seyyed saeid kashfi

Driving violations are the cause of many fatal, financial, and psychological accidents. So, Effective punishment can be effective in reducing violations. This study aimed to identify punitive measures taken by drivers to deter driving violations.
The approach of this qualitative research was exploratory in terms of type and content analysis in terms of method, which was analyzed using the three-stage Colaizzi coding method using MAXQDA-2020 software. The participating community included all elites, experienced traffic commanders, selected psychology professors, selected law professors, lawyers, sociologists, and education experts in Iran, from whom 19 people were identified and interviewed in writing until theoretical saturation was reached. In this study, a semi-structured written interview form was used in the form of 82 multiple-choice questions and 10 open-ended questions.
The analysis revealed that deterrent punishments for violations encompassed comprehensive and organizing themes, including: educational-explanatory measures: obligation to correct (3 basic themes) and referral (4 basic themes), financial-economic measures: payment (2 basic themes), probation (2 basic themes) and increasing the cost (4 basic themes), media-advertising measures: limited (2 basic themes) and general (4 basic themes), reactive-feedback measures: monitoring (5 basic themes), negative-punitive (4 basic themes) and limiting (5 basic themes).
Intelligent Automation and urgency of feedback were the most central inferences extracted from the themes of punitive measures to deter driving violations.

The criticality of statistics related to traffic accidents has increased the need for increasing attention and importance of measures to prevent theoccurrence of these crimes. has done. Therefore, the purposeof this study is to designa model for the prevention of driving offenses and violations according to experts.

The research method is developmental in terms of purposeand heuristic in terms of qualitative data type, so content analysis was used. Thestudy population consisted ofexperts and experts in the field of crime prevention and traffic violations and urban traffic management and the statistical sample included 8 people who were selected by snowballmethod anddata collection was done through semi-structured data interviews. Data analysis was performed in "MAXQDA" software..

In analyzing the data obtained from the interview in the form of 5 main categories including criminal prevention and its effects on the application of criminal punishment, improving the functional level of laws and regulations, reducing the target of crime, preventive measures leading to punishment, criminal and non-criminal prevention in The reduction of traffic violations as well as the relationship between criminal prevention and execution of punishments were presented, each of which included several dimensions and indicators that provided actions, legislation, policies, and performance guarantees in the form of 32 cases.

Traffic and driving should move towards a preventive culture building by any means possible and lead people to take joint actions and will be achieved by creating and strengthening organizational participation and judicial systems and flexibility and organizational mission..

Expert opinions have a special place in proving claims because they are used as a counterpart in order to increase the judge's knowledge in identifying a specialized subject. Due to this importance, in preparing expert opinions and creating a unity of procedure, it is necessary to recognize the reasons for differences in presenting expert opinions, and after recognizing them, to take action to eliminate them, which is the mission of this important research.In terms of the purpose of this research, it is applied and in terms of method, it is descriptive-survey. A 26-item questionnaire was formed in the Likert scale. The results were first analyzed using descriptive statistics and then using SPSS software and one-sample t-test.

Documentary studies of this study showed that experts have the most disagreement on the issues of applying Note 3 Article 14 of the Law on Investigation of Violations, speeding intervention in the cause of total accidents, fake accidents and pedestrian accidents. Also, the results of the questionnaire were ranked using Friedman test. Weakness in equipment and technology, weakness in education and weakness in rules and regulations, respectively, are the most important reasons for differences of opinion of experts.

In order to achieve the same procedure in providing expert opinions and reducing differences, recognizing the root causes of accidents is inevitable. This will be possible by upgrading effective equipment and technologies in this field, increasing specialized training, and amending existing laws and regulations.

According to forensic medicine statistics from 2011 to2018, The average death from accidents in Iran has been 17500 people a year.Among the factors affecting the occurrence of a accidents, the determinant roleof drivers' attitudes and beliefs is of great importance in the manner and extentof compliance with the driving rules.

This research is applicable in terms of purpose and survey in terms ofdescriptive-analytical data collection method. The statistical population of thisstudy consisted of traffic offenders in Tehran who sample size was considered390 people using Cochran formula and cluster random sampling method. Datacollection tool included 44-item researcher-made questionnaire based oncomponents of the theory of planned behavior and seventeen incidentalviolations checklist. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean andstandard deviation as well as inferential statistics methods such as structuralequation method, regression analysis and discriminant coefficient were usedfor data analysis.

The findings indicate the high power of the components of attitude,behavioral intention, normative beliefs and perceived behavioral control inpredicting the behavior of driving offenders with different levels of incident.The difference between the two groups of low-violent and high- violentincident drivers was that the low-violent incident drivers had a strongerperceived control belief than the other group.

Regarding the influential role of attitudes and normative beliefsin determining the behavior of drivers, designing interventional programs isimportant for enhancing positive attitudes towards traffic safety observance.

The present study was conducted with the aim of pathology of law enforcement in polluting vehicles in Tehran. Research

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of heuristic mixed method, first qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population in the qualitative section included experts in the field of traffic and air pollution, who were selected through purposive sampling and 10 people were selected. Also in the quantitative part, including the views of 70 heads and deputies of the Greater Tehran Road who were selected in full and 80 people who referred to the East Tehran Technical Examination Center by simple random sampling using Morgan table 101 were selected, data in the qualitative part were extracted through semi-structured interviews and their analysis was performed by Maxqda software. In the short part, after converting the injuries into items taken from the interview stage using descriptive-survey method and software spss The model derived from the first phase of the research was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis methods.

In the qualitative part, the initial research model and in the quantitative stage, the final research model were identified and all the dimensions of the extractive foundation data model were explained.

The results of this study show that the most important injuries in the three branches of behavioral, contextual and structural injuries in 9 components including: managers, organizational climate, lawlessness, motivation and education, political-legal, cultural-social, economic-legal , Financial resources and infrastructure were classified.

Traffic security is considered as a security issue in the country. It is considered to be the rights of citizens and the its provision that it is duty of government in order to prevent traffic offenses, and with the suggestion of three levels of prevention, including preventive, social prevention and provisional prevention and punishment prevention of the issue in the field of social prevention of driving violations that the current research has been carried out on driving violations that include the avoidance of criminal offenses committed by road traffic offenders, the timely and appropriate collection of fines on suburban bus drivers. The type of research is field. 100 people were selected for sample size. Road police and traffic police chiefs of provinces and police chiefs of provincial centers have been selected as the statistical population as a whole number. After receiving the validation in the face validity of the questionnaire from the elites (Ph.D. students of traffic safety management), a questionnaire was provided to them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the amount of traffic offenses and comprehensive surveillance in preventing criminal offenses in the prevention of offenders' In the prevention of violations of drivers of the transportation sector of suburban passenger (bus drivers). The results of the study show that there is a certain validity among the avoidance of non-punishment and prevention of driving violations, timely collection and avoiding driving violations, and the proportionality of fines with the conflict of the interests of citizens resulting from violation of the traffic rules. It is suggested that lay down the rules and regulations and correction of the law of addressing driving violations are to be used in three areas of effective factors as a strategic model in preventing driving violations and, consequently, reducing traffic accidents with the title of comprehensive monitoring and compilation of penalties in terms of severity, speed and certainty which is effective in deterrence.

The field and object: performing police assist plan in March 2007 based on a joint agreement of traffic police with the Ministry of education was one of the programs of traffic police that was operational and would very much welcome the students, their parents and project manager in education. Hence, one of the basic training of traffic police for children in pre-school and primary and secondary first period is training skills that they can show proper behavior in connection with traffic safety in road and street with learning those skills. This training leads to institutionalize traffic discipline and behavior in students with a sense of responsibility.
This study investigated the effect of traffic regulations education on collaborators police performance in 2012 in Tehran, has identified factors affecting the project and police collaborators performance primary school and secondary first period to take steps in relation to strengthen it in the future plans of making culture and improve traffic safety and reduce accidents and fatalities and provide optimal performance solutions such a plan. This research is appliced n and is analytical-descriptive in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this study includes 180 traffic police officers and experts, managers and teachers that are selected for random cluster sampling. The instruments used to collect data in the first and second seasons is documentary and library studies and in the fourth season is researcher-maker questionnaire. Research questionnaire after the validity and reliability of were distributed among the statistical population.
The results according to five-item Likert spectrum and using descriptive statistical methods of data were descriptive analysis. Also Fridman statistical test was used to test research questions. The results suggests that training content ,practical and theoretical training, training location and time have been effective on the performance of the police collaborators.
Suggestions: due to the importance of the police collaborators in order to improve driving behavior of families and the general public suggests that a special and separate lesson has been considered to train teachings of traffic as(police collaborators) and photos of traffic and traffic signs more used to teach traffic rules and traffic regulations. Also given that science day is moving with speed to virtual space, it is necessary that virtual space in order to be educators and Change theoretical training from classroom to workshops can greatly affect the efficiency of the police collaborators and adolescent police helpers.
1 Assistant Professor of Police University
2 PhD student of Police University traffic management
3 Masters student of Traffic management (respomding Author)

Outlawed as a social deviant behavior of many modern societies is a fundamental problem running from the law and ignore its prohibition is rooted in many factors. One of these factors is the personality and emotions so that people with Liz sensation seeking and breaking rules try to satisfy their needs. The method used in this study is based on a descriptive-survey. Some 370 samples were collected from offensive drivers, in which they were asked to fill a related questionnaire, which comprises 24 questions. Analysis of the questionnaires was done in the SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics using two independent tests was performed. The results of inferential statistics showed that sensation seeking as a significant component of illegality and to be able to anticipate a significant negative can be used to predict the law. As the amount of R between sensation seeking and illegality with significance levels respectively. The R-value between sensation seeking and law at the level of 0.002 meaningful 0.601 respectively. Sensation seeking was a significant negative correlation of the law.

The number and severity of traffic accidents, especially those involving pedestrians, imposes a heavy burden on society. This research has been done to identify and rank the influential factors on pedestrian’s accidents in Damavand city which for this purpose, information about170 accidents happened during 1391 and 1392 and also poll by asking from related organizations experts in traffic have been used. This information have been checked based on 12 factor including: relevant organizations role in traffic, color of pedestrians cloth, pedestrians pathway, kinds of certification, pathways lighting conditions, weather of place of accident, training, transportations safety, instruments in controlling traffic, geometric principals and pathways designing, sexuality and age. The purpose of this research is to identify and find the effects of factors that were said before in controlling and decreasing the pedestrian’s accident in Damavand. The required information was collected from referring to documents about pedestrians accidents. Documents about referring (recording) include traffic police reporting and sketch drawing of accidents. This researching method as a description of calibration (gauging) was done in census method all in ah, the obtained results indicate that related organizations road in traffic, color of pedestrians cloth, pedestrians pathways , kinds of certifications, pathways light, weather of place of accident, training, transportations safety instrument s in controlling traffic, geometric principals and pathways designing , gender and age are effective on pedestrians accidents in Damavand and may offers and solutions are offered in these fields.