seyyed hamid khodadad hoseini

Recently there are remarkable interests about business ecosystems in businesses and academic environments and increasing. Regarding special characteristics of business ecosystems, it is expected that management concepts including strategy and strategizing are different in business ecosystems and they have special specifications and require special considerations. In this research and using related articles published in this area, we review previous researches and extract related concepts and themes about strategazing in business ecosystems and realation between them and to design an integrated model for strategizing in business ecosystem’s life cycle.

To identify related themes about strategizing in business ecosystems, we use Metasynthesis and Sandelowski and Barroso method in this research that the mothod includes seven steps. Published articles in this area between 1993 to 2021 and in top scientific databases are reviewed by the research group. These databases include Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus and EBSCO. In addition and regarding the importance of some journals, the resarch group considered articles of four pioneer journals by Berry-picking and Journal Runs and Hand Searching method to be sure that all influential articles are reviewed. These four pioneer journals include Harvard Business Review, MIT Sloan Management Review, California Management Review and Strategic Management Journal. We reviewed related articles and screened articles three times and at the end, 107 articles selected and studied in this research. We extracted required information from these selected articles and then categorized and synthesized them to extract concepts and themes.

Using Metasynthesis results, 10 themes about strategizing in business ecosystems are identified including Ecosystem Creation Motivators, Ecosystem Drivers, Ecosystem Goal, Ecosystem Boundary, Strategic Positions in Ecosystem, Strategic Roles in Ecosystem, Critical Health Factors of Ecosystem, Ecosystem Challenges, Ecosystem Dynamism, and Strategizing in Ecosystem that every theme has its sub-themes and concepts. These themes are related together and can make an integrated model to describe how different factors influence strategizing in business ecosystems and how designers and managers of an ecosystem can nurture an acosystem by deliberately strategic initiatives.

In the end and using identified themes and regarding the relationships between them, an integrated model for strategizing in business ecosystems’ life cycle are designed by the researchers. In this model and based on the research question, strategizing has a dynamic charactristics and is a continuous attempt during whole life cycle of business ecosystem and plays as a core of the model. There are several motivators that encourage different ecosystem players to participate in the ecosystem. While these motivators exist, the ecosystem evolve and otherwise will collapse. On the other hand, customer value proposition is the core goal that whole ecosystem moves toward that goal and strategizing is a leading engine that pushes the ecosystem toward this goal. In addition to strategizing, there are some soft and hard drivers that provide dynamism for ecosystem. After creating ecosystem, different participants play various roles in the ecosystem that based on their responsibiliy, they are assigned to special positions and these positions determine the strategic role of every participant in the ecosysetm. Participants influence the strategizing in the ecosystem by these strategic roles. Also, strategic positions maybe change by ecosystem dynamism and then they are dynamic. By prticipation of players in the ecosystem, the boundary of ecosystem will be detremined that include players in different strategic positions. According to the model, this boundary is dynamic and based on the different factor, the boundary can change during ecosystem’s life cycle. Survival and competitiveness of an ecosystem deponds on its health. During evolution of the ecosystem, different factors emerge that based on these factors we can evaluate healthiness of ecosystem that we call them Critical Health Factors. These factors play a very important role in decision about ecosystem strategies. Ecosystem challenges are other factors that influence strategizing in ecosystem that these challenges related to charactristics of ecosystems and these challenges must be considered for any strategic initiatives. But ecosystem dynamism is the crucial issue in ecosystem strategizing that accomplish by ecosystem’s life cycle. Comprehensive understanding of this dynamism is so important for strategizing in an ecosystem. Also, dynamism variables are the most important issue about ecosystem dynamism. These variables make dynamism in the ecosystem or they will be affacted by ecosystem dynamism. These dynamism variables influence on strategizing in ecosystem and also will be affacted by new strategies and changes. In addition to strategic roles, strategic challenges and dynamism variables, there are another factors that impact on strategizing that we call them as Effective Factors on Strategizing. These factors have mutual relationship with strategizing and they have dynamism charactristics. In addition, Strategic Approach is another factor that can influence strategizing in ecosystem. Every strategic approach has its own requirements and can make different effect on strategizing in ecosystem. These strategic approaches are related to strategic positions and ecosystem dynamism. Regarding complexity of strategizing in ecosystems, it is necessary to consider all these themes together simultaneously and also their relationship. This comprehensive understanding leads to a best decision during strategy develpoment and execution and this designed model is the most comprehensive known model for strategizing in business ecosystems.

IntroductionOrganizations in some cases, such as Complex Products and Systems (COPS) do not have access to resources or the possibility and how to use them.Complex Products and Systems are such products and systems that strongly require strong engineering knowledge and high costs with a project organizational structure and customized based on technology networks, structures and engineering and infrastructure services. In other words, organizations active in the Complex Products and Systems industry need to be present in collaborative networks in order to meet their complex technological needs and because they must be equipped with a combination of complementary skills and expertise. Given the importance of networking in the Complex Products and Systems industry due to its basic features and the good literature that has been formed in this field of research in recent years, therefore, it is possible to use a review research to identify studied areas. future trends, and other areas of interest.Methodology The main purpose of this research is a systematic review and classification of the studied subjects, observable trends in studies, descriptive statistics of previous studies. The present study is a systematic review and citation research in which the steps of systematic review study of Denyer and Tranfield (2009) have been used. At first, after identifying the relevant keywords and confirming the experts, the search command was formed as TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“complex product systems” OR “complex products and systems” OR “complex capital goods” OR “complex Product-Service System”) and (“Collaborat*” OR “Network*” OR “cooperat*”)), and in the next step, the search command was executed and modified in the Scopus database, which finally produced 109 outputs.Results and Discussion The period of studied articles was from 1995 to 2021, published in 38 sources, the annual growth rate of articles from 2017 to 2021 has quadrupled, "Research Policy" journal is the first rank in this field by publishing 5 articles. Tae Yang Park published the most articles in the field and is in first rank and Hanyang University is with the highest number of organizational affiliations in this field, China with 12 scientific products is of the top country in the list of scientific products in this field. However, articles originating in the United Kingdom with 133 citations have the most citations to articles.Complex systems industries have denser and more complex network connections, which makes it difficult for transformative innovations. Therefore, equipping with communication capabilities can facilitate coordination to face this challenge [44]. Meanwhile, in line with Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction, radical innovations can completely erase the value of outdated technologies and competences and thus lead to the exit of the industry for backward companies. Recent research indicates that innovation flows from the business level to the network level. Innovation in the network is the result of the appropriate flow and its sharing between network members. One of the methods of knowledge transfer and circulation can occur in the form of complementary assets. For example, two companies, one of which has capabilities in raw material production and the other in its processing, can facilitate the flow of knowledge by properly transferring knowledge and participating in this process. Another type of innovation and knowledge flow can occur in the form of innovative division of labor. This is a kind of recombination of network members' knowledge with problems and solutions. As a result of creating such a recombination, the member companies of the network will find the ability to make what they could not make and provide alone. Of course, the importance of explicit and implicit knowledge should not be overlooked. Therefore, tacit knowledge, which is much lower in transmission power and rarely takes a written form, can be easily transferred in face-to-face and direct relationships in networks. That is, the greater the share of tacit knowledge, the more difficult it will be to transfer. Therefore, being in the network can promise more innovation for their members due to the access and variety of knowledge available in the networks. Conclusion After studying the theoretical foundations and holding meetings to present the articles, the five main topics discussed in the reviewed articles were identified, and the results of the answers to the articles were presented. The first theme is about the main factors of network stability in the complex systems industry, which include: the quality of the relationship between network actors, the degree of movement towards goals and achieving them in a flexible and cooperative atmosphere, the realization of a goal that each member has joined the network with the same motivation. Establishing two-way communication in a network, cooperation, solving the problem of resource dependence, appropriate actions in the field of strategic management, the presence of managers with basic skills in network management and the use of various tools to create a common understanding between members. Adaptability in the network in complex systems industries: participation and presence in networks and the formation of some interdependencies in networks, lead to changes in the business model of companies, which these changes occur due to adaptation to the network.The five main themes are identified as follows:How does network stability happen in the Complex Products and Systems industry?What are the dynamics of network adaptability in Complex Products and Systems industry?How is network management in Complex Products and Systems industry?How to create value in networks in Complex Products and Systems industry?How does innovation in the Complex Products and Systems industry occur?Due to the limitations of the research and access to the most original articles, because part of the validity of the research comes from the validity of the search and its articles, so from these outputs only articles and review studies and in English selected and the output was 68 articles. This number of articles was re-examined by two researchers and separately. The final output of the study was 47 original articles that were entered into Bibliometrics software to provide the most referenced resources, journals, universities, individuals and collaboration networks. And other related items to be identified.

Introduction The emergence and processing of thought, theory, conceptual, and operational model of theological management of development, and thus the production of Quranic strategic decision-making knowledge, and solving strategic social and civilizational problems and challenges of Islamic-Iranian society depend on their methodical production and processing from revelatory teachings. Like any other scientific structure, the proper establishment of the epistemological structure of strategic decision-making knowledge based on the Quran requires attention to its "nature of paradigm fundamentals". Thus, every field of knowledge, such as the knowledge of strategic decision-making that seeks to enter the empirical reality for change, is rooted in the dominant world-view, and it cannot be designed and implemented without considering its paradigmatic principles. Therefore, to acquire the Qur'an-based knowledge of strategic decision-making, there is no option to adjust it epistemologically from the level of paradigm principals to the empirical level, based on revelatory teachings.MethodologyBased on the combined mechanism of the implication research method and implication logic in the literature of the science of principles and according to AL - ANFAL Surah, the present research sought to understand and explain examples of implications based on fundamentals of Epistemology related to the subject of strategic decision-making using thematic analysis and content analysis in ATLAS.ti software.Results and DiscussionThe research process led to the extraction of  192 primary codes, 14 basic themes, including1. The role of true and credible perceptions in strategic decision-making; 2. The role of the conscientious perceptions in strategic decision-making; 3. The role of the perceptions system in strategic decision making; 4. The decision-maker and in terms of subjectivity and objectivity; 5. The flow of thought elite knowledge in strategic decision making; 6. Discourse knowledge in contrivance and situation of management; 7. Discourse in the field of public knowledge and socio-cultural affairs; 8. Level of tendency (in the field of faith) in strategic decisions; 9. The level of action (in the field of piety) in strategic decisions; 10. The role and place of revelation, intuition, sense and reason in strategic decision making; 11. Credibility of intuitive and face-to-face resources in strategic decision making; 12. Credibility of product resources in strategic decision making, and 6 organizing themes, including: 1. The role and quality of the continuity of true, credible and conscientious perceptions in strategic decision-making; 2. Crystallization of the decision-maker in terms of subjectivity and objectivity; 3. discourse-creating knowledge of change in strategic decision-making; 4. the position of values in strategic decision-making; 5. resources of knowledge in strategic decision-making; 6. validity of knowledge resources in strategic decision-making, under an inclusive implication theme, namely the fundamentals of the Epistemology of strategic decision-making. The results of the present manuscript included an example of the fundamentals of Quran-based Epistemology in the field of strategic decision-making. The connection of this field of knowledge with religious sciences, on the one hand, gives a better and deeper understanding and analysis of events and problems, and consequently a more appropriate action, gives strategic decision-makers, and on the other hand  underlies the production, processing, and development of the theory and knowledge of strategic decision-making of the Quran by researchers, and thus the presentation of specific applied models for strategic managers from the perspective of religious (Quranic) thoughts in research and development objectivity.ConclusionParadigms and models are realized in epistemic, historical, cultural, and social tools and contexts, and even in territorial and regional, and it is required to pay attention to their ecology. If progress is considered as an approach and style of life and specific life world that a school - for example, Islam - has provided for human perfection and life; in addition to inherent features embedded in this lifestyle, the situation of time and place should also be taken into account to implement it and then, an instance should be designed from that life-world and lifestyle so that it can be implemented in that situation of time and place. Accordingly, it is necessary to seriously modify the ideological and practical foundations of macro level decision makers as well as the educational and research system of the country in accordance with the requirements of an Iranian - Islamic culture to respond to the current strategic issues of the country and scientifically and practically update the academic textbooks in the field of strategic management (and particularly strategic decision making). Hence, while enjoying the achievements of today’s knowledge, the epistemic foundations of this knowledge should naturally be adopted from the Quranic teachings and the prophetic tradition - administrators and compatible with Iranian culture.

Hard conditions of today's hypercompetition markets have not only dramatically increased the cost and risk of entering the market, but have also caused failure of new entrants. Coopetitions are born in response to this need. One of the important issues facing decision makers in coopetition projects is how to evaluate the consequences so that decide whether to enter the coopetition or not, as well as whether to continue or not. The purpose of this research is design and explain the consequences of coopetition for entering the ICT market of Iran, by analyzing the data gathered from systematic literature review over the past 15 years and interviewing with 16 ICT experts, through Multi Grounded Theory (MGT). Finally, a conceptual model is developed about the consequences of coopetition for entering the Iranian ICT market, which composed of three groups: "Brand Performance", "Industry Performance", and "Market entry Performance ".v

Competitive cooperation has emerged in response to the challenges facing organizations entering today's turbulent markets. This type of cooperation carries many risks, so it needs to examine from different dimensions. The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers and factors that cause stubborn competitors to enter the market to cooperate with each other. For this purpose, Iran's Information and Communication Technology Industry studied and using the Multi-grounded Theory Strategy to analyze the data obtained from the systematic survey of the literature review in the last 15 years and interviewed 16 experts. This industry has been addressed, which were selected unofficially and purposefully using the snowball method. Finally, the developed model, which is the stimulus for competitive cooperation to enter the Iranian information and communication technology market, divided into four groups: "perceptual benefits from competitive cooperation", "macro stimuli", "industry characteristics" and "competence". Organizational concepts developed.

Today, companies are seen as part of the network of relationships that they can gain competitive advantage from networks. This study has been done to analyze the role of dynamic capabilities in relation between external relations of the organization with competitive advantage and quantification of these relationships. For this aim, has been used mix method. Questionnaire was tools for quantification of relations of this research that its reliability and validity was checked by different methods. The questionnaires were distributed in 13th international construction fair in Tehran with random sampling, and 352 returned and complete questionnaires were used for quantitative analysis. The findings show the indirect impact of external social capital on competitive advantage has become much more than direct one. Dynamic capabilities play complement and significant mediator role in this relationship. Government support and enforcement inefficiency and demand uncertainty are environmental moderator variables that have effective impact on research model.

Forming of strategic alliances is one of the most important strategies of firms in the oil industry and its related industries. The performance evaluation is also an important field of study is considered. Hence the purpose of this study is to present a model of strategic alliances performance. 113 questionnaires distributed among firms participating in strategic alliances in the oil, gas and petrochemical industry and 73 usable questionnaires were distributed, returned. Latent variables are all in the range of acceptable reliability. To test the model, partial least squares method and Smart PLS-Graph software version 2.0 was used. The results showed that alliance experience has a positive effect on two dimensions of the alliance capability include of alliance mechanisms and alliance management capability. positive impact of Alliance management capability on operational capabilities and competitive advantage impact on performance was also confirmed. Separation of impacts showed that experience a significant impact on the performance of alliances.

This study extends prior researches by exploring the effect of organizational orientations on export performance. Building on the already extensive literature، we developed a model of relationship. A total of 120 usable questionnaires were received from the Iranian food industry SMEs. The results indicated that entrepreneurial orientation، market orientation and learning orientation positively impact export performance. Market orientation positively influences learning orientation. Furthermore، both market and learning orientation positively impact entrepreneurial orientation. Additionally، market orientation indirectly impacts export performance via entrepreneurial and learning performance. Learning orientation also indirectly impacts export performance via entrepreneurial orientation. Most empirical studies have been conducted in developed countries، rather than in developing countries. This is the first examination of the role of three organizational orientations in Iranian SMEs. This study is aimed at companies who wish to increase their performance. Managers can also enhance their chances of success by developing the different orientations.

Recent studies have so far failed to give a plain and evident answer about the probable effectiveness of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurship. However، apparently، some environmental variables and characteristics like ethnicity، education and gender may influence both emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship. Therefore، this article tries to study the effect of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurship among post-graduate students in the context of gender and ethnicity. The researchers selected Tarbiat Modares University post-graduate students as the sample of the research. This research has 3 major hypotheses as well as 6 minor ones. In the end، all the hypotheses were rejected، but one. Finally، ome recommendations were offered for further studies.

Decision about distribution and sales channel is one of the most important decisions that managers confront it. This matter can Influence other marketing decisions. Distribution and sales channels are the heart of companies، but they often have not sufficient attention to this channels and it can be have detrimental effect for them. Hence closed coordination and retention of long term cooperative among partnership is very important. This study aimed to identify influential factors in retention of supplier-distributor cooperation from the supplier’s landscape. Statistical population of this study included food products suppliers. Data analysis using structural equation modeling technique was conducted. Findings suggest is that factors such as commitment، communication، performance، satisfaction and trust are affecting factors in retention of supplier-distributor cooperation and have positive affect on retention of supplier-distributor cooperation in distribution network.

Non-governmental sector development, especially private sector, leads to increase in portion of this sector in the Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and also through technology development as driver of development can play an important role in the productivity and country development. In this research motivational factors, barriers and enhancement methods of technology development has been investigated that are vital for technology development in the non-governmental sector in Iran. For appropriate investigation of these factors, three criteria has been indentified that divided into some indicators. These indicators illustrated the essentials for technology development in the non-governmental sector of Iran. For this purpose numbers of questions and hypotheses have been formulated that presented the every dimensions of technology development for non-governmental sector in Iran. By analysing research data that gathered from both managers/practitioners and academicians that associated with the field, research hypotheses have been tested and then concluding remarks was presented. In the final section of this paper the applied and theoretical recommendations and also guidelines for policymakers and decision makers of the field has been provided.

with review of previous findings we are facing to this major problem that what are the major patterns or ways, SMEs apply in organizing their marketing mix elements? So, In this study we intend to explain the building block of marketing mix elements in small to medium size enterprise, and in so doing we apply a modernize exploration view, and whit establishing an effective convergence between the marketing and requirement of SMEs, try to explain the nature of the subject. Two types of innovation have been donein this study. First, an effective theoretical contributions and development of marketing knowledge boundaries in SME context, and other, practical participation and recognize the role model of such an active player in marketing activity, Using qualitative approach and exploratory case study strategy. Results showed that the components of Marketing Mix in small and medium size enterprises, including five major elements: Person (owner/manager), Product, Price, Promotion and Place, and 49 sub elements, which the first one (Person), as a new element was extracted in the process of this study and added to other conventional items. However it should be noted that, the content of other elements are different from the conventional ones. Besides, this hypothesis was strengthened that the marketing mix which apply in SME context is different from traditional elements include: Product, Price, Promotion and Place.