seyed jamaleddin shahtaheri

The purpose of occupational health is to maintain and improve the health of employees and improve their physical, mental and social well-being through the prevention, control and elimination of occupational hazards. It is necessary to integrate educational, research and health service activities to prevent and control potential occupational health hazards in the community. This study aimed to develop a Joint Comprehensive Plan Of Action (JCPOA) for occupational health at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

In this participatory action research, a strategic planning committee was established, whose members were professors of the occupational health department in the school of public health and managers of the occupational health department in the health deputy of TUMS. The strategic planning committee carried out a strategic evaluation of the internal and external environments of both occupational health deprtments of TUMS and identified the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then, the strategic direction of JCPOA including the vision, mission, values, goals and objectives was determined. Also, the strategies and actions to achieve the goals and objectives were identified. Finally, the action plan to achieve these objectives was developed.

This applied research led to the strategic evaluation of the internal and external environments of the occupational health depratment of the School of Public Health and the occupational health depratment of the Health deputy of TUMS, determining the strategic direction, and finally, developing an action plan to achieve the goals and objectives.

The JCPOA for occupational health was developed using a collaborative and systemic approach. The proper implementation of this plan can lead to the improvement of occupational health indicators in the community. Cooperation between university and industry is necessary for the sustainable development of society.

The present study seeks to help the experts and specialists by investigating documents relevant to the harmful chemical compounds and toxic substances used in the production processes of a few novel industries so that, the information gap is identified by recognizing such toxicants and taking steps to fill such gap.

By making the use of keywords related to the objective of the study (keywords such as toxicity, modern toxicity, modern industries (MIs), new toxins, modern/new chemical compounds), the indexed articles were searched from 2000 to 2022 in ProQuest, Science Direct, Pub Med, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases aiming at access to the toxic compounds in several MIs. In this study, out of 116 articles searched as full text and following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 46 articles were wholly selected.

According to the results, the issues include the nanotechnology industry (silver-nanoparticles, gold-nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, zinc-oxide, cerium-dioxide, and iron-oxide nanoparticles), nuclear technology (cobalt [60 Co and 58 Co], uranium [235U], and plutonium [Pu4+]), semiconductor industries (arsenic compounds, phosphorus, dopants, acids, photoactive compounds, etc.), liquid crystal display industries (indium compounds and indium tin oxide), pharmaceutical and medical (cytotoxic and platinum-based drugs), modern dentistry (resins, silica-nanofillers, barium-glass, and beryllium compounds), as well as the MIs involved in silica, nickel, and dioxin nanoparticles, were documented and discussed.

Developing MIs and equipping the traditional industries with new technologies have confronted humankind with different chemicals and toxins resulting from producing and using products that require attention, study, and research. It is hoped that the present review study will pave the way for extensive studies on occupational health and toxicology in MIs.

Chemicals are necessary for many economic activities and daily life. However, they can create noxious effects on individuals. It is required more attention to human (worker) health on the route of attainment of sustainable development. The present study reviews the studies done in the field of the effect of toxicants on workers' health. Also, the study investigated the role of toxicology in ensuring sustainable development.

This study has systematically reviewed articles from 2010 to 2020 in PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus and SID. Keywords of MeSH and non- MeSH related to the aim of the present study were searched in English and Persian languages. Also, the investigations were updated to 2022. Finally, 32 articles were investigated in this study.

Studied articles had been carried out in the developed countries (62.5%), developing countries (34.38%), and the least developed country (3.12%). The chemicals were subdivided into four groups of chemicals: solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, and other chemicals. The effects were observed in the exposure to solvents (9 articles), pesticides (8 articles), heavy metals (6 articles), others (9 articles). Also, the studies included population-based case-control, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort.

A wide range of individuals have an exposure to the effects of chemicals. A strong relationship has been observed between occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, herbicides, and organophosphates to adverse effects. More awareness of decision-makers and employers on the effects of toxicants or hazardous chemicals can control, help prevent effects, and also achieve sustainable development.

Occupational accidents made injuries in different parts of the body; two important parts of them are head and neck. We aimed to identify the risk factors of work-related head and neck injuries with using of a nationwide occupational accident data.

This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on the nationwide data that was gathered in 2013-2018. The target population was industrialized and non-industrialized adults, aged 18 yr or older. Dependent variable was the head and neck injuries. The independent variables were included, age, sex, education level, work experience, job, shift work, injury cause, referred center, season, accident day, accident time, and action after accident. Univariate logistic regression analyses and subsequently, a multivariate logistic regression model was used for analysis.

Out of the 17066 injured workers, 4072 (23.86%) subjects had head and neck injuries. The results of multivariate logistic regressions model showed, age ranges 30-39 (OR = 1.218; 95% CI: 1.036,1.433; P= 0.017), 40-49 (OR = 1.313; 95% CI: 1.044,1.652; P= 0.020), and >= 60 (OR=1.620; 95%CI: 1.028,2.553; P=0.038) and having male sex (OR = 1.657; 95% CI: 1.075,2.555; P= 0.022) were final work-related risk factors of head and neck injuries in Iran. Also winter season (OR = 1.212; 95% CI: 1.00,1.469; P= 0.050) could increase the head and neck injuries odds.

Older workers in Iran are more vulnerable against the occupational head and neck injuries. Moreover, having male sex was other risk factor of the head and neck injuries.

Universities play a key role in creating a knowledge-based society and its sustainable development. Strategic planning by strategically analyses internal and external environments of the organization, forecast its future, identifying its strategic direction, and strengthening organizational structures, processes, and outcomes, creates and sustains competitive advantages. This study aimed to formulate a strategic plan for the Occupational Health Engineering (OHE) department of School of Public Health (SPH) at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

In this participatory action research, a strategic planning committee was formed. The strategic planning committee used the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) matrix to evaluate the internal and external environments of the OHE department. Then, the mission, vision, values, goals and objectives of the OHE department were defined. Finally, the operational plan including actions to achieve the goals and objectives were formulated.

Experienced professors and staff, specialized laboratories, professional journals, and high ranked postgraduate students were the most important strengths; and theoretical and non-practical courses, lack of educational protocols, poor communication with industries, lack of resources, and low motivation of employees were some of the weaknesses of the OHE department.  The support of senior managers of TUMS, industry liaison council at school and university, facilities of the university faculties, comprehensive research laboratories of the university, capacities of the private sector and increasing the demand for research in the industry were the opportunities. High inflation, political sanctions, the absence of consulting engineering companies and the uncertainty of research priorities of industries were important threats to the OHE department. Therefore, the OHE department is in a conservative strategic position. The strategic direction of the department, including the mission, vision, values and goals, until 2025 was determined. Improving the structures, working processes and performance of the occupational health department were determined as objectives and 81 actions were formulated to achieve these objectives.

The educational departments, schools and universities must have a strategic plan for progress. The strategic plan of the occupational health department of TUMS was formulated in line with the four-year plan of the university and coordinated with the operational plans of the educational, health and research deputies of TUMS and school of public Health. Proper implementation of this comprehensive and evidence-based strategic plan will improve the performance of the occupational health department.

Although aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3-NPs) are the most widely used nanomaterials, limited studies have been reported on their toxicology. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the potential toxicity of aluminum oxide (alumina) nanoparticles and the protective role of aqueous extract of wormwood plant on nanomaterial-induced disorders in the lung of rats.

Here, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Next, the rats were first exposed to 200 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of wormwood plant (by gavage) for 15 days and then received a dose of 30 mg/kg of aluminum oxide nanoparticles as an intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Furthermore, various features of clinical signs, body weight, biochemical parameters, gene expression changes, lung weight ratio, histopathological observations, and metal content in lung tissue were evaluated during the experiment. Eventually, the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Tukey’s range test were employed to analyze and compare the mean of the data.

The results revealed that aluminum oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 30 mg/kg body weight led to changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, e.g., T-SOD, CAT, GPx, and TAC, lipid peroxidation, and iNOS for exposed rats. Also, the above biochemical disorders were associated with altered expression of oxidative stress-related genes (HO-1, MT-1) and histological changes in the lung tissue. On the other hand, simultaneous intake of aqueous extract of wormwood plant and aluminum oxide nanoparticles in rats significantly improved the studied parameters (p <0.05).

Our findings showed that the γ-Al2O3 NPs were more toxic than α-Al2O3 NPs, which can be attributed to changes related to their size and shape characteristics. Also, it was observed that the wormwood plant could play a protective role against aluminum oxide nanoparticles-induced pulmonary toxicity in rats.

Toluene is considered as a group of chemical contaminants, causing problems for people’s health. Due to the high rate of evaporation and rapid emission in the surrounding environment, it leads to the exposure of many employees and people at risk and, subsequently, its irreparable effects on their health in different jobs. Therefore, its removal is very important. In the present study, this contaminant was removed using the copper metal-organic framework (MOF) under different operating conditions. 

In this study, the copper MOF was synthesized using the one-pot and in situ method. Physical and morphological properties of the adsorbent were investigated using BET, XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques. The efficiency of the adsorbent in removing toluene from the air stream under the dynamic adsorption system was investigated by examining the effect of the variables of adsorbent mass, pollutant concentration and humidity. Isotherm, thermodynamics and kinetics equations were used to evaluate the data.

The results of experiments determining the properties of the metal-organic framework showed the formation of pure Cu-BDC crystals with mean and particle size distribution of 1.95 nm. The specific surface area calculated by the BET method for the mentioned sample was 686 m2 g-1 and the total volume of structural pores was 0.335 g3 cm3. The presence of micropores increased the dynamic adsorption capacity of toluene. The findings follow the Langmuir isotherm model and the Pseudo-second order kinetic model. Based on the results of thermodynamic studies, entropy change (ΔS°) and enthalpy change (ΔH°) were equal to -0.44 kJ mol-1 K-1 and -15.67 kJ mol-1, respectively. Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) was also calculated negatively, indicating that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The regeneration of the adsorbent was 77% after three cycles.

According to the results of this study, the microporous copper MOF can be used as a result of cheapness, high access, high adsorption capacity and appropriate regeneration rate in different operating conditions for adsorption of toluene.

Recently, the growing attention of the scientific community has been focused on the threat to health created by environmental pollutants, including pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), and on the need of finding effective ways to treat and prevent the unfavorable health effects of exposure to them. Particularly promising for CPF, and thus arousing the greatest interest, is the possibility of using various ingredients present in plants, including mainly polyphenol compounds. As the liver is one of the organs for this pesticide and disturbances in the proper functioning of this organ have serious consequences for health, the aim of the present review was to discuss the possibility of using polyphenol‐rich food products as the strategy for the protection against this xenobiotic hepatotoxicity and treatment of this pesticide‐induced liver damage.

A comprehensive search was performed in various databases using specific keywords such as "biologically active compounds", "antioxidants", "Chlorpyrifos/CPF", "environmental exposure", "health effects", "hepatotoxicity", "liver damage", "mechanisms of Chlorpyrifos/CPF action", "oxidative stress", "preventive strategies", "polyphenols", "protection", "risk for health", and "treatment".

Due to the ability and the strong antioxidative potential of polyphenols, as well as their abundance in dietary products, it seems to be of high importance to consider the possibility of using polyphenols as potential preventive and therapeutic agents against CPF hepatotoxicity, determined by its strong pro‐oxidative properties. Although most of the data on the effectiveness of polyphenols comes from studies in animals, the fact that some of them are derived from experimental models reflecting human exposure to this pesticide allows us to assume that some polyphenol food products may be promising protective effect against CPF hepatotoxicity in humans.

Chlorpyrifos is a worldwide used organophosphorus pesticide. In addition to controlling the cholinesterase enzyme, this toxicant also theatres significant role in oxidative stress and augmented oxidants.  Whereas, extracted rosemary is an antioxidant and plays a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the object of this study was to investigate the reduction of liver damage caused by chlorpyrifos through the effect of rosemary extract on the oxidative stress of this pesticide.                      

Methods and Materials:

 In this study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. The animals (Rats)were randomly divided into five groups, each group containing six rats for further comparison; Group І: served as control, Group П: the Chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg / kg single dose), Group Ш: the group exposed to Rosemary extract (100 mg / kg), Group ІV: the exposure group with the toxicant (13.5 mg / kg dose) and Rosemary (100 mg / kg concentration), Group V: simultaneous exposure of toxicant and rosemary (200 mg / kg oral dose). After 30 days, the Rats were weighed, killed and the liver tissue was histologically examined and changes in MDA and GPx were reviewed.

The results of statistical tests showed that Chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the liver tissue and altered the activity of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde compared to the control group, as well as the simultaneous exposure to CPF and rosemary extract can significantly make modifications to GPx and MDA levels and mitigate the CPF damage.

According to the results, rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by Chlorpyrifos and this plant can be used to treat poisoning caused by this toxic pesticide.

A hand-held portable direct-reading monitor, including photoionization detector (PID) is renowned for its good sensitivity, considerable dynamic range, and nondestructive vapor detection ability in comparison to the tardy response of the PID in gas chromatography (GC), which its application has been restricted. In this study, the performance of a PID system (MultiRAE Lite) was evaluated as a replacement of GC in the measurement of toluene in a dynamic adsorption system.

The test was done at different relative humidity levels (30%, 50%, and 80%), temperatures (21, 30, 40°C), and toluene concentrations (20, 100, 200, and 400 ppm).

The PID achieved 48% of all measurements meeting the comparison criterion. The results showed that the performance of the PID could be altered by the variables. The best performance of the PID was at temperature of 21°C, the relative humidity of 50%, and concentration of 200 ppm with the percentage of readings achieving the criterion of comparison to 58%, 54%, and 52%, respectively. The averages of the PID readings (mean ± SD at 200 ppm= 207.9 ± 8.7) were higher than the reference method measurements averages (mean ± SD at 200 ppm= 203.5 ± 5.8). The regression analysis of the toluene results from the PID and the reference method results indicated that the measurements were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.93).

According to the results, the device response is linear. Therefore, the findings are acceptable in adsorption studies. In this way, the measurement of the sample concentration should be performed using the same instrument before and after the reactor in order to calculate the adsorption efficiency.

Pesticides are among the broadest chemical compounds used in the world and are also considered as the most dangerous compounds for living organisms. Although pesticides have significant impact on improving agricultural and food products, the processes of their production, formulation, storage, transportation, and marketing as well as the extensive use of these materials lead to occupational exposure, environmental pollution, and the presence of their residues in foodstuffs. Bentazon as a herbicide is considered as one of the most common pesticides used in agriculture and horticulture. Its effects on human health are widespread and of concern. Occupational and environmental exposure assessment of this compound is, therefore, considered necessary by conducting accurate and valid methods. The purpose of the present study was to synthesize a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) as a specific adsorbent in the preparation process of bentazon for its selective analysis in biological matrices.

For synthesis, a precipitation polymerization method was used. This method has been used to prepare particle size distribution and shape appropriately. By applying the aforementioned method, nano particle size is obtained within the sub-micron and nano range. So, crushing and sieving of the sorbent is not necessary. The MIP was synthesized with 1: 4: 30 ratio of template molecule (bentazone): functional monomer (methacrylic acid): cross-linking monomer (ethylene glycol di methacrylate), respectively. Due to particle size and high porosity, the sorption and recovery of template compound was performed faster and with higher efficiency. Some variables affecting the efficiency of MIP for sorption and desorption of analyte were investigated and optimized. They included pH of solution, MIP amount (mg), and sonication time (min) in the sorption step and volume of eluent (ml), sonication time (s), and acid percentage in the desorption step.

The optimum levels of factors for the proposed method were pH of solution: 2، sonication time for sorption 7.3 min, polymer amount of 30.814 mg, acid percentage 1.1, and sonication time for desorption 165 s. According to the obtained results, the interfering factors in the matrix have no significant effect on the determination of analyte. The limit of detection (LOD) and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the optimized method were 0.79.ppb and 2.8931 %, respectively.

The results of this study indicated that the proposed method can be used to extract the bentazon herbicide from complex matrices such as urine samples with high efficiency and selectivity.

Perpetration of samples is one of the most important stages needed for trace residue analysis of biological specimens when human exposure assessment is required. The samples preparation process makes the analyte get more purified and enriched as well as more compatible to the analysis instrument systems. The present study has concentrated on a systematic review of different articles published regarding the sample preparation methodologies of human biological samples.

In this systematic review, all articles related to the development of sample preparation for trace residue analysis of heavy metals in occupational biological samples published in English during 2009-2019, were considered. To meet the desired objective of the current study and facilitate the  related articles on physiochemical sample preparation methods accessibility combined keywords of Mesh and non-Mesh, without any limitation in the type of studies, the Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus were considered to be searched. Noteworthy, in this study, only the articles related to the workers’ biological samples were reviewed.

Based on the obtained results, after reviewing of the keywords trough websites, 2964 articles were identified. Then, the redundant papers were removed and59 articles were remained, based on their titles and abstracts,. After detailed review of selected articles, regarding the study criteria, 8 articles were selected for the final systematic review.  Five articles out of 8, (62.5%) were allocated to the development of sample preparation for mercury in biological samples. It is worth mentioning that the majority of biological samples were regarded to the urine samples (75%) in the current study. Based on the obtained results, Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), applied in 37.5% of studies, was a popular method used in sample preparation.

The development of sample preparation approaches indicates a great promise for specified methods with low costs and less extraction time when separating different heavy metals from complex matrices. These sample preparation and preconcentration techniques ease the analyses processes and provide the quantitative recoveries, higher sensitivity, and lower detection limits.

Pyrethroid including deltamethrin are one of the most common insecticides that are used extensively in agriculture and control of insects. Oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms of pesticides toxicity. Many plants contain high levels of antioxidants that can counteract and remove the free radicals. The current study was performed to assess the adverse effect and oxidative stress of deltamethrin on kidney organs in male rats and to evaluate the protective role of Salvia officinalis extract in alleviating the detrimental effect of  This toxicant.

Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of six. Group I control, group II received deltamethrin (15mg/kg), group III received both deltamethrin (15mg/kg) and Salvia officinalis extract (100mg/kg), group IV received both deltamethrin (15mg/kg) and Salvia officinalis extract (200mg/kg) and group V received Salvia officinalis extract. The treatment was extending for one month for all groups and after that the kidney tissues were collected for further analysis.

The results showed that Salvia extract reduces the toxic effects of deltamethrin. Salvia extract significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and improved glutathione peroxidase activity. The results of kidney tissue pathology also confirm Salviachr('39')s protective effect.

The protective effect of Salvia extract can be due to phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, which can be used as an effective factor in the prevention and improvement of the toxic effects of deltamethrin.

Nickel (Ni) compounds are used as pigments in ceramic glazes.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 49 ceramic workers occupationally exposed to nickel and 55 office workers without a history of occupational exposure to nickel (reference group). Urine samples were collected from 49 workers at both pre- and post-shift (98 samples). The reference group was examined only once (55 samples). Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for sample preparation. Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).Information about smoking habits, overtime work, work history, skin dermatitis, kind of job, using mask, ventilation system, age, weight, and height was collected through questionnaires. The lung function tests were performed on each reference and exposed group by vitalograph spirometer. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the data.

The data demonstrated that Ni concentration in the exposed workers was significantly higher than that in the reference group. Parameters of pulmonary function in the exposed group were significantly lower than those of the reference group (P <0.001). Those using the mask also exhibited a significantly lower Ni concentration than those not using mask.

These findings indicate that exposure to Ni is associated with significant decrements in the pulmonary function parameters.

Nowadays, there are increasing concerns about pesticides occupational and environmental adverse effects despite the wide use. Therefore, it is very important to develop reliable methods for pesticides detection, extraction, and quantification in different samples. This study was aimed to develop an electrochemical Nano-composite sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for selective determination of pesticides. The MIPs and non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) for diazinon and dicloran pesticides synthesized and were used in the composition of the carbon paste electrode. The square wave voltammetry (SWV) differential technique based on a fractional 28 factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of variables on the sensor response. The results of MIP-CP electrodes showed very high recognition abilities compared to the NIP-CP. The linear ranges for diazinon and dicloran were obtained 5×10-10 to 1×10-6, 1×10-9 to 1×10-6 mol L-1, and detection limits were 2.7×10-10 and 4.1×10-10 mol L-1, respectively. Modified sensors were provided the prominent selectivity and sensitivity for quantification of pesticides in urine and water real samples considering optimized conditions. Therefore, the special sample pre-treatment wasn’t required prior to the analysis process. The experimental design was verified the existence of interaction between factors. Consequently, the variables including square wave frequency, square wave amplitude, and deposition potential were indicated more significant effects on the sensor response than the other factors. It can be concluded that the interaction evaluation between variables is very important to look for the optimum conditions for pesticides analysis using voltammetric sensors.

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture around the world. Among the most widely used pesticides are Pyrethroids. Pyrethroids are synthetically derived from the pyrethrins and are naturally derived from the plant Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Synthetic pyrethroids have high insecticidal power as well as low toxicity to birds and mammals. Deltamethrin is one of the most commonly used Pyrethroid around the world. This toxin is one of the world-famous insecticides to protect agricultural products, vegetables and fruits against insects and pests. Along with the global spread and use of pyrethroids, their contamination and toxicity has become a problem. Since the use of organophosphate insecticides has been banned, the use of pyrethroids has increased. Human exposure to pesticides occurs occupationally through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion, and in the environment through contaminated food. Due to the nature of lipophilicity and the widespread use of pyrethroid insecticides such as deltamethrin, these pesticides accumulate in tissue, food and the environment and cause adverse effects on human health. Initially, it was thought that deltamethrin has the lowest toxicity in mammals, although number of studies have reported that deltamethrin causes severe toxicity in mammalian and non-mammalian organs. Oxidative stress is one of the most deltamethrin toxicity mechanisms. Many studies have shown that pyrethroids are rapidly metabolized in mammals and cause liver, kidney and brain damage through oxidative stress. According to many studies, it has been shown that the liver, due to its role, is the main source of accumulation of high concentrations of deltamethrin metabolites. Deltamethrin has been shown to cause cell death and the production of reactive oxygen species in major liver cells . Also the kidney plays a very important role in regulating homeostasis of the body and removing foreign matter (including pesticides) from the body. Therefore, chronic and acute kidney damages are considered a significant risk to the community. Because of the metabolites derived from deltamethrin play an important role in the development of deltamethrin toxicity, the metabolism of deltamethrin and its metabolites is an important issue. The major metabolites of deltamethrin include 2 ′, 4′- and 5-OH-deltamethrin, the trans-methyl group and the ester separation metabolite which have been identified through radiocarbon analysis within a living organism. Reports from previous studies indicate that the metabolites 2′-OH-deltamethrin and 4′-OH-deltamethrin from deltamethrin are more toxic than deltamethrin in human stem cells. The body has various mechanisms to deal with the damage caused by free radicals. The main mechanism of the body in this regard is the antioxidant defense system. The term antioxidant refers to any substance that delays or prevents oxidative damage to target molecules. Antioxidant status of the body is related to the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase. Many studies have reported that deltamethrin directly causes oxidative stress by upsetting the oxidative balance and antioxidant status of the body.Medicinal plants have been shown to play an important role in protecting peoplechr('39')s health against the potential risk from chemicals such as pesticides .Natural plant extracts provide better antioxidant activity than synthetic uses for food, cosmetics and medicine. The use of synthetic antioxidants has declined due to the increased risk of carcinogenesis and the lack of consumer acceptance of synthetic food additives. Improving the antioxidant system through treatment with natural antioxidants can be effective in preventing damage. The purpose of this review is to investigate the protective effect of different plant extracts against the oxidative stress associated with deltamethrin in the liver and kidney tissues.

the bibliographic databases such as PubMed – Google scholar – Web of science – Scopus were used to find articles focusing on the effect of antioxidant compounds on deltamethrin toxin. The keywords Deltamethrin, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant, Polyphenol, Liver, Kidney were used to search these bibliographic databases. The search was conducted among articles published between 1980 and 2019 articles such as letters to the editor, conference papers, and reports were excluded. Then, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the review process, screening and elimination of duplicate and irrelevant information were performed. In addition, data retrieval was performed and after extracting the full text of articles, data were extracted. In this study, initially, the various antioxidants used to reduce and neutralize oxidative stress caused by deltamethrin are briefly reviewed and then the effect of plant antioxidants in reducing oxidative stress caused by deltamethrin in liver and kidney tissues is investigated.

In the initial searches, all articles related to the subject under review were collected. Based on the criteria, completely related articles were finally included in this review study. The search was conducted among articles published between 1980 and 2019. According to studies on the extracts of various plants, it seems that the extracts of plants such as garlic, Trigonella foenum graecum, Globularia alypum, Amaranthus spinosus as well as olive oil and Artemisia campestris oil have protective effects against toxicity and oxidative stress caused by deltamethrin in the kidneys and liver. Ingredients of plant extracts such as Ocimum basilicum, Oat oil, Moringa Tea and turmeric improve and reduce the toxic effects of deltamethrin in the liver and kidneys. These effects are due to the presence of sources rich of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of these plants.

Based on the studies on plants extract, they are able to reduce the oxidative stress level and restore the damages caused by deltamethrin due to their antioxidant properties and the content of polyphenolic compounds.

Air pollution have led to severe problem of adverse health effect in the world. This study aimed to conduct the health risk assessment, cancer risk analysis, and non-cancer risk for exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in petrochemical industry.

In this cross-sectional research, 123 samples were collected in the ambient air in Iran during winter 2016. For sampling and analysis of VOCs and H2S, 3 methods (numbers 1500, 1501, and 6013) presented by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) were used. For determination of risk assessment of chemical pollutants, semi-quantitative method presented by the Occupational Safety and Health Division, Singapore was used. Finally, for calculation of cancer risk analysis, Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and calculation of non-cancer risk, Exposure Concentration (EC) were used.

Average concentration of benzene (2.12±0.95) in breathing zone of workers were higher than the Threshold Limit Values-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) (P<0.05). Among chemical substance, benzene had very high rank of risk in petrochemical industry. Rank of risk for H2S, toluene, and xylene present in the breathing zone of workers was low. The mean cancer risk for workers exposed to benzene was estimated 8.78×10-3, in other words, 8.7 cancer per 1000 i.e. higher than the acceptable standard of 10-6. In our study, non-cancer risk for BTX was higher than the acceptable standard of 1.

In particular, overall cancer and toxic risk can be associated with long term exposure to benzene.

 Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that can produce reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress in the kidney. On the other hand, rosemary extract is an antioxidant playing a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in rat kidney due to the exposure to chlorpyrifos and to assess the antioxidant effect of two concentrations of 100 and 200 mg / kg rosemary extract on the nephrotoxicity caused by this pesticide.

 In the current study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. They were randomly divided into five groups and selected as the study groups, each group including six rats  for further comparison. They were as following groupd: Group І: served as control (received dissilated water, i.p) , Group П: the chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.), Group Ш: the group exposed  to rosemary extract (100 mg / kg) by gavage, Group ІV: the exposure group with rosemary 100 mg / kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.) and Group V: simultaneous exposure of rosemary 200 mg / kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.). After 2 and 4 weeks, the rats were weighed and killed. A section of kidney tissue was examined for changes of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and another section was tested for histopathological alterations.

 The results showed that chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the kidney tissue and altered the activity of GPx and MDA compared to the control group, as well as it damaged the kidney tissue. Moreover, the simultaneous exposure to chlorpyrifos and rosemary extract with concentration of 100 mg/kg significantly made modifications to the MDA and GPx levels. In addition, with the increasing of rosemary doses from 100 to 200 mg / kg, changes in the levels of MDA and GPx were closer to those of the control group.

 The rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by chlorpyrifos and, therefore, can be used to treat the poisoning caused by this pesticide.

Chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin are organophosphorus and pyrethroid agents respectively, which can produce reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. On the other hand, Rosemary and Salvia extracts contain antioxidants that play a protective role against free radicals. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the reduction effect of Rosemary and Salvia extract on the oxidative damage caused by the exposure to chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin.

A total of 54 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200-220 g were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into nine groups (six rats in each group). The rats were weighed and sacrificed after 30 consecutive days of exposure, and serum samples were collected to examine the changes of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase.

Results of statistical tests showed that chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin significantly changed the levels of glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde in the exposed rat serums, compared to those in the control group. Moreover, simultaneous exposure to chlorpyrifos with Rosemary extract and deltamethrin with Salvia extract significantly decreased the levels of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde and reduced the damage caused by these toxicants.

According to the obtained results of this study, Rosemary and Salvia extracts can reduce the oxidative stress induced by chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin in Wistar rats. In addition, these extracts can be used to mitigate the consequences of poisoning caused by the pesticides of interest.

Cytotoxic drugs are a group of chemicals that raise concerns over the health of healthcare professionals. Therefore, accurate methods are needed to investigate the traces of these drugs. This study was done to fabricate and optimize molecularly imprinted membrane as a specific absorbent in assessment of occupational exposure to 5-fluorouracil.

5-FU molecularly imprinted microspheres were produced by precipitation polymerization and encapsulated into nanofibers using electrospinning. Optimization of electrospinning parameters (MIP value, electrospinning voltage, the distance between needle tip to collector, and flow rate) was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) and Experimental design software. Totally, 22 trials were done on the basis of study design.  The diameter of the fiber was measured using SEM image analysis. The applicability of the synthesized membranes in absorbing 5-FU was evaluated.

In this study, MIP particles were successfully encapsulated into PET nanofibers. The optimization process showed that the molecularly imprinted nanofibers diameter of 276.38 nm could be obtained in 57%W MIP, 25 kV, 13 cm, and 0.55 ml/h. The efficacy of extracting 5-FU by synthesized membranes was 97.2±0.34.

The experimental models presented in this study can be used in further experiments to create a uniform molecularly imprinted nanofibers for specific analyte absorption in occupational and environmental monitoring.

Deltamethrin is one of the major pesticides used in agriculture to control pests. Oxidative stress is one of the deltamethrin toxicity mechanisms. Different antioxidants have been investigated to deal with the oxidative damage of toxic substances. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Salvia officinalis extract against deltamethrin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

In an experimental study, 30 Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6 per group); group I was the control, group II received deltamethrin (15 mg/kg), group III received both deltamethrin (15 mg/kg) and  S. officinalis extract (100 mg/kg), group IV received both deltamethrin (15 mg/kg) and S. officinalis extract (200 mg/kg), and group V received merely S. officinalis extract. After 30 consecutive days, liver tissues were evaluated for the levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase levels and histopathological changes.

According to findings, Salvia extract could considerably reduce malondialdehyde levels, improve the glutathione peroxidase activity, and reduce the liver damage caused by deltamethrin.

S. officinalis extract showed antioxidant properties and reduced the toxic effects of deltamethrin, so, it can be used as a strong antioxidant in preventing and improving the effects of deltamethrin.

Along with the extensive production and use of various pesticides for controlling pests and enhancing the production of agricultural crops, there is a growing concern about the adverse effects of these toxic materials on human health. Therefore, the development of sensitive, selective, and accurate methods for continuous assessment of pesticides concentration in occupational and environmental fields and comparing them with national and international standards is of great importance. This study was aimed at synthesis and application of molecularly imprinted polymer as a selective sorbent for residue determination of two pyrethroid isomers in biological samples.  

The MIP particles were prepared by a non-covalent approach using permethrin as a template, chloroform as progen solvent, methacrylic acid as functional monomer and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker, at 55 °C for 18 hours in an oil bath. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology and size of polymer particles. Afterward, the critical parameters, which could affect the recognition properties of synthesized MIP, were investigated and optimized under the selected operational ranges for the highest adsorption and recycling yield in solid-phase extraction of permethrin in biological samples

using precipitation polymerization technique, uniform and spherical particles with the nano-ranged diameter (less than 21.2 nanometers) were obtained. Under the optimized condition, the designed molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) technique exhibited great potential for the extraction of pesticide isomers in the real sample. More than 93 % of the recovery obtained from spiked urine samples. The linear calibration curve was obtained from 20-120 μg.L-1 (R2=0.99) and the detection limit was less than 6 ppb for both isomers. The presence of interferences had no effect on the selectivity of the method up to 100-fold.

employing the molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction method along with the high-performance liquid chromatography technique resulted in a selective and sensitive approach, suitable for quantitative monitoring of the desired pesticide in complex biological samples.

Selecting an effective sample preparation method to measure target pesticides in biological matrices is a serious challenge for researchers. This study aimed to optimize the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique to obtain a simple, valid, and fast method with high efficiency to detect chlorpyrifos in urine samples.

DLLME, coupled with high performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultra violet detector, was used to extract chlorpyrifos pesticide in human urine samples. Different affecting parameters on the efficiency of the method were optimized using one factor at a time method.

The limit of detection and enrichment factor of the method was 0.5 and 230 µg L-1, respectively. Linear calibration curve with 1-500 µg L-1 concentration range was used. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 6 replicate experiments at the concentration of 200 µg L-1 was less than 5%. The relative recoveries of spiked urine samples were 96.3%, 102.3%, and 98.7% at 3 different concentration levels of 50, 200, and 1000 µg L-1, respectively.

Compared to other extraction techniques, the optimized DLLME resulted in some advantages such as shorter extraction time, high extraction efficiency, and good enrichment factor for the extraction of chlorpyrifos from human urine samples.

Measurement of pesticides in biological matrices is become a serious challenge for researchers due to their very low concentration in different matrices. The aim of this study was to develop a new sample preparation method with high accuracy and validity and short retention time for determination of diazinon.
Material and Dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction technique coupled with high performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultra violet detector was developed for trace extraction and determination of diazinon pesticide in human urine samples. One variable at a time method was used to optimize parameters affecting the diazinon extraction. Different parameters such as extraction solvent, disperser solvent, and volume of the extraction solvent, volume of the disperser solvent, centrifugation time and speed, salt addition, and sample pH were studied and optimized. Findings showed that optimal levels of these variables for diazinon pesticide were 150 μl of carbon tetrachloride as extraction solvent, 1.5 ml of methanol as dispersive solvent, pH of 6, 5 minutes centrifuge time at speed of 4000 rpm , 0% (w/v) salt addition. Correlation coefficient was 0.9965 indicating the linearity of a wide range of concentrations of the toxin. LOD and LOQ was calculated less than 0.7 and 5 µg L-1 respectively. The relative standard deviation for six replicate experiments in intra-day and inter-day at tree selected concentrations (50, 200 and 1000 µg L-1) was less than 4% that indicates the accuracy and precision of the optimized method. Enrichment factor and extraction recovery for diazinon were 245 and 99% respectively. According to the results, dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction procedure was successfully developed for the extraction of diazinon from human urine samples. Compared to other extraction techniques, the proposed procedure had some advantages such as shorter extraction time, better reproducibility, and higher enrichment factor

  Increasing production and the use of pesticides for agricultural purposes can lead to many environmental and human health risks. Therefore, assessment of their concentration in occupational and environmental samples is necessary to estimate exposure levels. This study was aimed to use a synthesized molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) as a novel and specific absorbent for residue analysis of metribuzin herbicide in biological sample. The MIP was synthesized by copolymerizing the pesticide as the template molecule in presence of methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as functional and crosslinking monomers, respectively. Afterwards, parameters affecting the adsorption and recycling of metribuzin by synthesized absorbent were optimized using solid phase extraction (SPE) method to demonstrate the ability of the MIP for selective recognition of analyte from biological sample. All samples were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. According to the obtained results, trace amount of herbicide was successfully determined using MIP. The optimum amounts of effective parameters on extraction yield were determined as follow: adsorbent amount: 13.15 mg, sample pH: 3, sample flow rate: 1 mL /min, volume of extraction solvent: 1.33 mL, flow rate of extraction solvent: 3 ml/min, and the amount of acid in the solvent composition: 10%. Detection and quantification limits of the method were 0.0119 and 0.0397 ppb, respectively. The developed method can be used as an optimum sample preparation procedure for selective and sensitive extraction and determination of desired herbicide from biological sample