seyed javad hosseini

In developing societies, in addition to the fact that the high fertility rate can cause problems, its low rate causes the age structure of the population to change to old age. Proportionate population of countries is important according to social conditions, and every country should try to reduce social vulnerability with policies based on increasing or decreasing fertility by recognizing the social and economic effects. This article is done with the aim of identifying social harms with regard to total fertility.

The current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose and a qualitative research in terms of its method, which was conducted to identify the components of social vulnerability with the approach of total fertility in 1403. For this purpose, based on the review of past studies, 75 components were identified and then using the opinions of 27experts in the field of research, the most important components were identified and categorized.

Based on the results of 6 dimensions and 14components have been determined as components of social vulnerability with total fertility: family/community composition (3components), social and economic status (5components), status of minority groups (1component), status Community health (2components), public health infrastructure (2components) and education (1component).

Considering the importance of the economic-social situation and the mentioned damages, it is suggested that the target group in the implementation of population policies should be in the areas that are exposed to less economic-social damagesl; and More facilities should be considered in areas where this damage is more.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of academic motivation training on extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and amotivation of ninth-grade male high school students.

The research method is a semi-experimental study with a control group design, including one experimental group and one control group. The statistical population comprised all ninth-grade students in boys' high schools in Districts 1 and 2, in Academic Year of 2020-2021 in Zahedan. Forty students were assigned into two groups of 20 students in each group, one experimental group and one control group. In the pre-test and post-test, Vallerand et al.'s academic motivation scale (1989) was answered. Multivariate covariance analysis has been used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that academic motivation training has a significant effect on students' external motivation (p<0.015), internal motivation (p<0.001) and demotivation (p<0.001).

According to the findings, the result indicates that educational motivation training prevents students from being unmotivated in educational assignments and makes them more academically motivated (intrinsic and extrinsic).

Caring a child with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) presents numerous challenges that can impact the mothers’ caring motivation. This study aimed to explore the caring motivation barriers among mothers of children with IDDs. This qualitative content analysis study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024. Twenty-six mothers of children with IDDs were purposefully selected to participate in face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data collection continued until saturation was achieved. Data analysis was conducted using Mayring’s inductive approach within MAXQDA version 20. We utilized Lincoln and Guba’s criteria for ensuring rigor. The mean ages of the mothers and children were 40.34±7.44 years and 9.38±4.33 years, respectively. The analysis identified several main categories and 15 subcategories: (I) Mother’s insufficient readiness: low level of competency, decreased maternal strength with child’s advancing age, caregiving fatigue, complex health problems, and incompatibility with the child’s disability; (II) Perceived lack of support for the mother in caregiving: insufficient family support, inadequate social support, deficient healthcare provider support, lack of spiritual support, and insufficient financial support; and (III) Encountering caring complexity: disappointment with the child’s recovery, challenges in providing optimal rehabilitation, multiple physical problems in the child, unintentional behaviors in the child, and priority of personal goals over the care. The motivation of mothers to care for children with IDDs is influenced by a range of challenges. Future research should take these barriers into account to enhance maternal caregiving motivation. To modify the identified obstacles, a comprehensive plan of actions should be devised.

The wave of e-commerce has affected the performance of many companies in the field of marketing, and this issue itself has caused the trend of many companies towards digital marketing. This study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of e-commerce and the adoption of digital marketing on the sustainability of small and medium-sized knowledge-based companies in Shiraz, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of the nature and form of implementation. The statistical population of this research includes0011 employees of knowledge-based companies in Shirar city, of which a sample of 613 people was selected using the census method. Structural equation modeling technique and Smart Pls software have been used to test the hypotheses. The results of this analysis showed that e-commerce and the adoption of digital marketing have an effect on the sustainability of small and medium-sized companies. E-commerce has an impact on the sustainability of small and medium-sized companies. The adoption of digital marketing has an impact on the sustainability of small and medium-sized companies.

Families, as crucial social institutions, play a vital role in providing emotional and physical support to their members and teaching life skills. The rapid evolution of communication technologies and media has significantly influenced this institution, leading to major changes within it. This research aims to categorize issues and offer suggestions for addressing gaps in research or media policy-making. The research question is: How have studies in the field of family and the media been classified, and what topics have been discussed under each classification? The theoretical framework of this article is based on Dependency Theory, Manuel Castells' Theory, and Cultivation Theory, with data analysis conducted using meta-analysis and thematic analysis methods. In this study, after reviewing 93 extracted articles on the subject of media and family, and analyzing descriptive statistics and themes in areas such as social networks, television, and cinema, the strengths and weaknesses of the research were identified. The results indicate that the effects of modernity and media on the family institution in Iran have been profound and multifaceted. These value changes include the removal of traditions, weakening of kinship relations, empowerment of women, increased importance of individualism, and changes in lifestyles. These transformations represent a period of cultural and social transition, emphasizing the need to focus on the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle, the identity of men and women, strengthening family cohesion and relationships, media literacy, and attention to the role and position of children and adolescents within the family.

 With the outbreak of the coronavirus, Iran's educational system, like many other countries, faced numerous challenges and opportunities. This article studies the sociological dimensions of the Corona ecosystem and its appropriate and inappropriate functions in Iran's education system.

 The research was conducted using a sequential mixed method. The statistical population included senior, middle and school-level managers, teachers, Farhangian University students and school students, with a sample size of 1229 determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table. The sampling method was a combination of cluster random sampling and disproportionate quota sampling. Data collection tools included participatory observation and lived experiences, as well as two researcher-made questionnaires: the first with 85 questions for managers and teachers and 65 questions for students, primarily using the Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed through pre-test, face and content validity and reliability was measured by judge agreement. The research findings were analyzed through SPSS software and with descriptive and inferential statistics methods and T test, analysis of variance, Tuky LSD, ATA x2 test, Phi Grammar and Spearman correlation coefficient, TB and TC Kendall and Kruskal Wallis H test.

Ethical Considerations:

 The ethical principles, especially honesty in citing texts, maintaining the originality of the article and obtaining informed consent from participants, were observed in the preparation of this article.

 The research results indicate that the conditions of education in the Corona ecosystem can be described as a turbulent and instantaneous society, with inappropriate functions in the dimensions of education, justice and health and appropriate latent functions such as increased technological capabilities, improved communications and enhanced participation.

 The Corona ecosystem has brought significant changes to Iran's education system. These changes have created challenges in the dimensions of education, justice and health, but also provided opportunities to enhance technological capabilities, improve communications and increase participation. In the post-Corona era, to leverage these opportunities and prepare for crises, it is necessary to gradually upgrade educational technology infrastructure and develop more comprehensive programs for equitable and inclusive education.

The present study aims to compare the effect of academic motivation training and help-seeking strategies on Grit of high school Students. The research method is an experimental field study with a large control group design, including two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population comprised all ninth-grade students in boys' high schools in Districts 1 and 2, Zahedanin in Academic Year 2020-2021. Sixty students were assigned to three groups of 20, two experimental groups and one control group. In the pre-test and post-test, Duckworth et al.'s grit scale (2007) were answered. Multivariate covariance analysis and Benferroni's pairwise comparison test were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that both academic motivation Training and help-seeking strategies have a significant effect (p < 0.05) on students' Grit. According to the findings, academic motivation Training and help-seeking strategies makes students more persistent and Grit in their educational assignments.

Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant problem that can increase the risk of maternal mortality. Previous studies investigated the effect of Inhaled Oxygen (IO) on PPH. They found some conflicting results. Thus, the current systematic review and meta‑analysis aimed to determine the effect of IO on PPH.

Randomized trials were searched according to the PRISMA framework until the end of November 2022 in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Statistical analyses were performed in the STATA v. 14 software. I2 statistic was applied to assess heterogeneity between studies. The random effect model, sample size, and mean and standard deviation of each group were applied to report the pooled effect size. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk‑of‑bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies. Finally, five articles were included in the meta‑analysis. Two and three studies reported the mean of bleeding after vaginal delivery during one‑ and two‑hours oxygen therapy, respectively.

Results showed that IO significantly reduced bleeding by 38.91 mL in the intervention group compared to routine care (WMD: −38.91, 95%CI: −60.18 to −17.64) after vaginal delivery. In addition, IO during one (WMD: −38.42, 95%CI: −71.62 to −5.22) and two (WMD: −41.93, 95%CI: −60.15 to − 23.71) hours significantly decreased bleeding in the intervention.

According to the present study, IO can significantly reduce PPH in the intervention group compared to routine care. However, more rigorously randomized clinical trials are required to decide better about this issue.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ranks as the third leading cause of global patient mortality. Patient hospitalization presents an opportune moment to engage caregivers in patient care. This study aims to assess and compare the impact of face-to-face education for the elderly and their caregivers on COPD severity.

This two-group clinical trial included COPD patients from the internal department of Imam Khomeini Esfarayen Hospital. Each group, one for elderly training and one for caregiver training, comprised 29 seniors and underwent four 20-30 minute face-to-face sessions. The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) was administered before intervention, during discharge, and one month post-intervention. Statistical tests, including Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, and Friedman, were employed for data analysis by SPSS24 .

Significant differences in disease severity were observed in both the elderly training group and the caregiver training group before the intervention, during discharge, and one month later (p<0.001). However, there was no notable distinction between the two groups regarding the effectiveness of education on disease severity (P>0.05).

Face-to-face education for both the elderly and caregivers yielded reductions in COPD severity. Considering the cost-effectiveness of training caregivers, who often provide unpaid care for the elderly, nurses can contribute to improving elderly health through caregiver education.

A theoretical study at the B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) level on tautomerization of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-imine(3,4DHP) into 1,6-dihydropyrimidin-2-amine(1,6DHP) and 1,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-amine(1,4DHP) was performed at 298.15K. Two mechanisms have been considered for these processes: (i) one in which the hydrogen is directly transferred, mechanisms A, through TS13 and TS24 in two different pathways, called P(a) and P(b), respectively and (ii) another one in which a double hydrogen transfer takes place via TS1133, TS1234 and TS2244 by formation of the corresponding dimer, mechanisms B. The results associated with the gas phase reveal that overcame to TS13 and TS24, need high activation free energies of 38.31, 40.29 kcal/mol, respectively as a consequence of the strain associated with the formation of the four-membered transition state, while overcame to TS1133, TS1234 and TS2244, require much lower activation free energies, 7.01, 8.19 and 8.98 kcal/mol, respectively. To investigate the effect of solvent on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the tautomeric process in p(a) and p(b) paths, Implicit, explicit, and a combination of both implicit and explicit solvation models in various media (protic and aprotic polar solvents) have been considered. The results show that the use of a protic polar solvent reduces the energy barrier of the corresponding transition states in a very significant amount.

Pain experienced during the insertion of a catheter into the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are prevalent issues amongHemodialysis (HD) patients. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to consolidate the findings from randomized clinical trial (RCT) studies examining the impact of aromatherapy with lavender on the pain associated with AVF catheter insertion and RLS in HD patients.

A systematic search was conducted on PubMed,Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, andGoogle Scholar search engine from inception to August 1, 2022, using keywords extracted fromMedical Subject Headings, such as “Aromatherapy”, “Lavender”, “Arteriovenous fistula”, “Pain”, “Restless legs syndrome”, and “Hemodialysis”.

Finally, eleven articleswere included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results showed that aromatherapy reduced the average pain of catheter insertion in AVF compared to the control group (StandardMean Difference: -1.60, 95% Confidence Interval: -2.32 to -0.87, Z=4.32, I2:90.3%, P<0.001). Also, aromatherapy massage reduced the average severity of RLS compared to the control group, which was statistically significant (Weighted Mean Difference: -13.21, 95% Confidence Interval: -17.50 to -8.91, Z=6.03, I2:93.0%, P<0.001). Also, the subgroup analysis showed that lavender in the intervention group significantly decreased the pain intensity compared to the "no intervention" group (P<0.001), yet it was not significant compared to the placebo group (P=0.12).

In summary, the findings indicate a notable reduction in catheter insertion pain in AVF and relief from RLS among HD patients through the use of lavender essential oil. As a result, future research is encouraged to include a comparison of lavender’s effects with those of a placebo group.

Iranian nursing researchers considered the Kirkpatrick model to evaluate educational programs. The present review study was conducted to determine the possibility of a systematic review and summarize the results on the Kirkpatrick model in Iranian nursing studies.

The present scoping review was conducted based on the Arksey & O'Malley framework. For this purpose, SID, Magiran, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases, and Google Scholar search engine were searched with keywords "Kirkpatrick,” "Nursing,” and "Iran" and their Persian equivalents, without time limit. The final studies were selected based on the PRISMA framework. The information from included articles was extracted. In the last stage, the advice of four medical education and nursing experts were applied.

Finally, 16 articles were included in this review. A total of five and 11 studies had quasi-experimental and observational designs, respectively. The Kirkpatrick model’s initial two stages were applied in the six studies. In addition, other studies used four levels of the model to evaluate educational programs. A systematic review study was not observed in the process of search. The six studies focused on the evaluation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation courses.

The current studies had weaknesses in using the evaluation model, such as the incompleteness of the evaluation steps. Future studies should focus on measuring all levels of the model. Further, the evaluation of educational interventions on patients based on the Kirkpatrick model should be considered. According to the available evidence, conducting a systematic review is impossible.

Patient safety culture (PSC) was considered an essential predictor of healthcare quality. Measurement of PSC required a valid and reliable scale. So, the current study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of patients' perceptions of safety culture scale (PPSCS) in the context of Iran. This study was a scale psychometric assessment in the Iran context. Current study had three phases: preparation, translation and psychometric evaluation. Scale translation was performed based on the forward-backward framework. Face and content validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency were evaluated. Also, corrected item-total correlation for each item was reported based on data collection from 119 patients admitted to Esfarayen Imam Khomeini hospital. Analysis was done in SPSS V.16. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were between 0.8 to 1. Also, corrected item-total correlation was between 0.604 and 0.864. Intra correlation coefficient (ICC) and alfa Cronbach were 0.974 and 0.939, respectively. Results showed PPSCS had acceptable validity and reliability in the Iran context. This scale can apply in different studies to measure patients' perceptions of safety culture in different hospital settings.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common nosocomial infections affecting one-third of patients with mechanical ventilation. This study aimed to synthesize available evidence regarding the effect oftreatment with povidone-iodine (PI) among adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) for the prevention ofVAP.

An extensive search was conducted in online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus,from the earliest records until January 1, 2023. STATA software v14 was used for statistical analysis. Publication biaswas assessed via funnel plot, Begg’s and Egger’s tests. A P-value less than 0.1 was considered statistically significant forpublication bias value.

Four studies were included in the meta-analysis. Three studies showed rhat PI decreasedVAP compared to the placebo group, but it was not statistically significant (RR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.25 to 1.47, Z=1.10, P=0.27,I2:71.5%). One study compared the effect of PI with chlorhexidine on the rate of VAP, the difference between whichwas not statistically significant (RR: 1.50, 95%CI: 0.46 to 4.87, Z=0.67, P=0.50, I2:0). Two studies demonstrated that theuse of PI intervention compared to placebo decreased the average length of stay in ICU; however, it was not statisticallysignificant (WMD: -0.35, 95%CI:-3.90 to 3.20, Z=0.19, P=0.85, I2:0). Also, three studies showed that using PI had almost noeffect on mortality rate compared to placebo (RR: 1.05, 95%CI: 0.66 to 1.53, Z=0.8, P=0.27, I2:29.0%).

Morerigorously designed randomized clinical trials and further evidence are required to make a better decision/comparisonabout using PI as a suitable choice for preventing VAP among adult patients admitted to the ICU.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the evidence regarding the impact of nee-dle direction and distance of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) cannulation on KT/V (where k is the dialyzer urea clearance, t,the duration of dialysis, and V, the volume of distribution of urea) and access recirculation (AR) as hemodialysis (HD) ad-equacy criteria.

A comprehensive systematic search was performed on international and domestic electronicdatabases from the earliest to June 4, 2022 using keywords. Analysis was performed in STATA software v.14.

Three randomized control trials (RCTs) and four non-RCT articles were included in the final review. Six studies reportedthe effects of direction, while four mentioned the effects of distances of AVF cannulation on outcomes of HD adequacybased on KT/V or AR. Results of three non-RCT studies showed that retrograde direction decreased KT/V more than an-tegrade direction (ES: 0.44, 95% CI: -0.38 to 1.27). Two non-RCT studies showed that antegrade decreased AR comparedto the retrograde direction (ES: -0.64, 95%CI: -1.94 to 0.67). However, the results of two RCTs indicated uncertainty aboutthis issue. Two of the four studies suggested that a distance of 5 cm or more in arterial and venous needles had greateradequacy than a distance of less than 5 cm. However, other studies did not confirm this finding.

Overallcomparison of the results qualitatively and quantitatively indicated uncertainty about the effects of direction and dis-tance of AVF cannulation on HD adequacy outcomes. More studies with high-quality designs, such as RCTs, are requiredto better understand and adjudicate the effects of needle direction and distance of AVF cannulation on HD adequacyoutcomes.

In the conditions of disease crisis, workplace indicators play an important role in improving the provision of medical services. This study aimed to evaluate an association between workplace indicators and the health of treatment staff during pandemics in hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 

This cross-sectional study was conducted on healthcare workers with covid-19 infection during the pandemic in hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical sciences. The data collection tool was the standard “quality of work-life” questionnaire. The validity of this questionnaire was obtained at 0.85. Data were analyzed using analytic statistical tests (chi-square) and descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and using SPSS version 16. 

A total of 442 treatment staff participated in this study, and 230 (52.1%) were women. The mean age was 29.2±9.2 years. The average work history, the average working hours per week, and the average workplace indicators scores were 7.22±10.47, 46.49±12.67, and 109.11±75.46, respectively. The mean quality of work-life score was in the moderate range. There was a statistical association between the mean quality of work-life score with working hours and workplace unit (p<0.001). There was no statistical relation between other variables and to quality of work-life score (p>0.05). 

The results indicated that improving workplace indicators is effective in the health of treatment staff and the provision of health services.

Care is a complex and subjective concept, and most nursing theorists consider it the most important action of nurses in dealing with patients. However, inaccuracy in providing comprehensive care by the medical staff has caused disintegration of care and thus the concept of fragmented care (FC) is formed. Although this concept is often used by researchers, its dimensions have not been fully identified. The aim of this study was to analyze the concept of FC.

Concept Analysis of FC based on the Walker and Avant's method (2019) was carried out in eight steps by searching and analyzing studies from reliable information databases such as Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar search engine. We used the keywords: Fragmentation, Fragmented, and Care without time limit until May 2022. Finally, 26 articles related to the concept were analyzed.

FC had different dimensions. Lack of coordination, planning, teamwork, and holistic view were the most important dimensions. This type of care can occur at different relationship levels of nurse-patient, both within and between wards and different medical centers.

The present study identified different dimensions of the concept of FC. Future studies can use the results of this study to develop a scale as well as to design interventions effective in reducing its incidence.

Acute hepatitis B cases with very high viral load are rare in communities. This study presents an experience of treating a patient suffering from severe acute hepatitis B with a very high viral load. A 38-year-old Iranian male was diagnosed with acute hepatitis B with early and progressive liver dysfunction and a very high viral load. Treatment with Tenofovir was started. The complete response to treatment was achieved with multidisciplinary management; the patient was discharged after a week. A history of not being vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus and the job conditions could be the main causes of increased risks for his illness. However, the high viral load can be considered as the cause of severe acute hepatitis B development. The prompt and accurate diagnosis followed by suitable treatment choice led to the most favorable outcome.

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a potential health risk factor continues to spread throughout the world. Although common symptoms include headache and respiratory symptoms, some studies have suggested that COVID-19 may cause coagulation disorders and thrombolytic events, disrupt blood flow to the visceral organs, and cause some complications such as mesenteric ischemia. The authors reported four cases of acute mesenteric ischemia associated with COVID-19 confirmed in patients hospitalized in Imam Reza Hospital (a COVID-19 referral center in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran). The authors described the pathological findings that may be associated with this infection. The authors collected clinical data, imaging, microscopic, and operative findings of four patients with severe COVID-19 infection and evidence of intestinal necrosis. These four cases that all had severe COVID-19 pneumonia simultaneously showed intestinal necrosis during the infection process, indicating a relationship between coronavirus and mesenteric vascular events. Physicians should be aware of thrombosis symptoms in the digestive system in patients with severe COVID-19 disease.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common genetic disease in the world and an autosomal dominant disease characterized by increased plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations. The clinical diagnosis of the disease is based on family history, the findings of medical examinations, and the measurement of cholesterol levels. The most important cause of FH is the mutation in one of the LDL-R, APOB, and PSCK9 genes. About 90% of mutations occur in the LDL-R gene, which accounts for a total of 2,000 different mutations. Different types of mutations have been observed on different exons of the LDL-R gene, but most of the mutations have been reported on Exon 4. The aim of this study was to sequence and analyze Exon 4 in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in Bushehr province in Iran.

In this study, 32 patients were selected based on global criteria for diagnosing the disease, and a portion of LDL-R containing complete sequence of exon 4 was amplified using LDLRE4F1/ LDLRE4R1 Primers and blood genomic DNA as a template. PCR products were sequenced and compared with reference sequence to find probable muta tions.

The results of sequencing and comparison with the reference sequence showed that no mutation was found in the exon 4 LDL-R gene. Therefore, this exon did not play a role in FH in the population under study.

Therefore, the cause of FH may be due to the mutations in other areas of the LDL-R gene or other genes, such as APOB and PSCK9.

Peripheral intravenous catheters (PICs) patency techniques such as flushing are being developed. According to some studies, flushing can be used continuously or in pulsatile forms. This study aimed to compare the effects of pulsatile flushing (PF) and continuous flushing (CF) on time and type of PICs patency.

In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 71 patients were randomly assigned into two groups of PF (n=35) and CF (n=36). The PF protocol was performed as successive injections of 1 mL normal saline (N/S) per second (sec) with a delay of less than 1 sec until the completion of 5 mL of solution. However, CF protocol was performed by injecting 5 mL N/S within 5 sec without any delay before and after each medicine administration. Data related to the time and type of PICs patency were collected using a patency checklist every 12 hours (h) up to 96 h. The statistical analysis was done by R statistical software (Version 3.5.1).

The results showed that the number of PICs remaining open was not significantly different between PF and CF groups during 96 h. The highest number of PICs excluded from the study was related to the time of 96 h as a result of partial patency in the two groups.

There was no difference between CF and PF regarding the time and type of PICs patency. Thus, both techniques can be used to maintain the catheter patency.

Context:

 Infantile Colic (IC) is an essential problem in infancy that is influenced by factors related to infants and parents. The parental factors associated with colic have not been comprehensively assessed. 

The present systematic review was conducted to investigate the parental factors affecting the incidence of IC.
Data Sources: Databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google scholar, as well as Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran (Iranian websites) were searched to identify all eligible papers concerning parental factors affecting infantile CI. The registration number of this study was CRD42020163518 in the PROSPERO database.

Study Selection:

 A total of 423 relevant articles published up to the end of December 2019 were assessed. The selected articles were screened based on duplicated, eligibility criteria, and quality appraisal. The main inclusion criteria were observational studies and articles in Persian and English languages.

Data Extraction: 

The Mesh keywords and Boolean operators included (“risk factors” OR “causality”) AND (“parents” OR “fathers” OR “mothers”) AND (“infant”) AND (“colic”). Consequently, 18 papers were thoroughly studied and the related data were extracted. Two researchers independently performed the data extraction and quality assessment based on the STROBE checklist from the observational studies. The information of selected studies was recorded in a table, i.e. consisted of authors’ names, purpose, design, population, and main results.

Final articles consisted of 10 prospective, 6 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies. Eventually, the effective factors were placed in 6 categories, as follows: psychological factors, physical factors, taking medications, perinatal factors, family’s socioeconomic status, and maternal diet. The most important characteristics predisposing to IC were parental depression, anxiety, smoking, maternal history of migraine, young age, primiparity, low family support, high socioeconomic status, high-risk pregnancies, and delivery, taking antibiotics, as well as the consumption of celery, onions, and bananas.

Various parental factors affect the incidence of colic. Identifying these risk factors and accurate planning can be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of IC.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has led to unprecedented psychological stress on people around the world, and in this situation, mental health promotion is too important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the common psychological disorders, people at risk and preventive strategies for psychological disorders during COVID-19.

In this narrative review, electronic databases including SID, Iran Doc, Magiran, Google Scholar، ProQuest، Scopus، Science Direct, Web of Science and PubMed were searched to retrieve articles published from the beginning of 2020 to 31 August 2020 by using  English and Persian keywords such as psychiatric disorders, Covid-19, anxiety disorder, stress disorders and post-traumatic. Inclusion criteria were descriptive, cross-sectional, review, experimental and expert panel studies, and exclusion criteria included letters to the editor, poster or lecture and lack of access to the full text. Totally, 72 of 507 articles met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated.

Depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were the most common psychological disorders. Other psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, paranoia, panic attacks and sleep disorders were reported more than before the covid-19 outbreak. The elderly people with chronic diseases, woman, people spending too much time thinking about the outbreak, medical and health staff and students as well as relatives of a person with Covid-19 were at high risk of psychological disorders. The most effective preventive strategies were based on virtual training and consulting.

Based on the results, it is suggested that health system officials with early recognition of common psychological disorders and at-risk individuals should prepare care and prevention protocols specific to each group in an operational manner and with a high penetration rate.

Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in November 2019, COVID-19 has become the biggest challenge in the world, especially when there is still no effective vaccine available. Understanding the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis will guideto find suitable treatments for this disease. Recently, the role of small viral RNAs (svRNAs) in the SARS-CoV pathogenesis has been considered. Regarding to high similarity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 genome, this in silico studywas aimed tofind existenceofsvRNAs in the SARS-CoV-2 genome and indicatetheir target genes in the human cells.The BLASTN method was run to find if the three svRNAs of SARS-CoV have similar sequences to those in the SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV genome. The online software of TargetScanHumancustom version 5.2 was used to predict target genes of svRNAs. The Enrichr website were used for KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interactions of target genes was depicted by Cytoscape. The MCODEand Cytohubba plugins were used to define protein modules and hub genes respectively. Among the three svRNAs of SARS-CoV, the svRNA-N sequence is highly conserved in both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV genome. In addition, the 130 predicted target genesofsvRNA-Nare mostly engaged in Rap1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, protein modules were enrichedin TGF-β signaling pathway. The results of this study suggest further investigation about the role of svRNA-N in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the possibility of using its antisense molecules as the strategy to decrease the pulmonary damages.

Based on the needs of the health system, continuous revising and monitoring are essential for General Practice (GP) Curriculum. The present study was conducted to investigate thediseases of GP Curriculum based on the students’ and professors’ viewpoints. This cross-sectional study was carried out at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018. A total of 80 GP students of internship and 71 professors of the faculty of medicine in clinical and basic science disciplines were enrolled in the study using quota and convenience sampling methods, respectively. Two self-made, reliable, and validated 4-point scale questionnaires(ranging from totally agree to totally disagree) were used to collect the data on the viewpoints of students and professors on the diseases of GP curriculum. The mean score and percentage ofagreement between professors and students on the incidence of each disease were calculated. The highest and lowest rates of agreement between the professors and students in terms of the presence of curriculum diseases belonged to the echolalia curriculum with a mean and standard deviation of 1.92±0.68 and the dean denial with a mean and standard deviation of 2.0±6.68, respectively. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the viewpoints of professors and students regarding the diseases of the carcinoma of the curriculum (P<0.001), idiopathic colitis (P<0.001), the schizophrenia of the curriculum (P=0.01), and echolalia curriculum (P=0.01). The present study showed that professors and students were all in agreement about 12 out of 13 diseases of the GP curriculum. Thus, educational planners in Iran’s medical schools should focus on the continuous evaluation and the necessity of curriculum revision, as one of the priorities of the educational system.