somayeh gholami

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the methods of influencing and neutralizing peer pressure in students' drug use.

The research employed a qualitative approach based on phenomenology. The research population consisted of students residing in the dormitories of Larestan Higher Education Complex during the academic year 2023-2024. Thirty individuals were purposefully selected using data saturation technique. Data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was performed using the Colaizzi's method.

Following the analysis of the interviews, four main categories were identified: absent peer influence, passive influence methods, active peer influence methods, and effective coping methods. The most significant coping strategy was the utilization of time perspective concerning career, education, health, and the fear of drug addiction.

Given the efficacy of coping strategies in managing peer influence, these methods can be utilized to educate individuals on how to resist peer pressure. This discovery highlights the importance of implementing strategies to address peer influence in the agenda of university health officials.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the greatest focus was on the respiratory system, but recently awareness has increased about the cardiovascular manifestations of the COVID-19 disease and the adverse effect of cardiovascular involvement on its prognosis. Since so far no comprehensive study has investigated electrocardiogram changes in patients with COVID-19 in Iran, the purpose of this study is to assess electrocardiogram changes in adults aged 20-70 with and without a history of COVID-19.

The current study was a cohort study conducted on two groups of working people with a history of COVID-19 and controls without a history of COVID-19. The case and control subjects were selected randomly from the participants of the Yazd Health study and the Shahdieh cohort study. ECG was taken from both groups before and after Covid-19 and then QTc interval and ST segment measurements were recorded and interpreted.

In the present study, 77 patients including 45 patients with COVID-19 (58.4%) and 32 non-COVID-19 patients (41.6%) were selected. Heart rate/min before and after COVID-19 was 69.08±10.89 and 73.5±14.05, respectively (P<0.01). There was a non-significant difference before and after COVID-19 in terms of QTi, and QTc (P>0.05).

According to the results of the present study, COVID-19 disease is associated with a change in heart rate in the two studies' participants, but no effect was observed on the parameters of QTi, and QTC. Therefore, it seems that echocardiography is not necessary in patients with COVID-19.

Elevated serum levels of osteopontin (OPN) have been associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, and autoimmune disease activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between OPN serum levels and renal damage in type 2 diabetes patients. This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in Yazd, Iran from April to September 2017. Micro-albuminuria and creatinine (Cr) in 750 patients were measured and 180 included patients were divided into the three groups of 60 subjects based on the level of micro-albuminuria; normal (group A), micro proteinuria (group B) and macro proteinuria (group C). Body weight, height, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), HbA1c and OPN were assessed. Among 179 patients, 60 of them were normal for proteinuria, 59 patients had micro-proteinuria and 60 ones had macro- proteinuria. The mean age of participants was 58.96 ( ± 11.10) years (range 26-80 years), 90 patients (50.8%) were males and 88 ones (49.2%) were females. The mean OPN levels were significantly higher in group C compared to group B, and in group B compared to group A (P = 0.0001). Serum OPN was correlated positively with HbA1c (P: 0.012), Cr (P = 0.010) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (P = 0.002). There was a significant difference in the mean of OPN level among the subgroups with the history of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and HbA1C (P=0.035, and 0.047 respectively). These findings suggest that OPN is involved in chronic disease activity, and there is an independent association between plasma levels of OPN, and nephropathy in diabetic patients.

There is evidence that COVID-19 may have some long-term effects on the patients' blood biochemical and hematological factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the changes in biochemical and hematological factors in adults with and without past history of COVID-19.

The present study is a cross-sectional study including 72 cases with a past history of COVID-19 (PCR+ test) and 52 controls without a history of COVID-19. All participants were from two prospective cohort studies, namely Yazd Health Study (YaHS) and Shahedieh Cohort Study. Biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, lipid profiles, liver, kidney and hematological factors of cases and controls were extracted from the databases and analyzed.

The mean red blood cell count in patients with COVID-19 was significantly higher than in non-COVID-19 patients (p<0.05), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 (p>0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of lipid and kidney profiles and liver enzymes.

No significant difference was found between the two groups of patients exposed to COVID-19 and patients not exposed to COVID-19 in terms of liver enzymes, lipid and kidney profiles, which probably indicate that COVID-19 has no long-term effect on these variables. However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.05) regarding the number of red blood cells and MCV.

The paradigm shifts in target theory could be defined as the radiation-triggered bystander response in which the radiation deleterious effects occurred in the adjacent cells.  This study aims to assess bystander response in terms of DNA damage and their possible cell death consequences following high-dose radiotherapy. Temporal characteristics of gH2AX foci as a manifestation of DNA damage were also evaluated. In this experimental study, bystander response was investigated in human carcinoma cells of HeLa and HN5, neighboring those that received high doses. Medium transfer was performed from 10 Gy-irradiated donors to 1.5 Gy-irradiated recipients. GammaH2AX foci, clonogenic and apoptosis assays were investigated. The gH2AX foci time-point study was implemented 1, 4, and 24 h after the medium exchange.  DNA damage was enhanced in HeLa and HN5 bystander cells with the ratio of 1.27 and 1.72, respectively, which terminated in more than two-fold clonogenic survival decrease, along with gradual apoptosis increase. GammH2AX foci temporal characterization revealed maximum foci scoring at the 1 h time-point in HeLa, and also 4 h in HN5, which remained even 24 h after the medium sharing in higher level than the control group.   The time-dependent nature of bystander-induced gH2AX foci as a DNA damage surrogate marker was highlighted with the persistent foci at 24 h. considering an outcome of bystander-induced DNA damage, predominant role of clonogenic cell death was also elicited compared to apoptosis. Moreover, the role of high-dose bystander response observed in the current work clarified bystander potential implications in radiotherapy.

The objective of this study is to find out whether the self-sacrificing veterans as role models have succeeded to institutionalize religiousness and the degree of adherence to it, as one of the important factors in the emergence of the spirit of self-sacrifice in their children, in passing on their values.

To answer this question, the present study was conducted to compare the dimensions of religiousness and religious identity of two generations: veteran parents and their children. This study was an applied one in terms of purpose and a descriptive-post-event one in terms of nature and method. The statistical population included all freedmen of imposed war and veterans of Bandar-e Lengeh city and all their male children aged 20 to 30 years from among whom 25 fathers and 25 male children were selected through purposive sampling and were assessed using two religiosity questionnaires: Glock and Stark (1965) and Serajzadeh’s religious identity questionnaire (2013).

The findings show that the average religious identity of the children in emotional dimension (M=21.6) and ritual dimension (M=21.5) is higher than their parents’ average of the two dimensions: emotional (M=20.4) and ritual (20.5); and the parents are higher in the belief dimension (M=22.2) than their children (M=16.5). In addition, the average scores of young people in the intellectual dimension (M=16.5) and consequence of religiousness (M=19.9) were higher than their parents in the intellectual dimension (M=13.1) and consequence of religiousness (M=18.4). The parents are also higher in the belief dimension (M=20.3) than their children (M=16.6).

In general, the parents of the present study do not experience a different intellectual atmosphere with their children.

This study aimed to compare the school bonding and interpersonal problems in students with unsupervised and abused families with normal families in Bandar Lengeh. The sample consisted of 152 normal students and 81 unsupervised or abused students. Normal students were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected through two questionnaires: school bonding (Rezaei Sharif et al., 2014) and interpersonal problems (Barkham, 1996). The results of multivariate analysis of variance of school bonding in unsupervised and abused students' groups and normal students showed that there is no significant difference between school bonding scores. In other words, unsupervised or abused student groups and normal students are no different in terms of school bonding. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between interpersonal problems in the unsupervised or abused students' groups and normal students in the two dimensions of considering others and the dimension of support and participation. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that there is a difference between interpersonal problems in students with unsupervised or abused families with normal behavioral disorders.

It is important to have accurate information regarding the dose distribution for treatment planning and to accurately deposit that dose in the tissue surrounding the brachytherapy source. However, the practical measurement of dose distribution for various reasons is associated with several problems. In this study, 6711 I-125, Micro Selectron mHDR-v2r Ir-192, and Flexisource Co-60 sources were simulated using the MCNP5 Monte Carlo method. To simulate the sources, the exact geometric characteristics of each source, the material used in them, and the energy spectrum of each source were entered as input to the program, and finally, the dosimetric parameters including dose rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy function were calculated for considered seeds according to AAPM, TG-43 protocol recommendation. Results obtained for dosimetric parameters of dose rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy function for I-125, Ir-192, and Co-60 sources agreed with other studies. According to the good agreement obtained between the parameters of TG43 and other studies, now these datasets can be used as input in the treatment planning systems and to validate their calculations.

The present study analyzes the story of the Alchemist Story by Paulo Coelho based on Maslow's theory. The purpose of this article is to achieve a deep understanding of the main character of Santiago's story by analyzing the comparative content and matching the text of the story with Maslow's chain of needs; how Santiago fulfilled Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs starting with the journey to the treasure. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is divided into five categories: Physiology, Security, Love and Belonging, Self-Esteem and Self-Actualization. At the level of physical needs, Santiago could easily meet his needs. When he started his journey towards realizing his need for security, he faced major challenges, but he was able to overcome them with the power of faith. The need for love and self-esteem was satisfied enough to pave his way to self-realization. Spirituality helped him a lot in passing through the sufferings of the path of self-realization. The result of the comparative study of Santiago's personality with Maslow's needs showed that despite all the difficulties, Santiago was able to fulfill the needs from the lowest level to the highest level and achieve the only task of humans, which is to realize the personal legend. A detailed description of how to meet the needs is provided in the article.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the leading source of pneumonia outbreaks in the world. The present study aimed to compare the condition of intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU COVID-19 patients in terms of epidemiological and clinical features, laboratory findings, and outcomes in three cities across Iran. In a cross-sectional study, 195 COVID-19 patients admitted to five hospitals across Iran during March-April 2020 were recruited. Collected information included demographic data, laboratory findings, symptoms, medical history, and outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with t test or Mann-Whitney U test (continuous data) and Chi square test or Fisher’s exact test (categorical variables). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 195 patients, 57.4% were men, and 67.7% had at least one comorbidity. The prevalence of stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and autoimmune diseases was higher in ICU than in non-ICU patients (P=0.042, P=0.020, and P=0.002, respectively). Compared with non-ICU, ICU patients had significantly higher white blood cell (WBC) count (P=0.008), cardiac troponin concentrations (P=0.040), lactate dehydrogenase levels (P=0.027), erythrocyte sedimentation rates (P=0.008), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P=0.029), but lower hematocrit levels (P=0.001). The mortality rate in ICU and non-ICU patients was 48.1% and 6.1%, respectively. The risk factors for mortality included age>40 years, body mass index<18 Kg/m2, hypertension, coronary artery disease, fever, cough, dyspnea, ST-segment changes, pericardial effusion, and a surge in WBC and C-reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, and BUN.  A high index of suspicion for ICU admission should be maintained in patients with positive clinical and laboratory predictive factors.

 Following the epidemic crisis and the outbreak of Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) in Iran and other provinces, the statistics of the patients showed that Yazd is among the top few provinces in the country in terms of the prevalence and incidence of this deadly disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the risk factors related to the life status of patients with coronavirus.

 In this cross-sectional analytical study, demographic, clinical, and biochemical information of 932 patients who were infected with COVID-19 from May 2018 to March  2019 and were hospitalized in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd were examined. Information was recorded through patients’ records or telephone calls. Data analysis was performed by independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and logistic regression using SPSS-22 software.

 Based on the results 57.9% (N=540) of patients were male and the mean age of all patients was 53.33 (19 ± 0.15) years, and also 9.6% (N=82) of patients died. The risk of death for patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 75 times higher than that of patients who were hospitalized in general wards. Also, the risk of death for patients with a history of cancer was 12 times higher than other patients. The risk factors associated with mortality were identified by multivariate logistic regression model, which included increasing age, having shortness of breath, history of cancer, hospitalization in the ICU, increased white blood cell count, and sodium deficiency.

In order to reduce the mortality of patients with COVID-19, it is necessary for physicians to prioritize the treatment of elderly patients with underlying diseases, such as cancer and shortness of breath in order to improve their clinical condition.

Establishing a predictive assay of radiosensitivity (as an appropriate, practical and cost-effective method) has been challenging. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the capability and relationship of various endpoints, including GammaH2AX, micronuclei; and apoptosis in determining the human tumor cell lines radiosensitivities compared with clonogenic survival. In an experimental in-vitro study, the response of carcinoma cell lines of HN5 and HeLa to 2 Gy of 6 MV photon beam was investigated via various assays. Survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) of HeLa and HN5 was indicated as 0.42 ± 0.06 and 0.5 ± 0.03 respectively, proposing more radioresistance of HN5. This finding was confirmed with “2 Gy apoptosis enhancement ratio” which was 1.77 and 1.42 in HeLa and HN5. The increased levels of DNA DSBs were observed after irradiation; significant in HeLa with enhancement rate of 19.24. The micronuclei formation followed an ascending trend post irradiation; but with the least difference between two cells. Although the relationship between micronuclei and clonogenic survival was moderate (R2 = 0.35), a good correlation was observed between apoptosis and clonogenic survival (R2 = 0.71). The results of studied endpoints agreed with the SF2, highlighting their capabilities in radiosensitivity prediction. In terms of the enhancement ratio, gammaH2AX foci scoring could be a valid indicator of radiosensitivity but not the exact surrogate marker of survival because no correlation was observed. Moreover, considering the chief determents comprising lack of time and money, the apoptotic induction might be an appropriate indicator with the best correlation coefficient.

The aim of this study was to determine the number of Internet dependency clusters and then compare different groups in social anxiety and depression. The present study population consisted of undergraduate female dormitory students of Shiraz University. 370 female students were selected using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. For gathering data, of Young internet addiction test (IAT), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and social anxiety Liebowitz questionnaire (LSAS) were utilized. Data were analyzed by cluster analysis and MANOVA. The results of cluster analysis showed three clusters with the mind, moderate and severe degrees of internet addition (P≤ 0/001). Also, significant differences among 3 profiles were found in depression (P≤ 0/001) and social anxiety (P≤0/01). Mild Internet addiction clusters experience the least amount of depression. According to the results, it's necessary to examine internet addiction as a psychological problem and cultural educational and family systems plan to solve this problem.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the quality of parent-child relationship and the level of child abuse of mothers who have to children (one with learning disabilities and one children with no learning disabilities).

60 mothers with one child with learning disability and one child without learning disability in 1397- 98 in Qeshm port were selected by purposeful sampling. The mothers completed the parent child relationship scale (PCRS) of Piyanta and their two children completed the Child Abuse Questionnaire. The results showed a significant difference between child with learning disorder and sibling without learning disorder in proximity, conflict, the positive relationship was (P≤0.0001).

The significant difference between the mean dimensions of parental child abuse among children with and without learning disabilities was such that child abuse scores (P≤0.0001) and physical abuse child (P≤0.0001). There was a significant difference between neglect and neglect (P ≤0.01). In fact, mothers of children with learning disabilities are more likely to abuse their children than other children without learning disabilities and to have a lower affinity and positive relationship with them and to experience more conflict with them.

These results have shed light on the necessity of taking some actions in order to protect the children with learning disabilities. Take parenting training to parents and legal protection from these children as examples.

Stuttering is a disorder that affects speech or speech. Stuttering begins in childhood and negatively affects a personchr('39')s social relationships and self-esteem. The purpose of the present study was to the intervention effect of puppet play therapy on the inferiority of students with stuttering in Sari.

This research is in the framework of a quasi-experimental research method with a single-subject design structure using a multi-step baseline design. The sample group was selected by convenience sampling method. The subjects had three boys and a girl who stuttered with a feeling of inferiority. The tool for measuring the improvement (or reduction) of feeling inferior was the feeling of inferiority questionnaire. This questionnaire was completed by the subjects in three stages of baseline, intervention and follow-up.

To analyze the data, visual review of graphs (ups and downs of the dependent variable), indicators of recovery percentage, reduction percentage of scores, variability and effect size were used. Visual review, charts, trend change indicators, gradient, and effect size indicated a decrease in stuttering studentschr('39') inferiority.

Puppet play therapy intervention can be effective in reducing the feeling of inferiority of students who have stuttering and can be used as an effective and desirable strategy in this field.

Researchers found that one of the factors affecting nurses experiencing occupational stress was the difference in their enneagram personality triads. The aim of the present research was to investigate the psychic profile of nurses' enneagram personality triads based on the psychological components of the SCL-90. The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this research comprised all of the nurses working in Shiraz public hospitals in 2017. 270 people were selected from this population through multistage random sampling based on Krejcie, & Morgan sample size table. The results showed that there was a significant difference between a nurses' instinct and thinking triads in terms of obsession, aggression and psychosis. There was also a significant difference between the instinct and feeling triads of the nurses in terms of obsession and aggression. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between personality triads in terms of other psychological components. Some enneagram personality triads in nurses were prone to the occurrence or absence of mental symptoms. Although the findings explain only a 19% variance, hospital managers should consider the nurses’ personality triads in order to improve their performance.

This study aimed to identify how parents can answer to their children’s religious questions.

To achieve this objective, the phenomenological method was used. The statistical population included all parents with primary school children in Bandar Lengeh. The sample size was 35 people, and they were selected by purposive method according to the theoretical saturation limit. Data collection tools were also semi-organized and in-depth interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through the seven-step Colaizzi method.

The findings showed that there were 3 main themes along with some sub-themes. Children’s questions revolved around the questions about Allah, death, the Hereafter, the Prophet, Islam, the creation of the world, acts of worship, and natural disasters. Many parents used some incorrect methods such as inappropriate responses to cognitive development, language development, and comprehension. Furthermore, suppressing of children’s questions, presenting stereotyped answers, not answering their questions, postponing answers were used by parents, but some parents used the correct methods for answering religious questions, such as using allegory, answering, using the child’s tangible knowledge to answer, using games, providing correct answers in accordance with religious sources, and searching for better answers.

According to these findings that parents lack the necessary knowledge about cognitive development and educational methods, the institutions involved in education need to plan to teach the parents about answering children’s questions in accordance with principles such as cognitive scaffolding.

Careful treatment planning of brachytherapy is an essential aspect of cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of calculations of treatment design system in GYN brachytherapy by BEBIG-60Co device by performing entrance skin dosimetry (ESD) using TLD dosimeters. For this study, 11 GYN cancer patients selected for brachytherapy to measure skin surface dosimetry. Finally, a comparison was made between the dose calculation from the treatment design system and the dose measured by the TLDs. In about 90% of the cases, there was a good agreement between the treatment dose calculation and the TLD measurement (taking into account the 5.5% uncertainty for the TLD). Increasing the dose in the anterior position of patients 5 and 11 can be due to the displacement of the applicator in the direction of length. For patient No. 8, moving the Ooid applicator to the right has led to an increase in dose and a decrease in the right and left directions. Several factors, such as the movement of markers on the patient's skin and the movement of applicators during patient transfer between imaging and treatment rooms, cause differences in the dose of TLDs compared to the dose of TPS. Therefore, the method of dosimetry of the skin surface can be a suitable method to confirm the accuracy of the dose in the treatment of GYN HDR.

In the implementation of the new curriculum, art education has been marginalized. For this purpose, scientific activities must be planned which the person tries to change the unfavorable situation to a relatively favorable situation (action research). The aim of this study is the investigation of the challenges elementary classroom teachers face when implementing the new arts education curriculum and explanation of the concept of action research in integration of arts in elementary schools to implement the new art education programs. The method of study was integrated and based on action research. By using various arts (integration of art) and improving the conditions for its implementation (action research) it became clear that students are interested in changing the artistic program for its pivotality. Satisfactory results were also generated in the field of education and learning.​Implementing of new curriculum program based on the integration of art will increase the participation.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the phenomenon of identity cloaking under the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in second grade high school students in Bandar-lengeh.This research was carried out qualitatively and in a grounded method.

The research area in this study is all second-grade female secondary school students covered by the Relief Committee. A total of 20 students covered in the research participated in the study, which became accessible to theoretical saturation by targeted sampling. Then the data were analyzed by the method suggested by Strauss & Corbin consisting of coding (open, pivotal & optional).

A total of 50 and finally 33 initial codes were obtained from the interviews, and in the later stages of the analysis, the main phenomenon called identity concealment, contexts, causes, strategies and consequences were extracted from the interviews. Damage to respect is the avoidance of ridicule and the rejection of the causes of secrecy. The ground conditionis exposed in front of the people in higher social class. The school environment is a place where these students are vital that classmates and teachers do not notice.

These problems that facing these citizens show that should be more invistigated about changing society's attitude towards the poor as people with social credibility; something can also be found in religious believe.

In this work, we have focused on fabrication and validation of a respiratory belt that produces respiratory signals from the patient’s abdominal and thorax.

A load cell transducer was attached to the belt to create an electrical signal from respiratory movement. It converts a force or load into an equivalent electrical signal or digitized load value. The accuracy of the signals from our respiratory control belt was evaluated according to a comparison with the signals from commercial SOMNO medical device.

The pattern of the signals from our respiratory belt is  in good agreement (4%/3mm) with the pattern of commercial SOMNO medical device.

The manufactured respiratory control belt can be used during imaging and radiotherapy procedures for breath control in a patient's abdominal and thorax region.

This study seeks to measure the effectiveness of the citizenship skills training on the citizenship rights awareness and practice of these rights according to Law Thesis of Imam Sajjad (as) about citizenship rights. The study was done through a combination of qualitative-quantitative method. In the first part, using the qualitative method, the appropriate educational content was compiled from the law thesis. The quantitative part was performed in a quasi-experimental manner through pre-test-post-test with a control group. The sampling method in the qualitative phase of study was purposeful and there were 5 curriculum planning specialists. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included the first-grade junior high school teenagers of Bandar Lengeh. Using cluster sampling method, 60 people in two experimental and control groups of 30 were replaced. The study with a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test research design was conducted with a control group in 11 educational sessions. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on ‘Awareness of Citizenship Rights’ and ‘Citizenship Behavior’ which had good validity and reliability. Independent T-test and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that citizenship skills training increases teenagers’ awareness of citizenship rights and also changes their behavior. According to the findings of this study, social relations can be improved by focusing on teaching the curriculum based on Imam’s law thesis.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the difference in the formative assessment and final assessment in high school students. To achieve this goal, sequential explanatory mixed method design was used. The population of the study at the quantitative stage was whole of the third grade (senior) high school students in Bastak and the countryside and sampling method was census. The population of qualitative step was all of the third grade high school students in Bastak and their teachers. 35 students and 20 teachers were selected using purposeful sampling. The research tool was semi-structured in the quantitative section and academic achievement scores in the qualitative section. The difference in the volume of the two tests, the difference in the difficulty of the two tests, the difference in the psychometric indices of the two tests, the difference in the psychosocial climate of the two tests, the lack of fit of the quality of teaching-learning, motivation and attitude (factors related to knowledge Students) and the manipulation of grades by teachers was one of the factors influencing the apparent difference between continuous and final grades.

External radiotherapy is the most common method of radiotherapy which the most important problem associated with is that there is no difference between healthy and tumor tissues in dose absorption. One way to differentiate the dose sensitivity is to use metal-based nanoparticles. Bismuth oxide nanoparticles are good candidates for cancer radiotherapy. In this study, we investigated the dose enhancement effect of the synthesized spherical Bi2O3 NPs in 6MV external radiotherapy.

Bi2O3 were synthesized and GENIPIN gel dosimeter was produced and divided into two equal portions, one part to fill vials containing pure gel and the other part to be added to a specified amount of nanoparticles to give a concentration of 0.1Mm. Then, the irradiation of the pure gel and gel vials containing the NPs was performed one day after manufacture by a 6MV external radiotherapy device. Gel readout was performed using spectrophotometer and absorption-dose curves were achieved.

results show that spherical Bi2O3 NPs cause a decrease in GENIPIN absorbance range compared to gel without NPs. The slope of the absorbance-dose curve in presence of NPs is 0.038 which is more than this slop in the pure gel (0.029) which indicates a DEF of 1.31 in the usage of these NPs in the tumor.

we can conclude that by applying these spherical Bi2O3 NPs, dose absorption of the tumor will increase up to 31% which means the efficacy of radiotherapy can be maintained by lower applied dose to the tumor and healthy cells.

The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy of different algorithms in EclipseTM Treatment Planning System (TPS) using a heterogeneous phantom.

The method is based on the International Atomic Energy Agency's TEC-DOC 1583 report. The chest phantom of CIRS, PTW30010 ionization chamber and an electrometer (PTW, Freiburg) were used for the measurements.Three ACUROSE XB (AXB), Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) and Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) dose calculation algorithms available in Eclipse TM TPS were considered in this study.

Based on the measurements, the maximum differences between calculated dose by TPS and measured dose in TEC-DOC 1583 tests were 2.5%, 8.6% and 16.1% for the AXB, AAA and PBC algorithms in heterogeneous media, respectively.

The Acuros XB algorithm has superior accuracy to predict the dose distribution in the heterogeneous tissues such as lung compared to AAA and PBC algorithms.