of HCM. Our results also showed that propranolol was effective in improving HCM, and spontaneous recovery of HCM was low in infants.

 We concluded that controlling maternal diabetes has the greatest effect on the prevention of HCM in neonates. Also, neonates of diabetic mothers need more heart tests and follow-ups. Therefore, more studies on the effects of maternal diabetes-induced HCM in neonates are needed.

 The incidence of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. The exact prevalence of GDM in Iran is unknown. This study aimed to identify the incidence of GDM and the risk factors based on a cohort study in Yazd.

 This is a prospective cohort study involving 3110 pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in Yazd, Iran between 2015 and 2020. GDM was diagnosed using an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) for each participant at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Demographic information was collected at enrollment and during pregnancy. The multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for GDM.

 The overall incidence of GDM was 10.93% in this study. The incidence of GDM in the first, second and third trimesters were 5.65, 2.25 and 3.11%, respectively. The mean age of mothers was calculated to be 28.64 ± 5.53 years. By logistic regression, significant factors associated with GDM were age, Preeclampsia, Pregnancy High blood pressure, history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity.

 In this population, the incidence of GDM was 10.93%, which was high. The significant risk factors for GDM were age, BMI, smoking, smoking exposure in the current pregnancy and history of GDM and DM. Also, GDM pregnancies have a higher risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Therefore, considering the high incidence of GDM in Yazd, general screening is highly recommended and more studies are needed in other parts of Yazd province.

There is little data on the mortality rate and severity of COVID-19 infection among pediatrics. This knowledge is particularly significant because pneumonia is the main underlying cause of death in children worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the mortality rate of COVID-19 in the pediatric population in Iran.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the publications was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines to search for COVID-19 child mortality. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Medline databases, and Persian database were searched for publications on pediatric COVID-19 infections published in Iran with a focus on mortality in children with COVID -19 infection in Iran between January 1st to April 30th, 2021. Articles representing at least one Pediatric with and without comorbidities, COVID-19 infection, and informed outcomes were examined.

Eight studies including three case series, and five retrospective cross-sectional studies altogether representing a total of 238 pediatric patients with COVID-19 were included in this meta-analysis. Of this population, 14 patients had died. In this study, the mean age of the study sample was 6.7 years. The mortality rate among children hospitalized with COVID-19 was 9% (95% CI 0.055-0.146). Also, children with comorbidities had a higher risk of COVID-19 related mortality.

Unlike adults, most infected children are asymptomatic and are not usually hospitalized. Children with underlying conditions are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 related mortality than children without underlying illness. More attention should be paid to children with comorbidities and children of young age.

Maternal hyperglycemia is a critical risk factor for congenital heart diseases (CHD). Despite advancements in the medical management of diabetic mothers, the CHD in their infants are still more recurring compared to infants of the general population. The primary purpose of this investigation was to explore the prevalence of CHD in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs). The study was also aimed at investigating possible associations between the types of maternal diabetes with the incidence of CHD in IDMs especially the status of diabetic control.

This cross-sectional study was performed between October 2016 and September 2017, in a Heart Center in Yazd. The cases were comprised of 150 neonates of mothers with diabetes. We determined CHD via fetal echocardiography during the first day of childbirth and estimated the prevalence of CHD in IDMs and its association to control status of diabetes in mothers.

The prevalence of CHD in IDMs was 12.7%. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between maternal uncontrolled diabetes and a high incidence of CHD in IDMs (P ≤ 0.0001), but there was no association between the type of diabetes and the incidence of HCM.

We concluded that controlling maternal diabetes has the greatest effect on the prevention of CHD in neonates. The prevalence of CHD in IDMs was 12.7% which is high that may be due to poor control of diabetes in pregnant women in Iran. Also, neonates of diabetic mothers need more cardiac evaluation tests and follow-ups. Therefore, more studies on the effects of maternal diabetes-induced CHD in neonates are needed.

Jaundice is a common life-threatening disease in the neonates. Several factors play a role in the etiology of jaundice. Sepsis is a possible cause of jaundice after blood group incompatibility. Bacterial infection and jaundice may be associated with higher morbidity. To date there exists no systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated the Prevalence of sepsis in Iranian newborns with jaundice. Thus, in this study we evaluated the prevalence of sepsis among Iranian newborns with jaundice.

A comprehensive literature search in Persian and English was performed on PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Google Scholar, Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID) till July 2021. Data analysis was done by CMA version 2.0 software.

A total of eight publications with 4434 newborns with jaundice out of approximately 105 retrieved articles were selected. 211 neonates had sepsis. Pooled data revealed that the overall prevalence of sepsis among Iranian newborns with jaundice was 4.7% (95% CI 0.041-0.202, P ≤ 0.001) and there was no publication bias.

This study showed that the prevalence of sepsis among Iranian newborns with jaundice was 4.7% and sepsis was a plausible reason of unexplained Hyperbilirubinemia among newborns with jaundice. To better understand the relationship between jaundice and sepsis, more studies with large sample sizes are needed.

Although COVID-19 in pregnant women and their neonates has been verified, its impact on neonates born to infected mothers has remained unclear and there is not enough evidence about how this vertical transmission occurs.

In this case report, we explained that a neonate girl was born to a mother with COVID-19 infection. Our main goal was to focus on the follow-up and outcome of the neonate. The neonate was at GA = 28 weeks who was born by cesarean section due to respiratory distress of her mother. Also on day 18, she experienced recurrent unilateral seizures so the sample of her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined.

The neonate had a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for COVID-19, while this neonate after birth, due to mother’s positive PCR, immediately was isolated from the operating room. The neonate’s nasal sample was positive for more than 18 days. Twenty-six days after birth, the neonate was re-evaluated for clinical laboratories, all of which were normal and she had favorable outcomes.

In our case report despite the neonate was premature and had seizures, she had favorable outcomes because we quickly started treatment and supportive measures. It is recommended; Symptomatic neonates born to infected mothers must be evaluated for COVID-19 to start proper treatment and quarantine. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the outcomes of COVID-19 in neonates and how to minimize the risk of this disease in neonates.

Several numbers of studies have reported that coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in infants and children have shown milder symptoms and a better prognosis than in adult patients. However, there is no sufficient evidence on the effect of cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 in the infant.

Here, we report an infant infected with COVID-19 with the manifestations of dilated myocarditis. The patient was referred to Pediatric Emergency with lethargy and tachypnea. On physical examination, she had holosystolic murmur with grade 3/6. The laboratory examinations showed anemia as well as increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. Due to respiratory distress, she was intubated and put under mechanical ventilation. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a pharyngeal specimen. Finally, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was diagnosed and one day after hospitalization the infant was died due to complications of DCM.

It seems that in the infant with severe underlying disease, even a mild COVID-19 infection, may be lethal. Focal viral myocarditis is a very rare condition described by localized disturbance of the myocardium occurring in ventricular dysfunction with significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, due tothe possibility of cardiac injury in infected neonates with COVID-19 disease and the manifestation of myocarditis, effective measurement is recommended.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) may have serious effects on the course of COVID-19. Limited data were available on CHD in neonates with COVID-19. This study aimed to review the cardiac complications in neonates infected with COVID-19. Some studies showed that myocardial injury in adult patients is often correlated with a fatal outcome. But, scientific evidence in infants is rare, although several reports were published with the description of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 pediatric patients. In these young subjects, a background of surgically treated CHD seems to be a predisposing factor. Numerous studies showed Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-c) is a deadly demonstration of COVID-19 with cardiac involvement. The underlying pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated cardiovascular complications is not fully understood, although direct viral infection of the myocardium, systemic inflammatory response, coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis and hypoxia have been suggested as possible mechanisms of cardiac complications. It seems COVID-19 can affect different parts of the heart; however, the myocardium is more involved. The mechanisms of pathogenesis of cardiovascular implications in adults and infants are similar but CHD and MIS-c in infants are more important. Further studies on the effects of COVID-19 on the neonatal cardiovascular system are needed.

Jaundice is the most common clinical problem among newborns. It could be caused by different factors, including infections such as urinary tract infection (UTI). We investigated the prevalence of UTI in Iranian newborns with jaundice and prolonged jaundice in this study based on a larger sample of existing data.

We searched the databases of PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, CNKI, SciELO, and Google Scholar for English articles, and a search was also done in Persian in Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID) published until July 2021. Data analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 2.0 software.

This study included 19 eligible articles out of approximately 240 retrieved articles. The prevalence of UTIs in neonates with jaundice was estimated by pooling the data from 7416 neonates with jaundice. Of those, 369 cases had UTI. Combined data revealed that the prevalence of UTI in neonates with jaundice was 5.4% (95% CI 0.032-0.089, P ≤ 0.001) and there was no publication bias.

The overall prevalence of UTI in Iranian newborns with jaundice was 5.4%. However, more studies with a large sample size are required for better results. Also our review showed a screening of UTI should be considered for infants with jaundice, especially prolonged jaundice.

Neonatal thrombocytopenia (NT) is a common hemostatic abnormalitiy among newborn in the NICU, which increases with the degree of prematurity. It is well documented that this disease has a large range of feasible etiologies. Prematurity, early and late-onset sepsis and asphyxia are the most usual causes of NT. Moreover, FNAIT is the major risk for intracranial hemorrhage in the fetus or newborn. Here, we reviewed the causes for NT, in both newborns and mothers. We demonstrated the factors associated with NT in the newborn including placental insufficiency, fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), prematurity, sepsis, and asphyxia. The causes of thrombocytopenia in pregnant women and its impact on newborns were also described. This review showed that gestational thrombocytopenia was the most common cause of thrombocytopenia with an incidence of 70-80%, followed by preeclampsia, HELLP and ITP. But neonates born to mothers with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) had a higher risk for NT and hemorrhagic problems. In ITP, neonatal platelets are destroyed by maternal autoantibodies. We reviewed the causes of thrombocytopenia in neonates and mothers in two groups of immune and nonimmune factors. However, it seems that immunological factors are the most severe form of NT. However, it is necessary to separate NT etiology for differential diagnosis.

Dental caries also known as baby bottle tooth decay, is a critical public health problem around the world for which Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) has been introduced as the main infectious etiology. In the past two decades, nanotechnology has permitted the development of new materials with antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to compare the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of three golden nanoparticles (SP, NR, and CS) on S.mutans.

To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), a liquid dilution method was applied.

All golden nanoparticles (GNPs) showed antimicrobial activity with no statistically significant differences (> 0.05) in MIC or MBC.

Our findings revealed that the size and shape of the nanoparticles did not significantly affect the antimicrobial properties of the GNPs. This finding might be useful for achieving important clinical effects with reduced toxicity in the management of early childhood caries in future in vivo studies.

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is one of the major problems of public health globally. The thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) gene is a plasma zymogen that regulates both fibrinolysis and inflammation. Genetic variants within TAFI gene are presumed to be associated with development of RM. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association of TAFI +505A>G polymorphism with RM in Iranian women referred to Meybod Genetic Center.

Fifty women with RM (at least 2 miscarriages) and 50 healthy women with no history of miscarriage or other fertility complications were participated in this study. The TAFI +505A>G polymorphism was genotyped by allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) assay.

The mean age of cases with RM and controls was 27.25 ± 4.31 and 28.42 ± 3.22 years, respectively. The frequency of GG genotype and G allele was 0.00% in patients and controls. There was no significant difference between RM cases and controls in terms of +505A>G genotypes and alleles.

This study results indicated that there was no significant relationship between the TAFI +505A>G polymorphism and RM risk in Iranian women. However, further rigorous, studies with a larger sample size and different ethnicity are necessary to confirm our findings.