فهرست مطالب t. mohammadi

Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.

A quantitative study of groundwater resources and accurate monitoring of changes over time, especially in areas facing limited water resources, is considered essential for proper management and sustainable exploitation of these resources. Golestan province, one of the semi-arid provinces of Iran has faced a drop in the groundwater level and an increase in the salinity of the groundwater due to the excessive withdrawals from the groundwater table and the reduction of atmospheric precipitation in the past few years. Gorgan Plain with an area of about 4727 square kilometers is one of the largest plains in Iran and the most important plain of Golestan province in terms of water supply for agricultural and drinking purposes. In this plain, there is a network of piezometers and observation wells that include continuous monthly measurements for more than 30 years. The objective of this research was to investigate the changes in the groundwater level of shallow (30 years (1989-2018)) and deep (22 years (1997-2018)) wells. The Man-Kendall method was used to reveal the trend and Pettitt, Normal Standard, and Buishand methods were used to identify sudden change points in a time series of groundwater levels in 49 shallow wells and 12 deep wells. The results of this research showed that the groundwater level in most of the studied wells had a significantly decreasing trend at a significant level of 5%. Also, the largest amount of groundwater loss was in the southern and southwestern parts of the plain, which can be attributed to a large amount of water taken from the wells due to their proximity to urban areas and some local conditions such as the proximity of the wells of this area are located in altitudes and at the entrance border of the aquifer. In the same way, as it rises, the fall decreases in the middle of the plain, and the amount of fall decreases in the northern areas and the edge of the Caspian Sea. It can be related to the proximity to the Caspian Sea and the high water table, and as a result, the inappropriate quality of water and land (high salinity and low fertility), which has caused the water withdrawal from this area to be less.

The goal of watershed management is the rational and optimal utilization and management of the environmental resources in watershed scale according to the Sustainable Development Goals. In recent decades, the term "integrated watershed management strategy" has been widely advocated by many in the scientific literature.. The management of watershed resources with an integrated approach, is made possible by paying attention to watershed sub-systems and their interactions, as well as considering active processes and cycles within the watershed system. The purpose of this research is to examine the institutional and organizational requirements of the integrated watershed management through conducting comparative studies and survey on global experiences. According to the findings of this investigation, countries such as Canada, UK, Thailand, Indonesia, Germany, Sri Lanka and Australia have a distinct ministry for environment and/or natural resources a part from a ministry of agriculture. In countries like France and Iran, departments for environment and natural resources are subordinate to other ministries. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency is independent from the federal government. Countries with an independent organization for natural resources and environment are more focused on watershed issues and management. In Iran, the Natural Resources and Watershed Management National Organization (NRWMNO) is subordinate to the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. Whose main focus is to increase agricultural production? While the management of natural resources and watersheds requires a specialized, independent and dominant organizational structure, mainly focused on conservation and rehabilitation issues. Considering the contradiction in the main goals of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad as a superordinate organization and NRWMNO as a subordinate organization, the independence of NRWMNO from the body of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad needs to be considered and examined in depth, by gathering and analyzing the opinions of leading experts and specialists of the country.

Trend analysis of stream flow provides practical information for better management of water resources on the eve of climate change. Therefore, the present study investigated river flow variations during three decades as well as projections of future discharge in the Gorganrood watershed. The Man-Kendall method has been used to detect the trend and methods of Pettitt, SNHT, and Buishand to identify points of a sudden change in discharge time series in 8 stations of Aq Qala, Galikesh, Gonbad, Haji Ghoshan, Nodeh, Ramyan, Sadgorgan, and Tamar. The Mann-Kendall trend test showed the existence of a significant negative trend (flow reduction) on a daily and annual scale in all stations. Monthly, the strongest negative trend in Aq Qala, Galikesh, Gonbad, Haji Ghoshan, and Ramyan stations was related to July, but in Nodeh and Tamar stations, it was related to August and February, respectively. A decreasing trend was observed in all stations on a seasonal scale, but this trend was not significant in some seasons. The results of the analysis of change points in discharge showed that the change points in the data used in this study are more of a decreasing and in some cases incremental type and some stations, no change points have been identified at all. Therefore, the number of decreasing changes in the studied hydrometric stations is significantly higher than the incremental changes and is more visible from 1993 to 1997 and 2005-2007 in three and four stations, respectively. Also, the most incremental changes among the stations are related to the Aq Qala station in 2017 with a flow rate of 234 cubic meters per second. Investigation of the flow of the basin in the past decades showed significant monotonic and abrupt changes which are mostly toward decreasing the basin’s discharge. The downward trend in discharge values at different time scales for all hydrometric stations of the Gorganrood watershed, which will be more severe in the future due to global climate change, and increasing the region's water needs for various future use due to population growth and the expansion of industries can also be considered as a serious warning for policymakers, planners, and local managers to prevent a possible water crisis in the region in the future with proper planning.

Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of science that is widely used in various fields including medicine. Nanoparticles (NPs) are produced by various compounds in size, shape, and different chemical properties, which can be used in a variety of biological and biomedical applications. Metal NPs are used widely in many fields and have various properties making them appropriate for use in medical applications.Zinc is an essential trace element for almost all living organisms. Due to possessing a significant role in versatile biological processes, including fetal development, natural growth, wound healing, metabolism, immunity, cognitive functions, sperm generation, bone mineralization, neurological, and enzymatic processes.In recent decades, zinc oxide NPs have been one of the most popular types of NPs with numerous biological applications due to their biocompatibility and low toxicity and are used in a wide range of commercial applications including applications in many different industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, dyes, rubber, tissue engineering, antibacterial agents, and anti-cancer. Nowadays, significant scientific interest has been directed toward the application of nanomaterials in the modulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiation for further application in regenerative medicine. Zinc is one of the most plentiful trace metals in the human body and was reported to be essential for the regeneration of bone. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties. Particular emphasis was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with a focus on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force, and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions.  ZnO NPs present certain cytotoxicity in cancer cells and induce cancer cell death via the apoptosis signaling pathway. This autophagy induction was positively correlated with the dissolution of ZnO NPs in lysosomes to release zinc ions, and zinc ions released from ZnO NPs were able to damage lysosomes, leading to impaired autophagic flux and mitochondria.ZnO nanostructures, featuring antimicrobial activity, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis, have been also combined with additive manufacturing technologies with the final aim of designing novel advanced hybrid scaffolds for tissue engineering.Zinc deficiency is positively correlated with diabetes and may also affect the progress of Type 2 diabetes. Several zinc complexes have been synthesized and proven to be effective in rodent models of diabetes.ROS are generated by metal oxide nanoparticles which considerably help in fibroblast proliferation. The interlinkage of the fibroblast cells and zinc oxide nanoparticles was impacted by the surface area and particle size of the nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoparticles dressing increases apoptosis, bacteria clearance, platelet activation, tissue necrosis, re-epithelialization, tissue scar formation, debris removal, angiogenesis, and stem cell activation through wound healing. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (DDS) can overcome the aforementioned limitations by releasing the drugs in a slow and sustained manner and delivering them to the desired area of the body system. This article provides an overview of some of the research relating to the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles in biological sciences.

Cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be a promising tool in regenerative medicine. One of the richest sources of mesenchymal stem cells is fetal bone marrow. Silymarin has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with a positive effect on the proliferation of some cells as well as anti-osteoporosis properties. This study aimed to show the effect of silymarin on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow of sheep embryos into the osteogenic line.

Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from the bone marrow of sheep embryos. MTT test was performed to investigate the cytotoxicity of silymarin on cells at different concentrations for 24 and 72 hours. Then, cells in one of 8 groups 1: negative control; 2: treated with 10 μmol/liter silymarin in the usual environment, 3: treated with 20 μmol/liter silymarin in the usual environment, 4: treated with 100 μmol/liter estradiol in the usual environment, 5: positive control, 6: treatment treated with 10 μmol/liter silymarin in the differentiation medium, 7: treated with 20 μmol/liter silymarin in the differentiation medium, 8: treated with 100 μmol/liter in the differentiation medium, were cultured for 21 days. To determine the osteogenic differentiation of cells, the deposition of hydroxyapatite ions was examined using alizarin staining, and also, the amount of ALP enzyme secretion was also measured in the studied groups.

Comparing the average optical absorption of cells at different concentrations between 24 and 72 hours after treatment showed that the average optical absorption of cells at zero concentration of silymarin after 72 hours of treatment decreased in comparison with those treated for 24 hours (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in other concentrations (P>0.05). Examining the level of ALP enzyme secretion, 21 days after treatment with silymarin in the studied groups showed that the highest level of enzyme secretion was in group 8 (P≤0.05). The lowest amount of enzyme secretion was observed in group 1 (negative control) and then in group 2 and group 3 respectively (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between groups 4, 5, and 6 (P>0.05). Based on the alizarin red staining results, calcium ions deposition was observed in all the groups related to the differentiation medium, which increased in groups 8, 7, 6, and 5, respectively. In the groups cultured in the usual environment, there was no calcification in group 1 and the amount of calcification increased in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively. In total, the amount of calcification in the differentiation environment groups was higher in comparison with the usual environment.

During this study, Silymarin had no toxic effect on the mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow of sheep embryos in the studied concentrations after 24 and 72 hours of treatment. It increased the differentiation of the cells into the osteogenic lineage in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, it seems that with further studies and identification of the molecular pathways of silymarin's effect, it can be used in cell therapy in order to repair bone lesions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of self-concept in the relation between attachment to parents and peers with prosocial behaviors.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the study included all the first grade students of the seven to ninth grades of the schools in one and two regions of Hamedan to 21690, among them two-step random sampling 570 people among the schools in Shahed 1, Shahed 2, Forough School and Fatemeh Al-Zahra School, two schools from each district and from each school 4 classes were selected. The study tool was the inventory of parent and peer attachment by Armsden & Greenberg (IPPA), self-concept questionnaire (SCQ) by Sarswat 1984 and empathy index by Bryant (1982). After exclusion of 50 distortion questionnaires, data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis.

The results of this study showed that physical self-concept (P<0.01, β=0.176) at a significant level of 0.01 and social self-concept (P<0.05, β=0.130) and moral self-concept (P<0.05, β=0.122) at a significant level of 0.05 and positively predict empathy. The attachment to the mother (P<0.01, β=0.175) and attachment to peers (P<0.05, β=0.117) positively and at a significant level of 0.01 predict empathy.

It is suggested to reducing the antisocial behaviors in schools and increasing empathy behaviors on improving the self-concept of adolescents and restoring their attachment to parents and peers be focused.

Lipid oxidation of edible oils causes important deteriorative changes in their chemical، sensory and nutritional properties. The addition of antioxidants is effective in retarding the oxidation of lipids; however، the current concern about the possible adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants on health has limited their applications. Sesame seed oil extracted by cold pressing retains higher levels of natural antioxidants and exhibits acceptable stability. Therefore، the aim of this study was to investigate the application of sesame oil on improving less stable edible oils’ stability (such as canola oil).

In this work، blends of different ratios of sesame seed oil (20، 30، 50 and 60%) with canola oils، and canola oil containing TBHQ antioxidant (100 ppm) were prepared and evaluated for their oxidative stability. The evaluation included the measurement of peroxide value، iodine value، acid value، Rancimat induction period and fatty acid composition. In addition، total phenolic content (TP) of sesame oil blends and their total antioxidant activity (TTA) were evaluated by FRAP test.

The more the sesame oil in blended oil، the more the linoleic acid and the less the oleic and linolenic acids. With the increase of sesame oil concentration added to theblends، their TTA was increased، such that at a concentration of 60%، the blend oil showed the highest activity، second only to the canola oil containing synthetic antioxidant TBHQ. The highest significant TP content and Rancimat value was found in the sesame oil، and the other oils showed lesser amounts، such that with the increase of sesame oil concentration added to the blends، these parameters were increased too.

Compared with other vegetable oils، sesame oil has a high price. However، by increasing the ratio of sesame oil in formulations، stability and nutritional characteristic of blends undergo a gradual increase، but this ratio should not have a tangible impact on the final product’s price. Based on the information stated above، A and B formulas are recommended as the suitable formulas.

Due to extensive usage of microfiltration membranes in industrial –scale, modeling of this processes are important and imperative. MF is one of the processes which are used for certain types of separation. In this paper, treatment of oily wastewaters with ceramic MF membranes was studied and a new approach has been suggested for modeling the concentration polarization layer in the waste water membrane system. Effects of various operation conditions (trans-membrane pressure (TMP), cross-flow velocity (CFV), temperature (T), oil concentration (C), and filtration time (t)) on the concentration profile and polarization layer are studied. A numerical solution of advection–diffusion equation has been developed using a control volume approach based on the finite element method. As will be observed, model behavior complies well with anticipations.

Oily wastewaters and oil-in-water emulsions are two major environmental pollutants. However, industrial oily wastewaters, though they may be lower in volume, contain much higher concentrations of pollutants. Treatment of the oily and greasy wastewater of Tehran refinery was experimentally studied using an ultrafiltration (UF) system. In the experiments, a UF membrane Polysulfone (PS) 30 kDa and sample from Tehran refineryoutlet wastewater of the API unit were used as feed. Effects of different operating parameters such as transmembrane pressure (TMP), cross flow velocity (CFV), and temperature on permeation flux, fouling resistance and UF rejection were studied. According to the results, permeation flux was found to improve with increasing TMP, CFV and temperature at constant feed concentration. Fouling of the membrane completely follows Hermia’s model (filtration cake mechanism). Analysis of the UF process showed 99.2, 75.4, 63.3, 42.3, 23.1, 100 and 97.9 % decreases in oil and grease content, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity, respectively. A comparison of the results shows that UF performs better than conventional biologicalmethods. The results showed that refinery wastewater treatment by using UF process is possible. The obtained UF permeates are suitable to discharge into the environment, even in the special regions in accordance with international requirements.