seyed kazem mousavi sadati

Based on many evidences, physical activity levels are one of the most important factors in maintaining personal and social health. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity (PA) on body image, self-esteem, and quality of life in women after breast cancer surgery.

The participants of the present study were 252 women with breast cancer who had undergone breast cancer surgery at least once in the Mo'tamed hospital in Tehran. Assessment tools were the international Physical Activity questionnaire (IPAQ), self-administrated European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC-QLQ-C30), Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), and Coopersmith self-esteem (SEI) questionnaires. To analyze the data, the ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test were used respectively.

Results showed a significant difference between low and moderate, low and high, and moderate and high PA level on body image, self-esteem, and quality of life (P≤0.05). The moderate level of PA had more effect compared to the low and high levels of PA.

Our study suggested that physicians, Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, should be schedules more PA and sports plans for patients with breast cancer surgery and increase patients’ awareness of PA benefits.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of balance pod and Bosu ball selective exercises on the balance of teen Futsalist with functional ankle instability.

The present study was quasi-experimental with post-test pretest design. The participants of the study were 45 futsal students from the selected high school teams of Tehran cities who were selected according to the inclusion criteria. After homogenization, participants were divided into three groups based on body mass index (15 people in Bosobal training group, 15 people in balance Disc training group and 15 people in control group). After recording the demographic characteristics of the subjects, all subjects were subjected to a static equilibrium (dynamic stroke test) and dynamic equilibrium test (Y balance test). The experimental group received eight-week exercises with Balance pod and bosu ball. However, the subjects in the control group did not have specific training. Finally, all subjects after the end of the training period were tested and the data were analyzed by covariance test at the level of α=0.05.

The results of this study showed that eight weeks of bosu ball exercises and balance pod had a positive and significant effect on both the static equilibrium and the dynamic balance of the subjects (P = 0.001). Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of the bosu ball exercises and balance pod exercises in the static equilibrium (P = 0.505) and dynamic balance (P = .295).

According to the results of the study, it is suggested that athletes with functional ankle instability, coaches, therapists and science specialists Rehabilitation use balance pod exercises and bosu ball in order of increase static and dynamic balance.

Chronic back pain is a common problem in the world, which is the most frequent among middle-aged women. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises along with water therapy on reducing pain, fatigue, life expectancy and trunk kinematic indices in women with chronic low back pain.

The research sample includes 30 of these people who were randomly selected and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 people, control and experimental. In this study, the amount of back pain was evaluated with the help of a visual pain assessment questionnaire. Also, the quality of life of the subjects was evaluated with the help of the World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire - short form and the intensity of fatigue with the help of the MFIS questionnaire. After evaluating the variables, the subjects were divided into two control and training groups, and the training group did the training program for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The control group also did their daily activities during this period. In this study, the normality of the distributions was investigated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. In order to test the research hypotheses under normal conditions, analysis of covariance (between groups) and correlation t (within groups) were used.

The results of this study showed that applying an eight-week corrective exercise program along with water therapy is effective in reducing fatigue and quality of life in addition to reducing pain (P < 0.05).

The results of this study showed the effect of corrective exercises along with water therapy on reducing back pain, improving quality of life and trunk kinematics in middle-aged women. Based on this, it seems that applying the exercises of the present study can be effective in improving the quality of life in middle-aged women with back pain

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of snorkeling on teaching basic swimming skills in non-swimmer children and teenagers with fear of water. This research was an experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The participants were 30 children (8.95±0.64 years old) and 30 teenagers (15.06±0.71 years old) non-swimmers who were afraid of water, and the participants of each group were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). After participating in the pre-test of skills of entering the water, opening the eyes in the water, gliding, orientation in the water and movement in the water and breath holding, all four groups entered a 20-session course of swimming training, so that the experimental group with snorkel and the control group without snorkel were taught basic swimming skills by an instructor. Then all four groups participated in the post-test. The data were analyzed by two-factor multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Benferoni's post hoc test. The results of the findings show that the main effects of age were not significant, but the main effects of training and the interactive effects of age and training were significant. Using a snorkel in children and teenagers did not have a significant effect on the skill of entering the water, opening the eyes in the water, but it had a significant and positive effect on the skills of gliding, orientation in the water and movement in the water. Also, the use of snorkel in children and teenagers had a significant and negative effect on breath holding skill. Considering that the results of the present study show the positive effects of using a snorkel on learning the skills of gliding and orientation in water and moving in water and its negative effect on breath holding skill in children and teenagers, it is recommended that the instructors who use snorkel to acclimatize children and teenagers to the water, provide additional training to improve the skill of holding their breath.

Researches show that in every sport, elite athletes have special physiological, neurocognitive and motor characteristics (4-6). Therefore, knowing these characteristics, especially in elite athletes, helps trainers and experts in sports science to identify the right people in line with scientific talent and to optimally design training programs necessary to achieve sports success. (7). soccer is a team sport where players face complex movements such as running with a quick change of direction, with or without the ball, and its people have different characteristics and according to the nature of this sport and the environment in which the game is played, both From the size of the field, playing environment, playing time, playing systems and skills and conflicts in this sport, many factors play a role (8). Therefore, it is natural that it also has special motor needs, knowing them will help researchers to prepare the necessary programs according to the special needs of this sport.In this regard, the results of some studies support the opinion that the difference in the performance of elite soccer athletes is related to their motor characteristics more than any other factor (10, 11). Hoyt et al. (2014) in a study evaluated the motor profile of elite female soccer players in international competitions and the effect of team ranking on the physical demands of the game. A decrease in high-intensity running was reported in the 60- to 75-min and 90-75 min intensity periods compared to the 0- to 15-min period of 22.4% and 26.1%, although maximum game speed distances remained unchanged (12). In another research, it was found that the soccer pass test and soccer shot test are valid and reliable protocols for evaluating the differences in the performance of motor skills of soccer players (15).Identifying and developing effective talent for elite players is a major challenge for National Olympic Committees, youth academies, coaches and budget allocations. However, no research has been done in the field of identifying the special motor characteristics of young elite football players in the country. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the question of what are the special the motor skills in the elite players of soccer national team in the Iranian men under 23-year?

The statistical population of this descriptive research in the three levels of description, explanation and discovery was formed by 200 elite male soccer players under the age of 23 in Iran. The sampling method was counting and the number of samples was (control, passing in motion, shooting, dribbling and heading) and group motor skills (creating space, combination play, transition from attack to defense, transition from defense to attack and group press) in the elite soccer players was evaluated using standard tests.

the results showed that the status of dimensions of control, passing in motion, shooting, dribbling, heading, creating space, combination play, transition from attack to defense, transition from defense to attack were evaluated as favorable and group press was evaluated as unfavorable. The combination play dimension was ranked first with an average of (5.642) and other dimensions with an average value, respectively, control (5.543), shooting (5/388), passing in motion (4.850), transition from attack to defense (4.746), transition from defense to attack (4/659), dribbling (4/571), passing (4/553), group press (4/494) and creating space (4/437).

The results of this research showed that the status of dimensions of control, passing in motion, shooting, dribbling, heading, creating space, combined play, transfer from attack to defense, transfer from defense to attack were evaluated as favorable and the situation of group press was evaluated as unfavorable. Technical-tactical skills have been repeatedly investigated and identified as key factors that determine the game performance of young players, these factors are considered the difference between elite and non-elite young players (25-27). The results of the present study provide the possibility of causal interpretations, these data show a possible explanation for the high level of individual motor skills in young elite soccer players. group motor skills have also been examined in some studies. In this regard, transition from defense to attack and transition from attack to defense is increasingly important due to numerous works (29-31). Some studies that have studied attacking mechanisms in soccer confirm that quick attacks or counter-attacks have a higher chance of success (goals scored, shots on goal or reaching the area) than other attacking styles (30,31). In the current study, the elite players obtained the highest scores in the shortest possible time according to previous studies and with the least number of passes in transfers, which shows that the elite players of Omid Iran have high group motor skills. Also, the number of players involved in the transfers was also investigated, and the favorable condition of this group skill was observed among the elite players of the Iranian men's national soccer team under the age of 23. The unfavorable pressing situation of the Omid team players shows that the players are less able to read and react accordingly to the situations of tackling for the ball, blocking and crossing the lines or ensuring the proper marking of the opponents. These strategies can provide the team with more opportunities to regain possession and get the ball back (39). The favorable combined play of Omid team players also shows the training and repetition of this tactic in training. These findings show that the Omid team players have the necessary technique and skill to receive and pass (quality and selection), speed when moving with the ball (dribble), forward pass and motor after sending the pass. The pressure and conditions of the competition are considered as the needs of the combined game. The results of our study show that the dimension of the combined game is in the first place, and the other dimensions are, in order, control, shooting, passing in motion, transfer from attack to defense, transfer from defense to attack, dribbling, passing, group press and creating space are located. One of the limitations of the present study is the small number of samples. Due to the limited sample size of the research, it is recommended to carry out more extensive studies with a larger sample size in order to identify mental skills in athletes of different fields. The results of the current research indicated the high motor performance of the elite players of the Iranian men's national soccer team under the age of 23, so it is recommended that soccer coaches take into consideration the motor skills of young Iranian elite soccer players in this research.

 The knee joint injury in judokas mostly occurs in the standing position. This study aims to investigate the relationship between kinematic variables of trunk and the occurrence of knee injuries in male judokas.

 In this study, 15 male judokas aged 20-30 years (7 with a history of knee joint injury and 8 controls) were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, after installing markers on their body, they were asked to stand on a 30-cm box and, after a jump upwards, land on the ground on one foot (the support foot). Cameras were used to measure the angles of the knee and trunk joints during the jump landing task. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to examine the normality of data distribution. ANCOVA was used to compare the groups. The ssignificance level was set at 0.05.

 Healthy judokas had lower knee flexion angle and higher knee valgus angle. Moreover, they had lower trunk flexion angle, higher internal knee rotation, and higher relative rotation speed between femur and tibia compared to the injured group (P<0.05).

 Male Judo players with a history of knee injury have lower knee flexion and greater knee valgus, lower trunk flexion, higher internal knee rotation, and higher relative rotation between femur and tibia compared to their healthy peers. Professionals and coaches need to design injury prevention exercises for this group of athletes.

 Kyphosis and forward head posture (FHP) is one of the most common abnormalities in the upper extremity among adolescent students. There is no agreement on which exercise methods can be the most effective approach in the correction of these abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the 12 weeks of exercise based on the American Academy of sports medicine (NASM) approach and based on the traditional approach on the kyphosis angle and FHP in male adolescent students.

 The current study was of an experimental type with a pre-post-test design with a control group. The participants were 60 male students aged 14 to 17 years old from the 5th educational district of Tehran with kyphosis and forward head deformity, who were selected, based on the inclusion criteria, and randomly included in three groups. The age, height, and weight of the participants were (16.78 ± 0.74), (1.74 ± 4.99) and (73.16 ± 4.10), respectively. The group of the traditional exercises did the exercise based on the traditional approach and the American NASM group did exercise based on this approach for 12 weeks and three 45-minute sessions each week. Before and after intervention exercises, kyphosis and FHP were measured using flexible rulers and photogrammetry. ANCOVA and Bonferroni were used to analyze the data.

 Both groups showed significant improvement before and after the training in dependent variables (p < 0.05). The results also showed further improvement in interested variables in the training group with the approach of the NASM compared to the traditional approach group.

 Both approaches are effective in correcting these abnormalities, but corrective exercises based on the NASM are more effective in correcting these abnormalities, and it is recommended to use this approach to correct kyphosis and FHP.

Genuvarum is a common complication among girls aged 12-16 years. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of NASM and Theraband correction exercises on balance and kinematic variables of the knee in girls aged 16-12 years suffering pain due to genuvarum.

The research sample includes 30 of these individuals who were randomly selected and then randomly divided into three groups of 10 controls (age: 14.20 ± 1.31 years, height: 1.59 ± 0.059). M, weight: 54.80 ± 7.61, BMI: 21.26 ± 2.19 kg / m2), Theraband group (age: 14.70 ± 0.94 years, height: 1.61 ± 0.06 M, weight: 54.40 ± 4.37 kg, BMI: 21.51 ± 1.23 kg / m2) and NASM group (age: 14.71 ± 1.16 years, height: 1.66 ± 0.053 M, weight: 56.70 ± 4.47 kg, BMI: 20.52 ± 0.87 kg / m2). In this study, a balance was assessed using the Walking on the balance wood test. Also, the distance between the inner condyle of the femur and the Q angle was measured using a caliper and a goniometer, respectively. After evaluating the variables, the subjects were divided into three groups of control and training, and each training group performed the training program for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The control group also performed their daily activities and physiotherapy at Arman Clinic during this period. In this study, the normality of the distributions was investigated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To test the research hypotheses under normal conditions, ANCOVA analysis of covariance (between groups) and correlated T (within groups) were used. SPSS software version 26 was used in this study.

The results of this study showed that applying 8 weeks of NASM and Theraband training program in addition to increasing the balance was effective in improving the distance between the condylar and the Q angle (P = 0.001). In the field of comparison between the two training groups, except for the Q angle (P = 0.001), the balance variable and the distance between the condyles were not found (P ≥ 0.05).

In general, the results of the present study show the effect of both NASM and Theraband training programs on balance and improvement of knee kinematic variables; 1- The distance between the inner condyle of the femur, 2- Q angle has been effective. Based on this, it seems that the use of these two training programs in this community can lead to desirable results and shows the importance of using these exercises (especially NASM) in girls suffering genuvarum

Based on the results of international studies, it has been determined that the performance of elite and skilled athletes is affected by cognitive, perceptual-motor skills and physiological and anatomical adaptations. Recent evidence suggests that regular exercise affects brain plasticity and improves cognitive function (1,2). Cognition is defined as "mental function in achieving knowledge and understanding" (3). Participation in high-level sports exercises (elite athletes) at a young age is associated with the development of physiological, psychological and motor skills in a particular sport (4). soccer is a team sport in which players are faced with complex movements such as running with a rapid change of direction, with or without the ball, and its people have different characteristics, depending on the nature of the sport and the environment in which the game is played. Numerous factors play a role in the size of the pitch, the playing environment, the playing time, the playing systems, and the skills and conflicts involved in the sport (5). A player's performance in a soccer match depends on his cognitive, perceptual and motor skills (6). These characteristics are influenced by technical, tactical, physiological, physical and psychological factors (7). Some studies have reported better cognitive performance of young elite soccer players. Verburgh et al. (2014) conducted a study to examine a wide range of cognitive skills in young elite and non-elite soccer players. The results of this study showed that the elite group performed better than the non-elite group in terms of reaction time in motor inhibition as well as alertness and orientation. However, no difference was observed in executive network and selective attention or working memory capacity between the two groups (13). However, Granacher and Borde (2017) did not report any significant differences in concentration and attention between young elite and non-athlete players (16). As reported; Behavioral characteristics are not known, especially in young elite athletes. While several studies have been performed on the analysis of physiological, biomechanical, and anthropometric indices of elite adult soccer players (17-19), few studies have examined mental characteristics, especially in young elite athletes. Therefore, the present study has been compiled with the aim of the Identifying the mental skills in the elite players of soccer national team in the Iranian men under 23-year.

The statistical population of this descriptive study consists of elite male soccer players under the age of 23 in Iran. The sampling method was counting and the number of samples was 200 players of Omid Iran men's national team. Field method and Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3) Salmala et al. (2001) were used to collect data. Friedman test and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data using Amos software version 24 and SPSS software version 26.

Based on the analysis of the results of this study, the variables of concentration recovery, self-confidence, commitment, stress response, mental training, fear control, empowerment, concentration and optimal imagery and targeting variables, competition design and relaxation were evaluated in unfavorable range. Commitment subscale with an average of 5.766 was in the first place and other subscales of confidence (5.563), goal setting (5.531), invigoration (4.962), mental training (4.923) Fear control (4.430), concentration (4.652), relaxation (4.612), illustration (4.578), stress response (4.538), contest design (4.309) and recycling Concentration (4.242) was in the next ranks. Also, the fit coefficients of the model showed that all dimensions of mental skills specific to soccer players were able to explain the variable.

The results of the present study assessed the status of the dimensions of recovery of concentration, self-confidence, commitment, response to stress, mental training, fear control, empowerment, concentration and imagery, and the status of the dimensions of targeting, competition design and relaxation. These findings show that the mental skills of elite soccer athletes are at a high level. The results of our study are consistent with the findings of Vestberg et al. (2016), Verburgh et al. (2017) and Najah & Rejeb (2015) who examined the mental functions of elite athletes (11,14,21). It is still debated whether the excellent mental skills of young elite athletes are due to training (eg, the result of long training hours, high quality training facilities and coaches) or inherent (22,23). Possible modulatory factors, such as improved motor skills (required for many neurocognitive tasks) or motivational aspects, may play a role in the relationship between athletic participation and neuropsychological function (24). Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on neurological function include increased cerebral blood flow, growth factor release, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis (25). The short-term beneficial effects of exercise on youth have been established in a laboratory setting (26). But it remains largely unknown whether regular exercise is also positively associated with neurocognitive function in young elite athletes. Previous studies have shown that organized exercise at a younger age helps to improve mental function (27-30). The present study also confirmed the high mental performance of elite players, so these results are important for designing specific intervention programs to promote physical activity and subsequently develop mental performance in young people. The results of our study showed that there is a significant difference between the average rank of the dimensions of mental skills for young elite soccer players, so that the dimension of commitment is in the first place and other dimensions with the average value, respectively, confidence, goal setting, empowerment, Mental exercises include fear control, concentration, relaxation, imagery, stress response, competition design, and concentration recovery. In addition, in our study, it was found that all dimensions of mental skills specific to soccer players are capable of explaining this variable. In the meanwhile, the effect of mental training dimension was more than other dimensions and the effect of fear control dimension was less than other dimensions. It seems that playing soccer every day at a high level of performance in a professional soccer club team is associated with the further development of cognitive skills, especially mental training. In general, the identification of mental skills in young soccer elite athletes helps coaches to take steps to strengthen these mental skills. One of the limitations of the present study is the small number of samples. Due to the limited sample size of the study, it is recommended to perform mental studies in athletes of different disciplines with more accuracy, wider studies and with a larger sample size. It is also suggested that a similar study be conducted among elite adolescents and adults and that the results be compared. The results of the present study support the high mental performance of young elite players. Also, among the special mental skills of soccer players, the effectiveness of the mental training dimension is higher than other dimensions.

Increased fatigue causes injuries, the purpose of this article was to investigate the angular displacement of the hip and knee joints in girls with patellofemoral syndrome.

 Thirty girls with an average age (age 28.73±1.83, height 168.49±5.59, weight 63.73±12.73) participated in this study in two groups of 15, experimental and control. The jet evaluation test was taken from the subjects' knee and thigh angle, then these tests were repeated with the application of different inclines of the treadmill; that the tests were examined in a neutral position and in a positive and negative slope of 5 degrees. The mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data and the Shapirovik test was used for the normalization of the data to compare and examine the variables in the two research groups using independent t-test and repeated analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05.

 Based on independent t-test and repeated analysis of variance, there is no significant difference between different treadmill slopes on the amount of angular displacement of knee and hip joints in girls with patellofemoral syndrome. (p<0.05)

  In general, according to the current studies of people with patellofemoral syndrome, running on steep inclines, as well as running on a treadmill and making the incline angle of the treadmill within the limit of minus 5% to plus 5%, does not affect the improvement of this condition, and it is not recommended. And according to the research, girls with patellofemoral syndrome should be placed on the treadmill at an inclined angle to run.

Aging is associated with menopause in women. The present study investigates the effect of Pilates exercises on some components of old menopausal women's psychological health.

Participants in this study were 86 postmenopausal women over 60 years (experimental group: N=43, control group: N=43) in Tehran. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design. The experimental group performed Pilates exercises for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes, but the control group did not participate in any sports activities other than normal daily activities. The quality of sleep, depression, anxiety, and fatigue were assessed using the Pittsburgh Questionnaire Index (PSQI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), respectively. ANCOVA analysis of covariance and related T was used to test the research hypotheses under normal conditions. All statistical analyzes were performed with SPSS version 26. A significant level (α ≤0 0.01) was considered.

The results of this study showed that 8 weeks of Pilates exercises has positive effect on Sleep disturbances (P ≤0 0.001), anxiety (P ≤0 0.001), depression (P ≤0 0.001), and fatigue (P ≤0 0.001) in postmenopausal women (P ≤0 0.05).

It seems that the use of Pilates exercises in postmenopausal women can lead to effective results on sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and fatigue and shows the importance of using these exercises in elderly and postmenopausal women. Therapists are also advised to use Pilates exercises in postmenopausal women.

Making changes and variations in training components compared to repetitive training can lead to better learning of the movement based on the principles of system self-organization. The present study aimed at investigation of the effect of differential and traditional trainings on electromyographic changes of upper torso muscles in performing and learning swimming breaststroke.

In this study, 36 swimmers aged 20 to 25 years who had no history of swimming training were selected as a sample and randomly divided into control, traditional exercises and differential exercises groups. They learned swimming breaststroke in traditional and different trainings. Before and after 12 training sessions, the muscle activity level was measured based on the root mean square and mean time of activity of Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi, biceps and triceps muscles of swimmers using electromyographic signal.

Whole body vibration (WBV) is a safe and effective method to improve balance and muscle strength. Considering to the effect of foot longitudinal arch on dynamic balance, and the effectiveness of WBV in improving balance, the present study aims to assess the effects of WBV on dynamic balance of patients with flexible flatfoot.

In this randomized clinical trial, 80 patients with flexible flatfoot; 40 aged <18 years (Mean±SD age= 15.25±1.24) and 40 aged >20 (Mean±SD age= 22.57±1.48). They were randomly divided into two intervention groups of <18 and >20 years and two control groups of <18 and >20 years. The intervention groups received four weeks of WBV. In the control groups, no intervention was carried out. The fatigue was induced by running on a treadmill at different speeds and inclinations according to the Bruce protocol. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Biodex Balance System at anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions and in overall.

The repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni test results showed that the mean dynamic balance in overall and at anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were significantly increased in the intervention groups compared to the control groups (P<0.001). Moreover, the dynamic balance showed a significant increase in the intervention group aged <18 years compared to the intervention group aged >20 years (P<0.001).

The WBV can be used to improve the dynamic balance of people with flexible flatfoot even in fatigue conditions.

In addition to increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity could cause social and emotional problems among children. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of physical activity with the approach of school and family interaction on social development and body mass index among children with obesity.

The present study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a control group. Thirty 9-11-year-old male students with a body mass index (BMI) above 32.5 who were studying in the city of Babol in 2018-2019 academic year were randomly selected and divided into two control and experimental groups. First, pre-tests were performed for both groups. BMI was calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the height squared in meters. Students' weight was measured with a minimum of clothing and with a Seca digital scale with a measuring sensitivity of 0.1 kg. The Wildland Scale was used to assess social skills. The Wildland Scale was standardized in Iran, with a total validity of 0.86 and reliability of 0.89. The experimental group participated in forty 90-minute training sessions and the control group engaged only in daily activities. At the end of the intervention, post-test was performed for both groups. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance at the error level of 0.05 with SPSS software version 19.

In the experimental group, the mean (SD) body mass index decreased from 33.5 (0.97) in the pre-test to 32.7 (0.92) in the post-test, P˂0.001. In the control group, the mean (SD) BMI increased from 33.1 (0.37) in the pre-test to 33.6 (0.36) in the post-test, which was not significantly different. In addition, in the experimental group, the mean (SD) of social growth increased from 28.9 (3.6) in the pre-test to 51.7 (7.1) in the post-test (P<0.001). In the control group, the mean (standard deviation) of social growth increased from 29.9 (4.3) in the pre-test to 35.2 (10.7) in the post-test, which was not significantly different.

The study showed that physical activity with the approach of school-family interaction significantly improved social development and reduced body mass index among boys with obesity.

 One of the treatment methods for Pediatric Flexible Flat Foot (PFFF) is to use medical insoles. The current study aimed to investigate the Short-term effects of arch supporting insoles on balance and symptoms of flexible flat foot in children.

 Twenty children aged 6-11 years with a flexible flatfoot complication were purposefully selected after applying Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to two intervention (n=10) and control groups (n=10). The intervention group used insoles supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot in their shoes for 12 weeks, but the control group did not use them. To measure the balance and symptoms of flexible flat foot in children, a sensory organization test of dynamic posturography apparatus, medial longitudinal arch height, and footprint were used in the pre-posttest. The intervention group used insoles supporting the longitudinal arch of the foot in their shoes for 12 weeks, but the control group did not. Data analysis was performed in two descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (covariance analysis) sections using SPSS software v. 25 at a significance level of α<0.05.

 The results showed that short-term use of medical insoles led to improved balance in conditions of normal vision and fixed support (P=0.047), absent vision and fixed support (P=0.1010), sway referenced vision and fixed support (P=0.004), normal vision and fixed support (P=0.004), absent vision and sway referenced support (P=0.001) and sway referenced vision and sway referenced support (P=0.001). The results also showed that medical insoles improved the medial longitudinal arch of the foot (P=0.001) and footprint (P=0.001).

 According to the results of the present study, educators and parents of children with flexible flat foot are advised to use supportive medical insoles to improve children’s motor function, balance, and symptoms of flexible flat foot.

 shoulder muscle fatigue in exercise is very common among bodybuilders. Fatigue can lowers the performance quality and seriously damage athletes’ shoulder joints. This study aimed to determine the effect of fatigue on the force of flexor, extensor, elevator, depressor, retractor, and abductor shoulder muscles in young bodybuilders after a session of debilitating fatigue. 

 In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design, 25 active athletes in the field of bodybuilding (age: 26.12±2.78 years, height: 1.82±0.035 m, weight: 78.92±4.23 kg, BMI: 23.71±1.40 kg / m2, and sport history: 2.96±0.97 years) were selected. Before and after the fatigue, the force of flexor, extensor, elevator, depressor, retractor, and abductor muscles of shoulder was evaluated using a portable tensile-compression tachometer. To analyze the statistical part, the paired samples t-test was used to compare the fatigue protocol. 

 The results of the study showed a reprise of debilitating fatigue reduced the force of flexor (P=0.001), extensor (P=0.001), elevator (P=0.001), depressor (P=0.001), retractor (P=0.001), and abductor (P=0.001) of shoulder muscles. 

 In general, the results of the present study showed the effect of fatigue on the reduction of flexor, extensor, elevator, depressor, retractor and abductor muscles of the shoulder, and this force decrease can be a factor for reducing performance quality in fatigue conditions and probably increasing the risk of injury in athletes.

Changes in the human body due to the aging process, especially the loss of strength and flexibility of the lower limbs can increase the risk of falls. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of selected Pilates, Pilates with Traband and Pilates exercises with both factors such as strength and flexibility of the lower extremities of non-athlete 50-60 years old.

Thirty participants in this study have been randomly divided into three groups: quasi-experimental, Pilates (10), Pilates Traband (10) and Pilates (10). Before the beginning of the exercises, the strength of the lower limbs and static acceptance and the range of motion of extension and flexion of the thigh have been measured using the test of 30 sitting on a chair, static acceptance and goniometer, respectively. Moreover, all three groups as participated in a course of exercise. These exercises have performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week for 1 hour and have performed after the participants. Data have been analyzed using paired t-test and ANOVA.

As result, all three groups show the significant progress due to exercise but there is not any significant variance between the groups, as none of the methods is not better than other training methods.

performing Pilates exercises, Weight and Traband based on the availability of training equipment and facilities, is beneficial for the elderly, and this exercise may reduce the negative physical consequences and consequent treatment costs, and helps to slow down the aging process and is effective in improving the daily activities of the elderly

Making changes and fluctuations in the training components compared to repetitive training can lead to more motor learning based on the principles of system self-organization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of differential and traditional training methods on electromyographic changes of lower body muscles in performing and learning crawl swimming.

In this study, 36 swimmers aged 20 to 25 years who had no experience in swimming training were selected as a sample and randomly divided into three groups of control, traditional exercises and differential exercises. Experiments of experimental groups in 12 sessions, during which,they learned to do breaststroke in a traditional and differential way. Before and after 12 training sessions, the mean Muscle activity based on root mean square index (RMS) and the mean time of activity of the muscles of the right thigh, anterior buttock and internal twins of the swimmers were measured.

Based on the results of Bon Ferroni test, the mean RMS of Rectus femoris, Biceps femoris (P = 0.001), tibialis Anterior (P = 0.04) and Gastrocnemius (P = 0.005) of swimmers of the differential group is significantly larger than the control group in the post-test. This difference between differential and traditional group is also significant (P ≤ 0.05). But there is no significant difference between the control and traditional group (P > 0.05). In the post-test, only the activity time average of Rectus femoris in the differential group is larger than the traditional group (P = 0.046). The activity time average of tibialis Anterior muscle in both training groups are larger than the control group in post-test (P < 0.05), but there is no significant difference between differential and traditional training groups (P > 0.05). The activity time average of Gastrocnemius in the differential (P = 0.001) and traditional (P = 0.041) groups are significantly larger than the control group, but this difference between the differential training group and traditional training group is not significant (P > 0/05). Also, the activity time average of biceps femoris muscle in the differential training group is higher than the control group (P = 0.001), but there is no difference between the differential and traditional groups and also the traditional and control groups (P < 0.05).

The results of the present study indicate that differential exercises are more effective than traditional exercises in learning crawl swimming.

The development of motor skills and basic skills in childhood and adolescence and subsequently adolescence and adulthood affect the growth and development of all aspects of development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dynamic yard on motor development of children aged 8 to 12 years. The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with control group. 30 healthy 8 to 11 year old male students who were studying in Kermanshah in the academic year of 1998-99 were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into two groups of control and experimental. First, pre-tests were performed for both groups. The third edition of Ulrich (2016) was used to assess motor skills. The experimental group participated in the standard training program for 8 weeks and 5 days per week, and the control group performed only daily activities. At the end of the intervention, post-test was performed for both groups. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance at the error level of 0.05 with SPSS-19 software. The results of covariance analysis showed a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test of large motor skills and the experimental group performed better than the control group in all variables. It seems that in healthy 8 to 12 year old boys, using the dynamic yard program can significantly improve their motor development.

The development of motor skills and basic skills in childhood and adolescence and subsequently adolescence and adulthood affect the growth and development of all aspects of development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dynamic yard on motor development of children aged 8 to 12 years.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with control group. 30 healthy 8 to 11 year old male students who were studying in Kermanshah in the academic year of 1998-99 were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into two groups of control and experimental. First, pre-tests were performed for both groups. The third edition of Ulrich (2016) was used to assess motor skills. The experimental group participated in the standard training program for 8 weeks and 5 days per week, and the control group performed only daily activities. At the end of the intervention, post-test was performed for both groups. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance at the error level of 0.05 with SPSS-19 software.

The results of covariance analysis showed a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test of large motor skills and the experimental group performed better than the control group in all variables.

It seems that in healthy 8 to 12 year old boys, using the dynamic yard program can significantly improve their motor development.

Research in developmental psychology shows that the experience of exercise and play in childhood can have a significant and lasting impact on social development and psychological health. Therfore, the present study was conducted To evaluate the effectiveness of dynamic playground games on social development and perceived physical competence in boys aged 8 to 12 years.

The research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all 8- to 12-year-old male students in Kermanshah in the academic year 2019-2020, from which 30 students were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups of 15 experimental and Witnesses were present. The experimental group participated in dynamic yard games for 8 weeks. In the end, post-test was taken from both groups. Data were collected using the Vineland Social Development Scale (1953) and the Marsh somatic self-descriptive questionnaire (1998) and analyzed using analysis of covariance at the significant level of p <0.05.

Findings showed that playground games have a positive and significant effect on social development and perceived physical competence of children (P<0.001).

It seems that playground games can positively increase social development and perceived physical competence in children. Therefore, these games can be used to improve social status and perceived physical competence, which play an effective role in children's mental health.

Today, the most important issue in sports and motor success, especially for children, is improving their motivation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare challenging and non-challenging games of children's motor motivation.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design. The participants in this study were 40 children (mean age 6.15 and standard deviation 1.12) who were selected by the available method. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of challenging games (20 people) and non-challenging games (20 people). They then received motor skills interventions for eight weeks, two sessions per week, and each session lasting 90 minutes. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the effect of exercise for motivation in groups was significant so that the rate of changes in motor motivation from pre-test to post-test in the challenge group was more than the non-challenge group. Therefore, the effect of challenging training on motivation is more than non-challenging training.

The results of this study emphasize the use of playful form of interventions in childhood and in the design of interventions, use of manipulation of constraints and its challenge to motivate children is helpful.

Background: Badminton booklet is a high-risk sport in the field of upper limb injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical mechanics and upper limb injuries in professional badminton players. Materials and Methods: 20 professional open badminton players from the national badminton league with a history of shoulder injuries with age (28.41 1 1.12 years), weight (71.23 7 7.22 kg), height (36 5 5.88) / 175 m), playing history (4.6 ± 1.5 years), as well as 20 healthy open badminton players with age (27.63 2 2.3 years), weight (68.88 6 6.20 kg), height ( 20.4 ± 177 meters), games (2.3 / 2.5 years), participated in this study. The subjects' shoulder kinematic indices were evaluated. Data were analyzed by chi-square and logistic regression. Results: According to the results of the study, the relationship between physical mechanics and shoulder injuries was observed in both healthy and injured groups (P = 0.003) Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the anatomical factors of cinema are exposed to injury and athletes are considered to be related to anomalies and minor injuries, and because kinematic indicators are among the factors that have been damaged in predicting injury. , Can be considered. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the anatomical factors of cinema are exposed to injury and athletes are considered to be related to anomalies and minor injuries, and because kinematic indicators are among the factors that have been damaged in predicting injury Can be considered. by badminton coaches.

 

The results of some research studies have revealed the positive effect of the caffeine consumption on the muscle fatigue and anaerobic power of the athletes. According to these findings, the purpose of the present research study is investigating the effect of one session of exhaustive exercise and caffeine consumption on muscle fatigue levels and anaerobic power of the professional female karatekas.

In this experimental study, 30 professional female karatekas who had at least been present in the Karate national team selected camp once, were chosen based on the entrance criteria and the purposive sampling. The samples were randomly divided into three homogeneous groups consisting of 10 individuals (two groups receiving the 6 and 9 milligrams of caffeine supplement for each kilogram of body weight) and the placebo (6 milligrams of dextrose for each kilogram of body weight). The blood samples were taken prior to and after the anaerobic exhaustive test of Cunningham and Faulkner. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

The results of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between the control and 9-miligram caffeine groups in all variables (P0.005). Finally, the results of the study demonstrated that there was a significant difference resulting from the effect of 6 and 9-milligrams caffeine amounts on the levels of lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, peak, average, anaerobic power and fatigue of the professional female karatekas (P0.005), though, there was no significant difference among the lactic acid, PH and the anaerobic power drop (P×0.005).

According to the results of the study, it is recommended that female karatekas use the 9-miligram dosage caffeine supplement for reducing the levels of muscle fatigue and increasing the anaerobic power and blood PH.

The feet require proper weight distribution during many body motions such as those for the maintenance of static balance and gait. In general, an abnormally low medial longitudinal arch in foot is called pes planus or flatfeet, which is divided into rigid and flexible pes planus. Pes planus has been reported to cause abnormal functions of the tendon sheath of the tibialis posterior, including dynamic imbalance, pain, joint damage, and even stress fractures. Diagnosing and improving flatfeet in the early age is effective in preventing various injuries. Foot as the most distal segment in the lower extremity chain, represents relatively small base of support on which the body maintains balance. Although it seems reasonable that even minor biomechanical alternations in the support surface may influence postural-control strategies. Studies represented several ways of using kinesiotape was affected on handling many kinds of skeletal deformities. There was evidence exists that traditional taping can be effective in controlling excessive pronated foot. The aim of this study was to evaluate corrective exercises and the use of kinesiotape on flatfeet and balance index in female students aged 15 to 17 years.

The method of this research was semi-experimental, which was conducted as an intervention in the form of a pre-test and post-test research design with two experimental groups. The statistical population of female students was 15 to 17 years old in Tehran, 28 female volunteer students were suffered pronation foot grouped random in 2, including 14 in both experimental group, corrective exercises with taping and corrective exercises without taping. The criteria for entering students into the research were: suffering from flat feet; written consent of the volunteer and parents; Confirmation of the health questionnaire by a specialist doctor, including checking the complete health of the skeletal and neuromuscular system, the visual system, the vestibular hearing system; Not taking any drugs that affect the nervous system and control posture; Not having a history of accidents and ankle sprains; Negativeness of the adhesive sensitivity test and no coldness and sweating of the soles of the feet. The criteria for the withdrawal of students from the research, eczema in the long term, the appearance of disorders in the health of the sensory and nervous systems, vestibular hearing, the appearance of vertigo, impaired control of standing, the occurrence of any type of accident and the occurrence of movement problems, the inability to continue exercises and the increase in body mass index body mass index (BMI) during the intervention period. The navicular drop test and foot printed measured by Staheli method were done to diagnose flat foot. Corrective exercises were scheduled for 8 weeks 32 sessions. Participants with tape were present throughout the study along with the taped foot during the day. The measurement of the height of the naval bone and amount of internal arches of the foot were measured and to find the balance it was performed by a posturography apparatus, Sensory organization test (SOT test), which all remeasured after 8 weeks exercises. The computerized dynamic posturography apparatus was the equitest model of the American NeuroCom company, one of the most advanced kinetic variables assessor apparatus that is used to manipulate effective sensory systems in control posture. This device has a unique evaluation technique that provides quantitative data in posture control and it is a suitable tool for analysing age–related changes. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, covariance analysis , independent t test and paired samples test in significance level 0.05. All data were analysed using SPSS 20 for windows.

The results of covariance analysis showed that, after removing the effect of pre-test scores on post-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the first (p=0.251), second (p=0.113), third (p=0.071), fourth (p=0.862), fifth (p=0.260) and sixth (p=0.314) balances and the internal longitudinal arch of right foot (p=0.281) and left (p=0.125) and there was no increase in the height of the right naval bone (p=0.136) and the height of the left naval bone (p=0.240) and the use of kinesiotape could not facilitate the effect of corrective exercises; But the results of the paired t-test for intragroup comparisons showed that corrective exercises on the on internal longitudinal arch of right and left foot (p<0.001), increasing the height of the naval bone of the right and left foot (p<0.001) and static balance with eyes closed in the second condition (p<0.001) had a significant effect.

According to this study corrective exercises protocol can improve pronated foot (flat feet deformity) and static balance index in closed eyes position, and the use of the kinesiotape is not affective on improving pronated foot and improving balance index. Therefore, this training protocol can be useful for teenagers suffered pronated foot is to improve internal foot arches and height of the naval bone and static balance in closed eye position.