shokrolah khajavi

Firms with low accounting quality have high demand for trade credit because they haven’t easier access to other sources of financing. On the other hands, suppliers rely on customers’ financial information and accounting quality to measure their creditworthiness when deciding on trade credit. However, when customer inventory liquidation costs are little, suppliers pay less attention to customer accounting information and its quality. Consequently, this study aims to examine the relationship between accounting quality and trade credit, and investigates if inventory liquidation costs has impact on this relationship. In this study the statistical sample include 111 firms listed at TSE between the years 2012 to 2019. Accrual quality is used as a proxy to determine accounting quality. To achieve the research objectives, two hypotheses have been proposed and to test the hypotheses multiple linear regression analysis in a panel data mode were conducted. The results of the analysis of regression models show that accounting quality has a positive and significant effect on trade credit. In addition, inventory liquidation costs don’t moderate the relationship between accounting quality and trade credit. The main findings of this study indicate that accounting negatively related to the use of trade credit. In other words, companies’ demand for trade financing decreases with accounting quality. Also, the effect of accounting quality on trade credit is not affected by customers’ inventory liquidation costs.

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of internal control weaknesses on tax avoidance for the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Hence, an attempt will be made to answer the following question: “Is there a significant relationship between internal control weaknesses and firms’ tax avoidance?” The research population composes of total companies listed in the TSE and statistical sample composes of 76 companies. The regression and analysis of variance whit SPSS-22 and Eviews- 9 software is used for testing hypothesis of the research. The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between internal control weaknesses and firms’ tax avoidance. Also, the results showed that the effective tax rate is low for companies with high weaknesses in internal controls, but this does not apply to book tax differences.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of shareholders’ structure on stock liquidity with an emphasis on the role of financial constraints in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research hypotheses were tested based on a statistical sample consisting of 125 companies during a 7-year period from 1393 to 1399 (2014-2021) using multivariate regression models. In order to measure the structure of the shareholders, the percentage of real ownership, institutional ownership, and the percentage of free-floating shares were used. To calculate liquidity, the relative gap between stock buying and selling prices, and to calculate the financial constraint, the financial constraint model based on operational cash flow presented by Pour Alireza et al. (2017) for measuring financial constraint in Iran has been used. The results of the study show that there is a non-linear relationship between shareholders’ structure and liquidity. Thus, there is a significant non-linear (inverse U) relationship between real and institutional ownership and the difference between the bid and ask prices of corporate stocks. Also, there is a significant non-linear (U-shaped) relationship between free-float stocks and the difference between the bid and ask prices of corporate stocks. The results also show that constraints on corporate financing have a nonlinear (U-shaped) effect on the relationship between real ownership and the difference between the bid and ask prices of corporate stocks, and a significant nonlinear (inverse U) effect on the relationship between free float and the difference between the bid and ask prices of corporate stocks. However, constraints do not have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between institutional ownership and the difference between the bid and ask prices of corporate stocks.

Because conservatism in financial statements is applied primarily through the adjustment of accruals, conservative research has largely examined the impact of aspects of this feature on changes in accruals. The role of accruals is primarily to improve cash flow fluctuations. In conservative research based on accruals, typically several economic components of accruals such as sales growth, gross assets, machinery and equipment in the Jones model, and components such as multi-period cash flows in the Dichau and Dicho models Used. Bushman et al. And Allen et al. Improved the two models by combining the above two models. Byzalov and Basu also helped improve these models by breaking down bad news indicators into more detailed components. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of bad news from other components of company sales, such as product group sales, fourth quarter sales and the company's share of industry, on conditional conservatism in accrual-based models 

To achieve the objectives of this research, data from 144 companies from manufacturing companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange for 11 years from 2006 to 2016 using Rahavardnovin software, Kodal site and the site of research, development and Islamic studies of the stock exchange, it was gathered. And the relationships between the research variables were analyzed using panel data and the generalized least squares method. 

The findings of this study showed that the decrease in sales of the product group and the decrease in sales in the fourth quarter increase conservatism in accruals, because the decrease in these indicators gives signals to the company about the possibility of future sales decline. ; But the decline in the company's share of industry sales has not had a significant effect on the conservative behavior of managers and accountants. 

In evaluating working capital accruals, managers, in addition to the bad news caused by the decline in the company's overall sales, also pay attention to the analysis of sales decline of each product group in the evaluation of accruals, and if they see a decrease in sales in some product groups, They evaluate their inventory of these products for the next period with more conservatism. Also, if sales are declining for the fourth quarter, it is likely that the decline will continue in the next financial period, resulting in a lack of timely sale of available inventories at the end of the fiscal year, and the company is likely to devalue inventories. On the other hand, it seems that due to the lack of strong competition in the Iranian market and the limited available markets, managers pay more attention to sales changes and do not pay attention to changes in sales share in the industry, as a benchmark and predictive indicator of the future.

One of the new issues in the field of conservatism is to examine the impact of bad news on conditional conservatism. Separating bad news indicators gives new insights on accruals and improves accrual models. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of separation of these indices on conditional conservatism in accrual-based models in comparison with the effect of general indices on these modelss. For this purpose, data of 144 companies were collected from Tehran Stock Exchange for a period of 11 years from 1385 to 1395. And relationships between research variables using panel data and The generalized least squares method is analyzed. In this study, the results of Alan et al. (2013), Ball and Shivakumar (2006) and Byzalov and Basu (2016) models were compared. The results of the comparison showed that separating bad news indices improves accrual-based models to predict the relationship of these indices with conditional conservatism. Also, other findings of this study based on the results of Basilo and Basu model showed that sales decrease, decrease in number of employees and cash flows this year have a direct and significant relationship with conditional conservatism, while decrease of cash flows of the previous year and the next year did not have a significant relationship with conditional conservatism.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of CEO's power measures on tax management in listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study to evaluate the tax management, three scales which are tax avoidance, tax evasion and tax aggression is used. The data of 108 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2017 are sellected. The regression model of the research is tested by panel data. The results show that the CEO's power has a negative and significant effect on tax management by using all three measures. That is, powerfull CEO's due to thier stock ownership, expertise, experience, more independence, have long term investment horizons, worry about tax penalties and also in order to prevent damaging to their reputation and to prevent increasing the transaction costs in tax management and non-tax cost, do less tax management. It is suggested that users always pay attention to this point in their investment decisions that decreasing of tax management leads to increasing liquidity risk and investment risk too.  </em></strong>

Accounting systems in organizations are considered more likely as results of social phenomena instead of technical phenomena and must be percept through this social circumstance. A great changing of utilized approaches and viewpoints must be taken place, in order to precept accounting system as a social phenomenon. Critical approach is one of these changes which comes on to precept in social circumstance. So, in this research is tried to introduce critical approach usages in accounting to provide more possibility of accounting research using this approach. To have access to this point philosophical basis of critical approach and critical accounting are presented and some samples in literature of critical accounting are mentioned and categorized into critical management accounting, philosophical basis of critical accounting, social responsibility in accounting and positivism accounting critics afterwards. The principal point of these researches is their theoretical structure and a few of them are applied in practice.

The main goal of this research is to determine how successful the non-traditional teaching tools are in seducing accounting student interest and enhancing their learning, consequently. Undergraduate students of management in 2018 first semester are considered as cases, to study crossword puzzle game effect on better understanding of terms and concepts of Cost Accounting course. The game was designated and implemented in 6 forms of topical crossword puzzles and a more complicated puzzle based on subjects presented in cost accounting literature. Finally, by controlling the student participation rate in the game, the effect of the game scores on their exam performance was examined. The results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the students' average score of puzzles and their course grades, but there was no significant relationship between the student’s attendance in the game and their final grades. Moreover, the results of considering the participants' viewpoint on the crossword puzzle game effectiveness in enhancing their motivation and learning, a 5-point Likert scale survey was utilized showed that the students found the puzzle game as a fun, challenging and effective tool in technical concepts learning. The results also suggest more innovative means and techniques of teaching accounting courses be taken into consideration.

The present study aims to assess the effect of external accountability gap of INTA on public acceptance and tax revenues. This is a survey-applied research by nature. The statistical population in question consists of faculty members, financial managers and government experts, among whom 156 subjects were selected via sampling methods and the questionnaires were distributed among them. The GPOWER, SPSS, LISREL, EXCEL software and the mean test of two dependent samples (paired t-test), one-way variance analysis, randomized block design and multivariate linear models were all used to describe and analyze the data. Based on the obtained results, it was observed that the external accountability rate of INTA was far below the expectations of the stakeholders. From the viewpoint of the participating groups, the highest level of accountability of INTA is related to the government where as the lowest level belongs to the scientific community. The results also showed that increase in the level of external accountability would increase the public confidence and tax revenues amount respectively.

Firms avoid tax in different ways and there are many factors which have affect tax avoidance. In this paper, the main emphasis is on the effect and role of board in tax avoidance. A sample including109 firms in Tehran securities exchange from 1390 to 1395 was selected. By collecting data in relation to the variables of boards of director's remuneration, disclosure of uncertainty over the firm's tax position and diversity of gender of board, the effect of such variables on tax avoidance measures was determined. The results of this study show that disclosure of uncertainty has a direct effect on tax avoidance. This shows when the board and managers disclose uncertainty, it is indicative of tax aggressive behavior and tax avoidance. Remuneration incentive of board also has a direct effect on tax avoidance. But with regard to the diversity of gender of board members which include men and women, the presence of women has not led to a reduction in tax avoidance. The other results suggest a direct effect of the size and fixed assets ratio on tax avoidance.

Recent scandals and corporate failures have shaken the confidence of investors as accounts which were purported to reflect a “true and fair view” of businesses have been misleading. In an era with evolutionary financial frauds, computer assisted automated fraud detection mechanisms will be more effective and efficient with specialized domain knowledge. Statistics and machine learning based technologies have been shown to be an effective way to deter and defect fraud. Therefore, this study deals with the identification of factors related to fraudulent financial statements and investigating the effectiveness of data mining techniques in detecting firms that issue fraudulent financial statements.

 Research Questions

In order to achieve the objectives of this research, the following questions are developed:1. Can the fraudulent and non-fraudulent financial statements be detected from the text of annual corporate audit report fillings?
2. Can a quantitative fraud detection model be developed that will provide an analytical procedure for automating detection of potential fraud?

Data mining is used in many domains, including finance, engineering and biomedicine. There are two categories of data mining methods: unsupervised and supervised. Identifying financial statements fraud can be regarded as a typical classification problem. Data mining proposes several classification methods derived from the fields of statistics and artificial intelligence. Three methods, which enjoy a good reputation for their classification capabilities, are employed in this research study. These methods are Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines and Boosting algorithm. In this research, nineteen red flags of fraud extracted from auditing standard No. 240 along with data mining techniques such as principal components analysis and modified K-Means clustering were used to discriminate financial statements fraud cases. We consider data mining based financial fraud detection techniques such as Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines and Boosting approach in order to identify fraud. Based upon the fraudulent financial reporting related literature, 40 predictor variables are selected as input variables. These variables represent measurement proxies for a firm’s attributes of financial leverage, profitability, asset composition, liquidity, efficiency, size, growth, overall financial position, audit firm size, audit firm tenure and auditor change. These predictor variables are collected from the financial statements of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period of 2003-2015.

This research uses a quantitative approach on textual data to discriminate fraud cases using text mining techniques. The first research question was: can the fraudulent and non-fraudulent financial statements be detected from the text of annual corporate audit report fillings? Modified k-Means clustering demonstrated a good ability to discriminate fraud cases from non-fraud cases and thus it answered the first research question. the successful implementation of the Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines and Boosting algorithms also answers the second research question: can a quantitative fraud detection model be developed that will provide an analytical procedure for automating detection of potential fraud? In comparative assessment of the models’ performance, Support Vector Machines achieved the best performance to correctly classify validation sample in a 5-fold cross validation procedure. Decision trees and boosting algorithms also achieve a satisfactorily high performance.

The present study contributes to auditing and accounting research by examining the suggested variables that can best discriminate cases of financial statements fraud. These results suggest that there is validity for detecting financial statement fraud using data mining techniques such as Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines and Boosting approach. Our analysis provides insight for auditors, taxation authorities, investors, the stock exchange and banking system.

The interaction of managerial ownership and corporate performance in accordance with their endogenous nature is studied in this research. In other words, interrelations of mentioned variables along with some relevant variables of using three stage simultaneous equations and panel data are inquired. To do this, quasi-research method is used for 134 listed companies of Tehran Stock Exchange during period of 1380 to 1389. Results of testing research hypotheses indicate positive significant effectiveness of performance on managerial ownership. The most important factors of making managerial ownership which lead to better performance are considered as bonus shares of management bonus plan and information asymmetry problem. Moreover, results of research do not confirm performance effectiveness from managerial ownership. Thus, research findings do not verify this predicate that “due to coordination of management and tockholders’ interests increasing managerial ownership causes agency expenses decreases and increases in stockholders’ interests.

The purpose of this research is predicting the stock prices using the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Box-Jenkins method. In this way, the information of 165 corporations is collected from 2001 to 2016. Then, this research considers price to earnings per share and earnings per share as main variables. The relevant regression equation was created using two variables of earnings per share and price to earnings per share, and stock prices were predicted through particle swarm optimization algorithm in MATLAB. IBM SPSS was used to predict stock prices with Box-Jenkins time series. The Results indicate that particle swarm optimization algorithm with 4% error and Box-Jenkins time series with 19% error, have the potential to predict stock prices of companies. Moreover, PSO algorithm model predict stock prices more precisely than Box-Jenkins time series. Also by using EViews 7 software, the results of Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney statistics showed that PSO algorithm predicts the stock price more accurately

Senior managers are with various degrees of ability. It has been an important intangible asset that effect on the performance organization and increase. Also, Corporate Profits has been reduced by tax so, many Companies make choice Activities to Avoid Paying Taxes. Thus, the purpose of Present Study is to investigate the Empirical Relationship between Managers Abilities of and Activities Avoid Paying Taxes of the Listed Companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Data Envelopment Analysis has been used to measurement the ability of managers. Analysis and Research Sample Consisted of 145 Companies for the Years 2004 to 2013. The Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and Eviews Software used to the Test Hypothesis. Consequently, the Findings Show there is a Significant Negative Relationship between Ability Managers and Tax Avoidance. In other words, the Empowerment managers rather than other managers try to increase income by make long term investment and Generating Activities future, and they have Less tendency to Paying Taxes on the Activities.

In this research, some beliefs based on the theoretical concepts of accounting, such as the inconsistent relation between the qualitative characteristics of relevancy and reliability, and reliability and timeliness have been tested. For testing research assumptions, statistical tests consist of T-student test and Mann - Whitney test, have been used. By investigating 100 listed companies of Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2001-2011, results, suggest that companies which offer more reliable information, have higher level of relevancy. Also, companies which offer more timeliness information, have higher level of relevancy. Some other results of this research show the positive correlation between reliable and timeliness characteristics. In other words, companies which offer more timeliness information, have more reliable information and companies with more reliable information have more timeliness information

This paper aims to investigate the application of Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) and its effect on return in Tehran Security Exchange. The Barberis and Huang (2008) model is used in this paper which predicts that if traders in the stock markets have cumulative prospect theory preferences then the positively skewed stocks should on average have lower returns. Research statistical population consists of 89 companies of Tehran Stock Exchange during 2007 to 2012. Two measures of expected stock skewness are used that consist of past skewness and group skewness. The results show that past skewness is better predictor to expected skewness than group skewness. Furthermore, there is a significant negative relationship between skewness measures and return that verify the Barberis and Huang (2008) model in Tehran Security Exchange.

This paper studies the impact of accounting variables include earnings, dividends and book value on share prices and their predictive power for share prices. The main purpose of the study, indicate which of dividends, book value and earnings have more explanatory and predictive power. Hence are survived 159 firms of Tehran Stock Exchange in period 1381-1385. Our methodology of examining the information content of accounting variables is based on cross-sectional regressions of share price on the value measures. The results of the study show that earnings have the most explanatory power and book value has less explanatory power. In the compound model of earnings and book value, "earnings", and in the compound model of dividends and book value, "dividends" rather than "book value", are significant variable in the explanatory power of models.In the all years, except 1384, the explanatory power of the compound model of earnings and book value is more than the compound model of dividends and book value. The explanatory power of the valuation model that includes all three variables (earnings, dividends and book value) is the greatest. Earnings have the most predictive power and book value has less predictive power.

In this article, the obstacles of management accounting in productive companies accepted in Tehran stock exchange are studied. The statistical sample is including 52 companies among current industries. The research method is inducting and based on the collected data by means of interview and questionnaire. Hypotheses have been tested using statistical method of Kai 2 distribution. The results indicate that the following 4 factors are of major obstacles in management accounting development of productive companies accepted in Tehran stock exchange. Lack of managers' knowledge about the concepts and methods of management development. Lack of enough and appropriate training in universities and other high education institutes to prepare promising managers. Lack of providing data on time by accounting systems. Continuous changes in economic policies. In addition, according to respondents, lack of accepted standards in management accounting is not an obstacle in front of its development.