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 Dynamic Knee Valgus (DKV) causes many acute and chronic knee injuries during deceleration and landing in sports activities and can affect the athletes’ specific skills. This study aims to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of progressive jump-landing training on jump shooting accuracy and knee valgus angle in male basketball players with DKV.

 This is a quasi-experimental study conducted on 24 male basketball players with DKV in Mazandaran, who were selected purposefully. They were randomly divided into training and control groups. Their jump shooting accuracy was assessed by Boddington’s Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test, and their DKV angle was measured by a two-dimensional evaluation method in Quinoa software. In addition to their routine exercises, the training group performed the jump-landing training for 6 weeks at 3 sessions per week, while the control group performed their usual exercises only. In order to compare the two study groups, ANCOVA was used.

 The progressive jump-landing program had a significant effect on jump shooting accuracy (P=0.001) and DKV angle (P=0.001).

 Six weeks of progressive jump-landing training can improve the jump shooting accuracy and knee valgus angle in basketball players with DKV. Therefore, jump landing exercises are recommended for improving the jump shooting skill and knee alignment in these athletes.

This study aims to assess the effect of combined strengthening and proprioceptive exercises on balance and gait of female children with intellectual disability

 Participants were 24 elementary school girls aged 9-13 years in Mashhad, Iran who were selected using a convenience sampling method and divided to two groups of exercise and control. The exercise group performed selective exercises for 8 weeks, while the control group performed their daily activities. In the pre-test stage, the static balance, dynamic balance, lower limb strength, and gait were measured. After eight weeks, all variables were measured again.

 Eight weeks of strengthening and proprioceptive exercises had a significant effect on improvement of static balance, dynamic balance, lower limb strength, and gait of girls with intellectual disability (P=0.001).

 Eight weeks of strengthening and proprioceptive exercises can be used to improve the physical fitness factors of girls with intellectual disability.

 With age, the problems associated with loss of balance, followed by decreased muscle strength and physical function, increase. Therefore, the elderly are exposed to serious injuries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Cawthorne Cooksey training on balance and lower limb strength in the elderly.

 Subjects including 24 elderly men and women participated in this study voluntarily and were divided into experimental groups (n=‌12) and control (n=‌12). The design of the present study was pre-test and post-test. Cawthorne Cooksey training were performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 60 minutes. The main variables were balance and lower limb strength, and the leaf test was used to assess balance and the rise and fall test was used for lower limb strength. One-way covariance and dependent t-test in SPSS software version 26 were used to analyze the pre-test and post-test results and compare the groups.

 The results of this study showed that the balance in the experimental group had a significant improvement compared to the control group (P=‌0.001). There was also a significant difference in lower limb strength in the experimental group compared to the control (P=‌0.002).

 According to the findings of this study, these exercises positively affect balance and lower limb strength in the elderly. Due to the decline in physical function of the elderly, performing these exercises increases the level of physical function and quality of life of the elderly.

Today, we see more and more of the interaction between criminological teachings and the various areas of criminal science found in new laws. Of these, Of these, the Compulsory Insurance Act provides for damages to third parties for accidents caused by vehicles approved in the year 1395, when the legislator has taken steps to adopt and operate preventive criminological teachings, albeit shakily. The purpose of this paper is to examine the social prevention approach of  driving crimes and violations in the light of a third-party insurance institution. In this regard, efforts are being made to analyze its legal principles and effects. Indeed, the main question of the research is how can a third-party insurance institution have a proactive approach to crime?
Findings of the research indicate that the basis for interaction between this institution and social prevention of crime can be social co-operation, distribution of disadvantages in society and participation of civil society in crime prevention. The types of prevention include the prevention by culture, the development or limitation of social and legal protection of the insurer and the utilization of the capacity of the local community. The analysis of the legislature's discourse in this area reflects the emergence of new approaches to prevent driving crimes and violations.

Pollutants especially nanoparticles as emerging contaminants in water may causes stress response in fish physiology and fish health that ultimately could reduce fish immune function and, hence the use of immuno simulator such as probiotics seems very essential. A total of 250 fry carp for 42 days in three treatments of without probiotics and prebiotics level A (106) and Level B (107) were divided. Then each group exposed to 50% of nano-iron LC50 for 10 days. The serum biochemical parameters were measured using an ELISA plate reader and the device Sysmaks with commercial Kits. Probiotics alone hadn’t a significant effect on glucose, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin and total cholesterol (P≥0.05), but silver was reduced this indices (P>0.05), using combination of probiotics and silver also increased glucose, direct and total bilirubin with total cholesterol (P>0.05). Nano-silver cause inhabitation and reduction of serum biochemical indices that lead to depletion of these indices, but using combination of probiotics and nano particle reduced inhabitation effects of nano silver and lead to elevation of indices. Overall results showed that Lactobacillus probiotic could decrease the amount of serum biochemical markers with the improvement of existing situation, but nano-silver lead to stress conditions and increased markers by creating stressful condition, and then using a combination of Lactobacillus decreased adverse effects of nano-silver.

Although run Superior Orders By officers Applicable of a justified crime, but Regarding Officer's responsibility to obey illegal orders Different perspectives raised. In this article the effect of these views on the legislative approaches in this field is examined. The result is the legislator with adherence to these principles, different approaches at confront the illegal orders of the officers has predicted and inevitably to determine his responsibility In the face of these commands should review relevant laws. In the opposite, Officials are absolutely responsible when issuing an unlawful command, although the nature of their responsibility will sometimes be different. Thus, this research The Field of Understanding the Responsibility of Officials and superiors and the nature of his performance provides.

Walking is one of the most important activities of daily living that plays a vital role in the lives of the elderly population and can help improve their physical and mental health. Especially, the survey of ground reaction force (GRF) during walking with different speeds between young and old adults results in better perception of essential mechanisms of speed regulation during walking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age and walking speeds on vertical GRF in younger and older adults.
The subjects of this study included 15 younger and 15 older men with a mean age of 26.46 and 70.33 years, respectively. All the subjects were healthy and randomly selected. A-10-meters walking path was considered along the laboratory, and a three-axis Kistler Force plate was placed in the middle of the track. The distance of walking start line to force plate was 4 meters. Each subject walked this 10-meters path with self-selected (100%), slow (80%) and fast (120%) speeds. The vertical GRF during walking stance phases including weight acceptance or first peak phase (FZ1), midstance or depth phase (FZ2), and heel off or second peak phase (FZ3) were measured by the Force plate at 200-Hz frequency. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni tests.
The results showed that the effects of age (P=0.002) and speed (P=0.001) on the mean vertical GRF are significant. Also, the interaction effect of age and speed on the mean vertical GRF was significant (P=0.013). According to the Bonferroni test, in both age groups, the mean vertical GRF was significantly different between different speeds (P0.05). At self-selected and fast speeds, there were significant differences in FZ1 and FZ3 between the two groups (p0.05). In addition, there were significant differences at FZ1 and FZ3 between different speeds (p In summary, the results of the present study showed that during walking with self-selected and fast speeds, the reaction forces of weight acceptance and heel off phases were significantly different between younger and older adults, but there was no significant difference in the reaction force of midstance phase. Moreover, in both age groups, there were significant differences among walking different speeds in the reaction forces of weight acceptance and heel off phases. It seems that lower extremity muscles strengthening in the older adults can increase walking speed and decrease falling risks and functional disabilities of these people.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is closely related to onset timing imbalance of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles. The purpose of this study was to examine theeffect of selective isokinetic strengthening and quadriceps general strengthening exercises on onset timing of vastii muscles in patellofemoral pain syndrome patients.
Thirty-six women with PFPS (mean age 27.3±6.8 years) participated voluntarily in this study and were randomly placed in one of three groups included VMO selective isokinetic strengthening (VMO-SIS), quadriceps general strengthening (QGS) and control (CO) groups. Both exercises were performed for 8 weeks and VMO and VL onset timing were calculated using of an electromyography system. Data analysis were made by analyses of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni tests.
Before interventions, there was no difference between groups (p>0.05) and in each groups, VMO onset time was more than that VL (p0.05). In QGS group, VL onset time value decreased (p=0.01) but, VMO onset time did not change (p>0.05). Also, VMO onset delay in VMO-SIS group decreased (p=0.002) but in QGS group increased (p=0.04).
The knee isokinetic extension training with maximum lateral tibial rotation and in close to knee full extension can be recommended as an appropriate therapeutic intervention for improving onset timing balance of medial and lateral vastii muscles in PFPS patients.

The purpose of this study is to find the optimum training conditions for selective strengthening of the vastus medialis oblique muscle over vastus lateralis.
For this purpose, a musculoskeletal model of lower limb was developed by OpenSim software. Using a detailed tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint modeling and six muscular branches for components of quadriceps femoris muscle on the other hand, training conditions were simulated in isometric, isokinetic and isotonic modes. For each training condition, the motion kinematic and external force was applied to the model. After analyzing the inverse dynamics, the force of each component of quadriceps femoris muscle was obtained through the statical optimization. Impact of knee angle, speed of movement, external loading level and axial tibial rotation on activity rate of vastus medialis oblique to vastus lateralis muscle was investigated based on the model.
The results showed that the knee angle affect on this ratio and the highest ratio could be obtained in angles close to full extension of knee. Speed of movement and external load level would not affect the ratio. Meanwhile axial tibial rotation could affect this ratio in a way that increasing tibial external rotation was associated with increasing the ratio.
The results indicate that high-speed isokinetic training with highest levels of tibial external rotation in angles close to full extension of knee can resulte in increasing the maximum activity ratio of vastus medialis oblique to vastus lateralis muscle.

Extended Abstract: As one of the most important and basic economic development tools, the targeted subsidies plan (reforming relative prices system of subsidized revenue) can play a major role in clarifying and making competitive the business environment, increasing the efficiency of government programs and policies, modifying consumption patterns, efficient allocation of resources and facilities and production factors, establishing the justice in the distribution of government support, etc. Thus, selection and determination of qualified individuals and target groups is a necessary condition for target attainment.
For the purpose of the study, the following question was posed: Whether the targeted subsidies plan could affect the combination of tax?
The statistical population included aware and clear sighted people about factors affecting tax income including experts of the tax organization. The statistical sample consisted of 35 persons and the method of sample selection was random sampling. After collecting questionnaires, data analysis was performed using SPSS software package. Given that the studied variable in this research is measured based on an interval scale, the following relations may be used to determine the sample size: Where, r is the upper bound of the relative error determined previously, N is the size of population, S and are population’s parameters (error coefficient is and confidence coefficient in level of 99% is equal to ). The required sample size for each group of statistical population was obtained as the table below.
Table1: population and sample sizes
Group Population size Parameter estimation from initial sample Final sample size
mean Standard deviation
Taxes on revenues 35 3.14 0.92 28
The questionnaire queried the effectiveness of various factors on the amount of tax on revenue.
Validity of the Questionnaire: Validity means that the provided tool to what extent measure the considered specific concept (Secaran, 2001). The questionnaire used in this research has been validated according to theoretical foundations and the opinion of experts, intendants and advisers.
Reliabilityof the QuestionnaireIn order to calculate Cronbach alpha, it is firstly required that the variance of scores of each subset of questions be calculated and then the total variance be determined. Then by replacing them into the following formula the value of the Cronbach alpha will be obtained: Where, k is the number of subsets of questionnaire or questions of questionnaire; is the variance of kth question and is the total variance.
Thus, Cronbach alpha reflected the amount of positive correlation of the members of a set with eachother
Table2: Cronbach alpha coefficient
Row Questionnaire Cronbach alpha coefficient
1 Taxes on revenues 0.818
In order to get familiar with the manner of answers provided to the questionnaire and the significance level of each test, we firstly, using frequency tables, checked the answers and then, using t-student significance test, checked the mean of answers so that a clear result was obtained about the view of respondents on each question.
Table3. reports the results of evaluating frequency percentage of provided answers to independent variable questions (Taxes on revenue)
(%)
row Factor Increase so much increase Do not change decrease Decrease so much
1 Decreased export 3.6 7.1 35.7 53.6 0
2 Increased import 7.4 40.7 18.5 29.6 3.7
3 Decreased production 0 7.4 3.7 63 25.9
4 Increased prices general level 7.7 38.5 19.2 26.9 7.7
5 budget deficit 17.9 28.6 17.9 28.9 7.1
6 Income redistribution 7.7 57.7 19.2 11.5 3.8
7 Economic non-stability 10.7 14.3 10.7 46.4 17.9
8 Increased interest rate 11.5 15.4 15.4 42.3 15.4
9 International sanctions 10.7 14.3 10.7 39.3 25
10 Decreased sale revenues 10.7 3.6 7.1 57.1 21.4
11 Increased costs (the cost of production inputs and distribution costs) 7.1 10.7 10.7 53.6 17.9
12 Tendency to non-productive and non-standard jobs and activities (the growth of non-formal economy) 3.6 21.4 17.9 42.9 14.3
13 The existence of bargaining opportunity for unions 3.6 32.1 17.9 46.4 0
14 The lack of trust on government and public sector and organization’s performance 0 11.1 11.1 59.3 18.5
15 The false culture of tax evasion 0 11.1 11.1 55.6 22.2
16 Lack of declaring real incomes by the taxpayer at the time of diagnosis 0 0 7.7 61.5 30.8
17 Simplification of the financial system (with emphasis on reducing compliance costs and encouraging self-declaration) 21.4 50 17.9 10.7 0
18 shortage of skilled labor 0 0 14.3 60.7 25
19 Lack of transparency and aggregating the information of the taxpayer 0 3.6 10.7 71.4 14.3
20 Mechanization of declaration, detection and collection 17.9 71.4 .3.6 7.1 0
21 Lack of information flow from the tax organization to taxpayers 0 11.1 29.6 59.3 0
22 Lack of financial and judicial support for organization’s personnel 0 3.7 3.1 70.4 25.9
23 Organizational features 0 11.1 6.3 74.1 14.8.
24 Unsuitable performance of tax auditors 0 3.8 11.5 69.2 15.4
25 Weakness of regulations, circulars and instructions 0 3.8 7.7 57.7 30.8
26 The existence of broad legal exemptions 0 3.6 7.1 53.6 35.7
27 Failure to extend the value added tax system 5.7 0 8.6 18.6 17.1
28 On the head detection method 8.6 34.3 25.7 28.6 2.9
29 Introducing a new tax base (such as value added, total income, so on) 17.1 51.4 25.7 5.7 0
Now, after t-student test and understanding the relationship between research variables, we draw path analysis diagrams to understand the direct and indirect effects of dependent and independent variables. Path analysis of variables studied in this research question can be seen in Graph 1 below.
Graph 1: Path analysis of research variables (Taxes on revenue)