sohrab rasouli

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan that causes an important opportunistic infection in humans and ruminants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis infection based on some epidemiological factors in stockmen and sheep in Bukan county. In this study, conducted from July to December 2018, 218 fecal samples were collected from sheep and 200 fecal samples from stockmen in Bukan county, Iran. After preparation, the samples were stained using the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain method and examined microscopically at 100X and 40X magnification. In total, six stockmen (3%) and 25 sheep (11.46%) were diagnosed as infected with Cryptosporidium. In the present study, the highest prevalence was observed with a significant statistical difference in the age group of 1-7 years (20.83%), among people with clinical symptoms (26.32%), and among those who consumed home-grown vegetables cultivated with animal manure (18.52%) (p<0.05). No significant statistical difference was observed in other studied parameters (p>0.05). Additionally, there is a statistically significant relationship between the level of infection in sheep with Cryptosporidium and their age group (p<0.05). Further investigations revealed a statistically significant relationship between the sex of sheep and the infection in Bukan county (p<0.05).

Detecting zoonotic diseases in slaughterhouse inspections is essential for controlling their transmission to humans. Sarcocystis, a widespread parasitic infection, presents serious public health challenges and causes significant economic losses by necessitating the condemnation of infected livestock carcasses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis species infections in slaughtered ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) at the Rasht abattoir, Iran, using the digestive method. A total of 606 samples (tongue, esophagus, heart, diaphragm and, skeletal muscle (gluteal muscle)) were examined visually for the presence of macrocysts at the Rasht industrial slaughterhouse. Each animal was categorized based on age, sex, and infected muscle groups. All samples were cut into 2-3 mm pieces and thoroughly observed for potential macrocysts. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed using the digestive method. The results showed that 9.5% of goats, 10% of sheep, and 11% of cattle were infected with macrocysts. Microscopic examination revealed microcyst infection in 23.2% of goats, 21.9% of sheep, and 20.6% of cattle. Although the infection rate did not exhibit a statistically significant correlation with age, a higher prevalence of infection was observed in older animals. (P<0.05). However, infection rates were independent of sex, with no significant difference between males and females (P>0.05).  The highest infection rates were observed in the esophageal tissue and diaphragm, at 21% and 17.3%, respectively, while the lowest infection rate was found in the heart tissue, at 9.9%.  Our study demonstrated that the digestive method is one of the most useful and accurate techniques for identifying infected samples, as evidenced by our Likelihood ratio assessment.

Hard ticks, as carriers and significant reservoirs of pathogens, play a crucial role in the transmission and persistence of severe bacterial, protozoal, and viral infectious diseases in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. The continuity of disease cycles is associated with their blood-feeding activities, leading to substantial economic losses in livestock. For the present study, 384 sheep and goats were clinically examined in equal numbers, and their data were subjected to statistical analysis. The prevalence of infection in the study population was reported as 24.7%. Statistical analysis did not show a significant correlation between the prevalence of infection and factors such as animal species (P: 0.076 > 0.05 / CI: 0.049 - 0.097), age of animals (P: 0.876 > 0.05 / CI: 0.806 - 0.945), and gender of animals (P: 0.318 > 0.05 / CI: 0.190 - 0.342). However, there was a significant statistical relationship between the prevalence of infection and the month of sampling (P: 0.001 < 0.05). The current study indicates that infestation with hard ticks poses serious challenges to the livestock health sector and, without control and prevention measures, can result in significant economic losses.

Sarcocystis is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan that can cause digestive disorders in patients. It also causes huge financial losses in the livestock industry. Studying the prevalence of this parasite in livestock can lead to increased awareness and the possibility of timely prevention in preventing livestock losses. The present study was conducted to study the changes in the biochemical parameters of adenosine deaminase, visfatin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate due to sarcocyst infection in sheep and goats.

During a period of 6 months (from January 2018 to June 2019), blood was drawn from 160 samples (80 sheep carcasses and 80 goat carcasses) that were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The sample size was determined by assuming the average possible prevalence of contamination to be around 90% and a confidence interval of 95%. The carcasses were observed and examined for the presence of rice grain cysts, and after separating the plasma samples, the parameters of adenosine deaminase, visfatin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate were evaluated.

Based on the results of this study, all the mentioned parameters in the study patient's goats and sheep had a statistically significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05).Discussion and

In general, sarcocysts can cause changes in the plasma levels of adenosine deaminase, visfatin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Therefore, it can be used in the biochemical diagnosis (biomarker) of sarcocyst in ruminants with wider studies of the aforementioned parameters along with other plasma parameters.

Sarcocystis is a intracellular parasitic protozoan that can cause gastrointestinal disorders in patients and huge financial losses in the livestock industry. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in slaughter buffaloes in Urmia slaughterhouse, Iran. This study was observed during a six-month period (October to March 2016) at 10-day intervals by referring to Urmia slaughterhouse and preparing carcasses of various tissues including tongue, esophagus, heart, diaphragm, thigh, and arm for the presence of rice grain cysts. During the present study, a total of 120 buffalo carcasses were examined macroscopically. For microscopic examination by digestion method, 100 g of each animal tissue was packed and transferred to the parasitology laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Azad University. According to the results, no macrocysts were observed in buffaloes. Microscopic examination showed a moderate frequency of infection with Sarcocystis microcysts that 16.67% of the studied buffaloes were found to be positive for infection. Data analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the rate of infection in different age groups and the rate of infection increased with age (p <0.05), while the rate of infection was gender independent and there was no significant difference between the rate of infection of different sexes (p>0.05). There was also a statistically significant difference between the level of infection in different muscles (p<0.05). All skeletal and esophageal muscles had microcysts and then microcysts were observed in the diaphragm, tongue, and heart muscles. our study showed that digestion is one of the most useful and accurate methods available to identify infected samples.

The family of Ixodidae is one of the greatest tick families of domestic animals that includes 13 genera and 650 species in five subfamilies. The goal of this research is the assessment of the cattle and domestic buffalos’ contaminations development to differentiate the tick family from the quantitative aspect and also the determination of the found tick species diversity in Miandoab. In this study, conducted from the early spring 2016 to the late winter in 2017, 406 ticks were collected and identified from the total cattle and buffaloes studied; 187 ticks were collected and identified. From all cattle studied, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, with 179 numbers (44.09%), was identified as the most infesting agent, and Boophilus annulatus, with three numbers (0.74%), was identified as the least infecting agent. From the total buffaloes under studied, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, with 101 numbers (54.01%), was identified as the highest cause of infection, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, with 21 numbers, (11.23%) was identified as the least infecting agent (P<0.05). In the current study, in terms of seasonal prevalence of hard tick infection, the highest level of infection was observed in spring and the lowest levels of infection were observed in winter (P<0.05). Maximum rates of hard ticks were observed in the groin and minimums were observed on the surface of the testicles (P<0.05).

Babesiosis is an important disease in canines that different species of Babesia, including Babesia gibsoni and Babesia canis can cause it. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Babesiosis and its vector ticks in dogs in Urmia. A total of 136 dogs were randomly selected from commercial, domestic, herding, guard, and stray dogs to evaluate the prevalence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and 165 dogs to investigate Babesiosis infection. Ticks were isolated from the animal's skin along the oral appendages. Blood samples were taken from cephalic and saphenous veins and thin blood smears were prepared. Blood smears were stained and then were examined under a microscope and the ticks isolated from the dogs were carefully observed in the laboratory. 23 (13.9%) positive samples of Babesiosis were identified out of 165 dogs examined for Babesiosis, the highest number belonged to stray dogs with the number of 10 (6.06%) and the lowest number belonged to the commercial dogs with the number of 2 (1.21%). Out of 136 dogs studied for foreign parasites, 47 (34.5%) dogs were identified as infected with the Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the highest and the lowest numbers of infected dogs were 26 for stray dogs (19.11%) and 3 for domestic dogs (2.2%) respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant relation between infection and age of dogs (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of infection and sex, how dogs were kept (p>0.05).

This study aims to determine the incidence of Sarcocystis sp. Infection in slaughtered Cattle in the abattoir of Khoy, Iran by digestive method. From March to September 2017, 204 slaughtered Cattle were investigated for the presence of Macroscopic Sarcocystis by direct observation. Each investigated cattle were classified into groups of age, sex and infected muscle tissue. All tissue samples were sectioned into 2-3 mm slices and carefully observed for probable macroscopic cysts. The sections were then examined using the peptic digestion method. Our study showed that the digestion method is useful to identify infected samples. According to the results, 11 out of the 204 cattles (5.39%) were diagnosed as being infested with macroscopic cysts. Microscopic sarcocystis infection in cattle slaughtered in the area was seen. About 94 cattle (46.08%) were diagnosed as positive infasted Sarcocystis species by the digestion method. The data analysis indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between age groups, and the infection rate increased with age (P<0.05). The infection rate was independent of sex, and the difference between males and females was not significant (P>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in different examined muscles(P<0.05) and most microcysts were diagnosed in skeletal (96.81%) and esophageal muscles (88.30%) in cattle and for buffaloes, microcysts were diagnosed in all infected skeletal muscles and esophageal muscles with 92.31%, was the second tissue with high prevalence.

Nowadays, ornamental fish are considered to be of value in most countries due to their beauty and variety. The living, beautiful and lively environment of aquariums has made people to be interested in having an aquarium, however small in size, at their home or work. The main aim of this study is to identify the parasitic elements in ornamental fish (92 Goldfish , 32 Oscar fish, 18 Flower fish, 24 Arvana fish, and 41 Discus fish) that are culled from fish breeding centers in Urmia. Classification of the fish was carried out based on their morphological characteristics. The results of the study indicate the presence of parasitic infection of these fish in four protozoan species including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina spp, chilodonella spp and Hexamita spp. Also, Diplostomum spataceum, Dactylogyrus spp and Gyrodactylus spp were observed from monogenea and digenea trematodes and lernaea spp from crustose parasites.

This study aims to determine the incidence of Sarcocystis sp. Infection in slaughtered Buffaloes in the abattoir of Khoy, Iran by digestive method. From March to September 2017,102 slaughtered Buffaloes were investigated for the presence of Macroscopic Sarcocystis by direct observation. Then from each of investigated carcass was classified into groups of age, sex and infected muscle tissue and sampling was done. In the laboratory, the samples were sectioned into 2-3 mm slices and carefully observed for probable macroscopic cysts. The samples were observed using a digestion method. The study showed that out of 39 male buffaloes, 10 (25.64%) and out of 63 female buffaloes, 16 (25.40%) were positive in terms of infection. No macrocysts were observed in buffaloes. This study showed that the digestion method is better than the observational method in the diagnosis of buffaloes. The data analysis indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between age groups, and the infection rate increased with age (P<0.05). The infection rate was independent of sex, and the difference between males and females was not significant (P>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in different examined muscles, especially in skeletal muscle (P<0.05).

Cryptosporidium is small coccidian parasites wich invade and replicate within the epithelial cell lining the digestive, respiratory and conjunctival organs of vertebrates. Cryptosporidium is a intracellular and extracyto plasmic organism.it is been shown to be an important parasite cause of entrocolitis and selflimited diarrhea in numbers of domestic and pet animals with defect in their immunity system. In this survey we examing 112 fecal samples including referring dogs to veterinarian hospitals in alborz province by Ziehl-Neelsen stain technique.7 samples of this examined animals (3 samples of dogs under 1 year old, 2 samples of dogs between 1 and 2 years, 1 samples of dogs between 2 and 3 years, 1 samples of dogs between 3 and 4 years old) are positive with a view of shedding of oocyst. There was no significant statical relationship between infection rate and sex (P>0.05), but there was significant statical relationship between infection rate and age (P

A number of pathogens can cause health problems and even production problems in sheep. In any case, internal parasites can cause the most concern in this regard. Pulmonary parasites are one of the most important and common parasites of small ruminants that lead to lung damage and since the respiratory system is one of the most important tissues in the body and due to the connection Close to other tissues of the body, so damage to this tissue leads to fundamental disorders in animal health and production problems. In this regard, in order to investigate the prevalence of pulmonary parasites in sheep in Naghadeh, we inspected after slaughtering 655 sheep in 18 sampling sessions (3 times a month) from early January 2015 to late June 2016. According to the results, 8.7% of sheep had various pulmonary parasites (Cystocaulus ocreatus 2.9%, dictyocaulus filaria 1.67%, protostrongylus rufescens 0.76%, Hydatid cyste 5.19%). Hydatid cyst is the most common and Protostrongylus rufescens is the rarest respiratory parasite of Naqadeh sheep.

Ticks are the most important ectoparasites which inflict heavy economic losses to livestock and transmit viral, rickettsia, bacterial and protozoal diseases. Ixodidae family is one of the most great tick family of domestic animals. So far, 13 different kinds and 650 species in five subgroups have been reported. The aim of this research is to assess quantitatively the extent of cattle infestations to these different ticks and also to identify the diversity of the species found in Maragheh. In this survey, carried out throughout fall 2015 to the end of summer 2016, a total number of 328 ticks were collected and identified including 224 Hyalomma spp. (68.30%), Rhipicephalus spp. 98 (29.88%), Dermacentor spp. 3 (0.91%) and Boophilus spp. 3 (0.91%) as the minimum infestation rate. From seasonal infestation prevalence aspect, in spring, 168 ticks, in summer 89 ticks and in autumn and winter 45 and 26 ticks were respectively, found on the cattle. Maximum infestation of cattle in summer and minimum in winter were observed. The maximum rate of the found ticks was observed in groin and the minimum was observed in testicle surfaces.

The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma changes in hepcidin, total sialic acid (TSA) and sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) in buffalos with hydatidosis in the city of Urmia. Hydatidosis is a zoonotic disease that can be very dangerous in humans and even cause death to humans and animals. In this study, the samples were taken from 40 cases of buffalos that suffered from hydatidosis, especially the liver form of the disease, and also 40 buffaloes without hydatidosis all taken from Urmia slaughterhouse. After the separation of plasma samples, the mentioned parameters were measured and analyzed statistically using SPSS version 17. The results indicated a significant increase P<0.05 in all mentioned parameters compared to the healthy group. Based on the above result, it can be noted that hydatidosis causes changes in plasma levels of some parameters. Interpreting some of the parameters would help us come to a better understanding of the complications of the disease. Furthermore, focusing on these parameters along with other plasma parameters would help practitioners in the paraclinical diagnosis of buffalo’s hydatidosis.

Cryptosporidium is a small coccidian parasite invaded and replicated within the epithelial cell lining of digestive, respiratory, and conjunctiva organs of vertebrates. Cryptosporidium is an intracellular and exocytoplasmic organism. It has been shown to be an important cause of enterocolitis and self-limited diarrhea in numbers of animals with defect in their immunity system. In this survey, we examined 419 fecal samples including sheep and goats population of Mahabad city, Iran. Forty nine samples of this examined animals (17 samples of sheep and goats are under 1 year old, 11 samples of sheep and goats between 1 and 2 years, 9 samples of sheep and goats between 2 and 3 years, 8 samples between 3 and 4 years old, and 4 samples of sheep and goats are over 4 years) are positive with a view of shedding of oocyst. There was significant statistical relationship between infection rate and sex P<0.05. There was significant statistical relationship between infection rate and age P<0.05. There was significant statistical relationship between infection rate and seasons of the year P<0.05 and there was no significant statistical relationship between sheep population and goat population in Mahabad city (P>0.05).

Sarcocystis is a mandatory intracellular parasitic protozoan that may cause digestive disorders in goats and huge financial losses in the livestock industry. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sarcocystis infection in slaughtered goats in Khoy slaughterhouse, Iran using microscopic method and compare it with macroscopic method. To this end, the carcasses of 202 slaughtered goats was examined ocularly and then microscopically for the presence of macrocysts. According to the results, 1.96% of the studied goats were found to be infected with macrocysts. In microscopic examination, 22.55% of the studied goats were found to be positive for infection. Data analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the rate of infection in different age groups and the rate of infection increased with age (P <0.05);while the rate of infection was gender independent and there was no significant difference between the rates of infection of different sexes (P> 0.05). Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between the amount of infection in different muscles (p <0.05). The highest microcysts were observed in skeletal muscles with 84.78% and the lowest microcysts in heart muscles with 28.26%. This study showed that the microscopic method has a great advantage in determining the rate of sarcocyst infection compared to the ocular method. Therefore, it is necessary to be more careful in determining sarcocyst infections in carcasses of slaughtered goats.

In present, survey, 140 horses were investigated from Maragheh surrounding Villages. 10 out of all horses were infected by ectoparasites (7.14%) the studied horses were 1 to 12 years old. No skin lesion and sign of particular disease was observed in this survey. Also 99 of the horses were male and 41 of them were female where 7 male horses and 3 female horses were infected (7.07% and 7.31% respectively). Infection has most prevalence in horses older than 8 also the least prevalence was observed in horses which younger than 2 years old. According to findings of Chi square statistical test, there was no significant relation between tick infestation rate considering the age and sex of the animals but there was a significant difference between groups that located in different regions.

In late June 2013, because of sudden and unjustified increase in mortality of apparent healthy fish in Hasanloo dam cage culture, random sampling was convicted from a live dying and dead fishes. Forty fishes (20 alive and 20 dead fishes) from two cage with the weight of 200-300 gr were sampled. Samples were sent to private factor laboratory ice pieces for evolution. Some physicochemical parameters of Hasanloo dam water including nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, soluble solid materials, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH was measured. To investing the probability of bacterial, fungal and parasitic discover outbreaks sample were taken from the kidney, gills and skin of fish. The result of different investing revealed the presence of algal bloom, oxygen shortage, executive problems and fishing net fountain obstruction due to accumulation of planktons and suspended material. Because of increase in light intensity, nutritive substances level, warming of water temperature and static suability of water hydrological status, algal blooming had occurred in Hasanloo dam that not only destroyed the gills of fish but also created competition for soluble oxygen at night with some phytoplankton species causing hypoxia and death of salmon in the breeding farm. The result of general bacterial cutler was negative and mild secondary infection with S aprolegnia species was detected in PGYEA culture. The result of liver histopathology indicated the presence of hepatic ceroidosis because of non-standard diets with high levels of carbohydrates. Gill blade inflammation and hyperplasia was the observed. Due to high amounts of ionized ammonia among culture nets resolving from summer mortality syndrome.