shiva ahmadi

The present article, with an emphasis on vowel shift of /u:/ with /ʉː/, examines phonetic changes in the Kurdish dialect of the native Kurdish speaker Lilakhi immigrants living in Sanandaj to improve social status through the application of changes known as "phonetic strategies for prestige promotion." Therefore, the authors intend to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of language change and their impact on social identity through the study of variables such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The research data includes 20 words in the Kurdish language in which the vowel under study is located at nucleus, and the distinction between them in the two dialects Lilakhi and Ardalani lies only in the phonetic manifestation of this vowel. The statistical population of the study also consists of 30 respondents who were selected through systematic sampling method and considering the equal distribution of gender, age and social class factors and they were asked to express each of the words they have in the form of a sentence or phrase. The results of the study show that the negative correlation between age and the use of the vowel /u:/ indicates a meaningful relationship.

Conversation analysis is one of the important areas in linguistics that investigates real conversations and examines them from different aspects; One of the important topics in conversational analysis is turn taking, which determines who and when with what linguistic and non-verbal cues to give or receive a turn. The aim of the current study is to analyze the representation of the turn-taking system in the dialogues of the PARFA collection with descriptive-analytical method. 11 techniques proposed by Sacks et al. (1974) and Jefferson (1973) were used for data analysis. The review of 98 conversations in the three volume of PARFA showed that in 75% of the turn-taking cases, the speaker decided to give up his turn and in the remaining 25%, self-turning took place. In assigning the turn to speak, the "question and answer" technique had a very large share and the two techniques of "emphasizing questions and apologies" had a very small and almost zero percent share in turn assignment. In the topic of taking turns, the technique of "expressing the opinion at the right time" had a very high contribution and the technique of "predicting the end of the speaker's speech" had a zero percent contribution. No particular order was observed in the relative use of turn-taking and self-turning techniques in introductory, intermediate and advanced level books. In general, it seems that speech turn taking system is generally represented in the PARFA, but there are some differences in it with the natural turn taking system of Persian speakers.

The present sturdy studies the semantic function negative prefixes »na « and »bi « in Persian. The founder of this approach using six semantic features, studies semantic function of morphological items, including affixes and their function in the processes of compounding, derivation and conversion. In the present research, data which is collected from the second version of" Hamshahri" corpus and polysemy of prefixes »na «and »bi «has been studied according to the type and meaning of stem. analyzing data suggests that different meanings of prefix » na «are due to co- indexing principle. This principle, can't explain the negative meaning in some cases and for the elaboration of negative meaning in these cases we need to put away the principle and pay attention to semantic features of stem; although this issue is not correct about prefix »bi «and we can explain all negative meanings conveyed by this affix. Also, it was shown that negative prefixes  »bi « and  »na « are adjective maker; except, in some small amount of cases.

This study aimed to determine the motivation to helmet use among motorcyclists in Ardabil city using the trans-theoretical model (TTM) motivational interview. Random cluster sampling was used for this study. Five gas stations were selected from the crowded areas of Ardabil city and motorcyclists who came to these places were randomly interviewed. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 350 motorcyclists in Ardabil were selected and interviewed by TTM Motivational questionnaire. We used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression for analysis of data in SPSS software version 20. Findings revealed that 12.6% of respondents consistently wore a helmet when they rode a motorcycle, while 45.2% of helmet non-wearers were uncertain about wearing a helmet in the future. Decisional balance (pros), self-efficacy (decreasing the negative affect situation score), and behavioral process of change can motivate participants to helmet use. Reducing negative social situations and increasing positive emotional states can motivate people to use helmet.

Grammatical metaphor is one of the basic concepts in systematic-role-oriented grammar that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. One of the issues raised in grammatical metaphor is the discussion of teaching and learning these types of metaphors. Halliday (1993) considers grammatical metaphor learning to be the twentieth characteristic of language learning that does not appear until at least the age of nine and is learned in the secondary stage of learning. In the present study, an attempt is made to study how grammatical metaphors are taught and learned in textbooks and writings of Persian, non-Persian learners, and basic language; For this purpose, reading books and writings of Persian students at the basic level of Persian language teaching center of Imam Khomeini University were examined. The research findings indicate that the extent and type of use of metaphors in students' books and writings are very similar. Noun and face metaphors have the highest incidence in textbooks and Persian's writings, respectively (both in textbooks and in Persian's writing, students have name and face have the highest rate). Also, no examples of transitive metaphors were observed in the writings of Persian learners; While in the textbook there were some transient metaphors.

Inability in cognitive processing, emotional awareness, and emotion regulation is called Alexithymia. The alexithymia is a common problem among people. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of emotional regulation instruction on alexithymia of high school students.Methods and Materials: The research method was a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study included all female secondary high school students of Neyshabur who studying in the academic year of 2017-18. Among 20 high school students, 30 subjects were selected clustered sampling method and assigned in two control group (n=15) and experimental group randomly (n=15). The intervention program was conducted in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, weekly for the experimental group and the control group received was in wait list. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis

The findings of the study showed that emotional regulation training reduced alexithymia (p</em><.001).

To explain the above results, it can be said that are affected by the emotional ordering of individuals, so that the training of emotional regulation skills reduces alexithymia.

The current study was conducted to determine the relationship between learning style and EBP. In a cross sectional- correlational study, 65 individuals of clinical assistance were recruited to the study as stratified random and proportional assignment. The tools were learning style of Vark scale and evaluation of knowledge and attitude towards evidence-based performance. Data were collected by referring of the researcher to the hospitals and offering the questioners to subjects and completing by them, thereafter data were analyzed by SPSS software. The dominant learning style was one-mode (75%) of auditory style with frequency percent of (49.2%). The attitudes (67.7%) of the clinical assistance regarding EBP were positive and 43.1% of them had an appropriate level of EBP. The chi square test showed a significant relationship between awareness and EBP (P=0.01), as well as between attitude and EBP (P<0.001). There was no relationship among EBP and learning style (P=0.639). With increasing the awareness level, and positive attitude, EBP level was raised in clinical assistances, so, it is essential to provide some systematic and disciplined educational programs about EBP.

Nutritional value and quality features of oils are the most important factors that should be considered in food industry. There is no pure edible oil with appropriate oxidative stability and nutritional properties. Therefore, vegetable oils are blended to improve their applications and to enhance their nutritional quality. Characterization of edible oils is important for quality control and identification of oil adulteration. In this work, we propose a simple, rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive approach for characterization of different types of vegetable oil blends according to the corresponding color histograms. Regression models were applied on four datasets of binary edible oil blends including; Palm Olein-Rapeseed, Palm Olein-Sunflower, Soybean-Sunflower and Soybean-Rapeseed. In all of the aforementioned data sets, despite the high performances of Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Levenberg-Marquardt Artificial Neural Network (LMANN) regression models in terms of coefficient of determination, Bayesian Regularized Artificial Neural Networks (BRANN) provided better results up to 97% for HSI color histograms in both the training and test sets. In order to reduce the numbers of independent variables for modelling, principle component analysis (PCA) algorithm was used. Finally, the results of image analysis were compared with those obtained by processing of FT-IR spectra of mixtures of edible oils. The results revealed that image analysis of mixtures of edible oils yield comparable results to those obtained by processing of FT-IR spectra for characterization of edible oils. Our results suggest that the proposed method is promising for characterization of different binary blends of edible oils.

Evidence-based performance requires that Clinical staff in different areas of teaching, clinical and management learn the skills of using the evidence from the research and apply these. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between learning style and evidence-based performance in nurses working in Kermanshah hospitals. This study was performed on 319 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2015 by stratified random sampling and proportional assignment. The data gathering tool in this research was questionnaires include: the learning style of VARK, Evidence-based performance and demographic data form. Validity and reliability of the VARK learning style questionnaire have been confirmed in the country and abroad.
Validity of evidence-based performance questionnaire was confirmed through content validity and the test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of this questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the VARK learning style analytical tool in Excel, Spearman correlation and Chi-square tests. The learning style of single-mode template (84.1%) and hearing-type with relative frequency (46.3%). Knowledge about evidence-based performance (53.2%) was moderate in nurses Attitude (52.6%) of people was positive about evidence-based performance. The evidence-based practice nurses (57/8 %) were nearly desirable level. There was no significant relationship between nursing learning styles and evidence-based performance (p = 0.926). Nurses have different learning styles. The development of Effective educational methods adapted to the learning style will help increasing their evidence-based performance by increase nursing awareness. Principled and systematic training to raise awareness and improve attitudes toward evidence-based performance and Nursing education also seems to be essential in terms of the concepts of evidence-based practice, scientific and workshop training, and the creation of facilities.

Nominalization is one of the metaphors introduced by Halliday, which is a part of ideational meta-function. The present research study is an attempt to investigate the role of nominalization in political Persian and English discourses from Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective. In so doing, it attempts to answer the following research questions: (1) Does nominalizations have any role in cohesion and coherence as well as in marginalization and highlighting in the text? (2) What’s ideological role of nominalization in Persian and English political discourse? (3) In which discourse (Persian or English) more nominalizations are used? By studying 22/5 pages of English newspapers (Guardian, USA Today, Telegraph and New York Times) and 22/5 pages of Persian newspapers (Keyhan, Qods and Shargh) focused principally on Iran’s nuclear program negotiations, it was discovered that nominalization can cause marginalization and highlighting by changing information construction of the sentence (theme and rheme), referring to presuppositions, using entailment, omitting the agent and changing the mental models. Nominalization helps the author to make reference to the background knowledge of the reader without giving any repetitive information (coherence). It also helps the writer to use nouns (next to each other) which have the same conceptual meaning (cohesion). Furthermore, it can be concluded that this metaphor is used more frequently in Persian newspapers than in English ones.

Present Study aims at identification of influential factors affecting social status of rural, farmer women in Ravansar, Kermanshah Province, using survey and questionnaire. Sample of the study was rural women living in farmer families and having more than 20 years of age. Through random sampling method 324 women were chosen. Results indicates that women belonging to different social strata vary in factors such as participation in farms and nursery, daily working duration of women in economic production, women earnings, woman belongings, women participation in educational courses, education level of spouse, age of spouse, number of people in that city, number of employed people in the family, social participation of women, decision making power of the women, independence of women and so on. Results of application of Discriminant Analysis show that seven variables of participation in nursery, woman earnings, participation in educational courses, women belongings, age of spouse, participation in farm activities and duration of daily work of women are most important variables in distinction of social status of women. In general the results indicated that rural women do not have appropriate social status therefore enough attention is not paid to rural women and their social status. There have not been enough efforts to improve women conditions and even if there had been, they have not been fruitful or successful. In this paper some suggestions have been made to executive institutions to improve rural women social status.