seyed ebrahim mosavi

One of the challenges in contract law is the quality of the expression of intent and the conclusion of real estate transactions. Contrary to the principle of autonomy of will and freedom of contracts, which allows the contracting parties to arrange their transactions in any form and quality, real estate transactions are restricted due to considerations of public order and the protection of third-party rights. Consequently, such transactions must be documented in writing and registered. In both Iranian and English legal systems, drafting an official document for real estate transactions is obligatory. However, in Iranian law, an official document refers to a deed prepared in a notary public office and recorded in the property registry, while in English law, an official document must include the identification of the parties, the subject of the transaction, and all agreements drafted in writing, signed by the parties or their legal representatives and two witnesses, and must explicitly state the term "deed." In Iranian law, before the enactment of the law mandating the formal registration of real estate transactions, such contracts were subject to the evidentiary and consensual nature of agreements, as stated in Article 62 of the Permanent Provisions of the Sixth Development Plan, and could be deemed valid if proven in court. However, in English law, if a transaction is concluded without an official document, it is considered void and lacks legal validity, except in cases where the validity of the transaction is established in court based on the principles of estoppel and trust.

As a general rule, the tenant is not liable for any loss or defect in the lease unless there is a breach. Rented? Explaining the situation of such a condition, considering the importance and application of this contract in custom and trust, is considered a lease contract in social relations is very necessary and essential. Some have considered the mentioned condition invalid and invalid due to its opposition to the requirements of the nature of the lease contract, and some have considered it invalid but invalid due to their opposition to the Shari'a and legal norms. It seems that the main essence of the lease agreement is the possession of the leased interest, however, being a guarantor of the tenant is not against the requirements of the lease. However, since the lease agreement is considered as an explicit provision of Articles 493 and 614 of the Civil Code, its validity may be questioned due to the imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties under the said condition.

Damages caused by fine dust as air pollutants are numerous and varied and despite the fact that these fine dusts have destructive and harmful effects on the environment, in the field of domestic law, less attention has been paid by the legislator. The purpose of this study is to investigate the various methods of preventing criminal acts to compensate for the damage caused by fine dust.

The research method is a review study and the use of library resources.

In this study, preventive measures due to dust, law enforcement through administrative authorities (tax office), cases of control and prevention of dust in Iranian law, methods of compensation for dust, conditions of compensable damage, methods of compensation Compensation and methods of guaranteeing the principle of full compensation were examined. Studies have shown that prevention is the golden rule of law in domestic and international law. The use of tax tools and methods of prevention in various legal and criminal laws if effective It is one of the most important tools to control and reduce air pollution. Police and surveillance systems, including "prohibition", "prior authorization" and "prior notification", can be considered in relation to dust damage. the accumulation of the pillars of civil liability of the government means that the government is obliged to compensate the damages and the perpetrator of the damage must be held accountable for his wrongdoing and return to the previous situation under the pretext of exercising his right to act.

In this study, vanadium recovers from an alkaline solution based on the precipitation process and response surface methodology. A white salt ammonium metavanadate was obtained using the ammonium chloride precipitation method. Ammonium chloride was added directly to the alkaline liquor solution and the pH was adjusted approximately between 5 and 7 to form the white salt. The parameters affecting the recovery of vanadium, including the ammonium chloride concentration, the pH and the vanadium concentration in the caustic solution, were examined. The precipitation time had no significant influence on the vanadium recovery. The concentration of vanadium in the caustic solution and the concentration of ammonium chloride used for the precipitation were inversely related. It was found that a high recovery (over 90%) can be achieved with ammonium chloride and vanadium with concentrations over 4% (w/v) or 1000 mg L -1 (in the lye solution). It has also been observed that working in the pH range of 5 to 7 results in over 90% recovery. The influence of the parameters mentioned on the recovery of impurities was examined and the optimal values determined. Ultimately, the maximum vanadium recovery (97.29%) was achieved at the optimal point obtained from the reaction surface methodology.

In this paper, Y-type strontium hxaferrite (Sr2Co2Fe12O22) nanostructure with molar ratio of citric acid to metal nitrats of 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 prepared using a sol-gel of auto-combustion method and then prepared powders were sintering at 1000 ˚C for 3 h. In order to investigate structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of the Sr2Co2Fe12O22 nanostructure, samples have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy field emission (FESEM) , vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and LCR meter methodes. The results of measurements of structur show that Y-type hexaferrite structural in the samples with molar ratios of 1.5 and 2 was completely formed, so that in the sample with molar ratio of 1.5 peaks and its intensity is closer to the standard card. Also, the results of dielectric reveal that by increasing frequency, dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases which indicates that samples could be suitable for use in devices. The results show that the best papered sample is at temperature and time of 1000- 3h, respectively, with citric acid mole ratio of 1.5.