touraj hashemi

Addiction and substance abuse is the major concerns of health systems in all countries. Studies on the role of social, family, and personal factors of addiction, especially in adults, is limited. Therefore, this study was conducted with a qualitative method, aimed to determine individual and personality factors in the development and continuation of addiction from the point of view of addicted people in Tabriz city. This study was conducted with a qualitative method based on phenomenology. The study population included all people who referred to counseling centers and addiction treatment clinics in Tabriz city in 2021. Using purposeful sampling, 17 subjects were selected and interviewed by semi-structured interviews. After conducting the interviews, using Strauss and Corbin's coding method, and open, central and selective coding was done. From 265 primary codes, 37 open codes, 6 central codes and 2 selective codes were extracted. The central codes were: Feeling helpless, novelty-seeking, avoiding responsibility, lack of individual independence, acceptance and submission, and weakness of personal skills, and the selective codes were: personal and psychological vulnerability and behavioral incompetence and inefficiency. Individual and personality factors in the development and continuation of addiction are influenced by the developmental processes in the early years of life, therefore in order to prevent individual and psychological vulnerabilities that are the basis of addiction, it is necessary to pay special attention to the improvement of developmental settings in the early stages of psycho-social development.

The present study aimed to determine the relationship between theory of mind and social skills mediated by empathy and emotion regulation in primary school children. The study was conducted with a correlational method. The study population was girls in the sixth grade of primary school in Tabriz in 2022. Using random multistage cluster method 375 students were selected and completed Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (Matson,1983), Theory of Mind Test (Steerneman, 1994), Empathy Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (Overgaauw, Rieffe, Broekhof, Crone & Güroğlu, 2017) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Shield & Cicchetti, 1997). Data were an- alyzed using structural equation modeling. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between theory of mind and social skills. There was a positive relationship between theory of mind and empathy and emotion regulation as well as between empathy and emotion regulation with social skills. Empathy and emotion regulation could significantly mediate the relationship between theory of mind and social skills. Hence, the research indicates that social skills can be improved by improving theory of mind and simultaneously improving empathy and emotion regulation Keywords: emotion regulation, empathy, social skills, theory of mind

 The aim of the present study was to develop a model of students' subjective well-being based on attachment styles, self-compassion, and emotion regulation styles with the mediating role of quality of life.

Methods and Materials:

 This study is fundamental in terms of its objective and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this study included all students of the University of Tabriz in the first semester of the 2023-2024 academic year, approximately 24,000 individuals, from which 378 were selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. To collect information in this study, the following questionnaires were used: the Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire by Molavi et al. (2009), the Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire by Hazan and Shaver (1987), the Self-Compassion Scale by Neff (2003), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Gross and John (2003), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1993). Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis.

 The results showed that secure attachment, self-compassion, emotion regulation (reappraisal), and quality of life positively, and anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and emotion regulation (suppression) negatively, have a direct effect on subjective well-being. Moreover, secure attachment, self-compassion, and emotion regulation (reappraisal) positively, and anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and emotion regulation (suppression) negatively, have an indirect effect on subjective well-being through quality of life.

  Based on the results of this study, it is possible to improve students' subjective well-being by managing the quality of life, even in the presence of insecure attachment styles, insufficient self-compassion, and unhealthy emotion regulation styles.

The present study aimed to determine the structural relationships between Emotion regulation style and Self-compassion and the student's mental well-being, with the mediating role of Quality The research method was descriptive correlation and structural equation modeling. This research's statistical population included the University of Tabriz students in 2023-2024 (24000 people) and the statistical sample included 378 people selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To measure the variables, the Mental Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ, Keyes& Magyar-Moe,2003), the Self-Compassion scale (SCS, Neff,2003), Emotion Regulation Styles (ERQ, Gross & John, 2003), and the Quality of Life-BREF Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization's, 1996) were used. The structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the model had a good fit. Data analysis showed that self-compassion, emotion regulation (reevaluation) and quality of life, positive and anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and emotion regulation (suppression) have a negative direct effect on mental well-being(P<0.01). Also, secure attachment, self-compassion and emotion regulation (reevaluation) positive and anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and emotion regulation (suppression) negatively have an indirect effect on mental well-being through quality of life(P<0.01). Based on these findings, it can be stated that adverse Self-compassion and emotion regulation style through the mediation of Quality of life can predict students' mental well-being.

This study examined the mediating role of perceived competence in the relationship between identity styles and responsibility among students at Tabriz University during the 2023–2024 academic year. A total of 378 students were selected using cluster random sampling. Data were collected through the Identity Style Questionnaire (Berzonsky, 1992), the Perceived Competence Scale (Harter, 1982), and the Responsibility Questionnaire (Gough, 1986). Structural equation modeling revealed that informational and normative identity styles positively correlated with responsibility (p < 0.05), while the avoidant identity style showed a negative correlation (p < 0.05). Similarly, informational and normative styles positively correlated with perceived competence (p < 0.05), whereas the avoidant style exhibited a negative correlation (p < 0.05). Mediational analysis showed that informational and normative styles indirectly enhanced responsibility through increased perceived competence (p < 0.05), while the avoidant style reduced responsibility via perceived competence (p = 0.05). This study underscores the crucial role of perceived competence in promoting responsibility and fostering positive personality traits through identity styles. The findings suggest that strengthening perceived competence can significantly enhance students' personal development, social interactions, and interpersonal relationships. These results provide a strong foundation for designing educational and therapeutic programs at Tabriz University, emphasizing the importance of supportive environments and competence-based interventions for students.

 Hypertension is a prevalent medical condition associated with cardiovascular and kidney diseases, leading to premature death and disability. Despite medication use, hypertension continues to rise due to unhealthy lifestyles. Self-care strategies play crucial roles in effectively treating hypertension. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) in improving self-care, self-efficacy, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in hypertensive adults.

 A comprehensive search was performed in multiple databases using appropriate search strategies. Two independent reviewers screened articles, and assessed their adherence to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk of bias in randomized controlled trials was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration tool and quasi-experimental studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies.

 The review included 24 studies with a total of 6553 participants. Most interventions aimed to encourage a healthier lifestyle and improve diet and physical activity. The message was delivered through various methods such as slide/tape messages, individual education/counseling sessions, telephone-delivered interventions, and multimedia training software based on the TTM. Control groups received physician visits or attended lifestyle lectures but did not receive specific behavior change programs like the intervention groups.

 Our results indicated that the TTM and stage of change model can be an appropriate framework for delivering educational messages to patients.

 Problematic internet use is one of the emerging issues in modern societies, and psychological factors play a prominent role in its etiology. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits with problematic internet use due to the feeling of loneliness.

 The multi-stage cluster method was adopted to select 450 students from the middle schools in Tabriz in the 2022-2023 academic year. Subjects were assessed by the questionnaires of Achenbach's behavioral signs, Barth's impulsivity, Gratz's and Roemer's emotion regulation deficits, Russell's feeling of loneliness and the problematic Internet use by Lopez-Fernandez et al.

 The data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that the effects of attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits on the problematic internet use were mediated by the feeling of loneliness. In addition, the findings revealed that attention deficit, impulsivity, emotion regulation deficit, and loneliness had a positive significant relationship with problematic internet use (P<0.05). The effects of attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotion regulation deficit on loneliness were also significant (P<0.05).

 In sum, the attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits may have predicted the problematic internet use caused by feeling of loneliness.

The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire in Iranian students. In this descriptive correlational study, a total of 342 participants (265 girls and 77 boys) from second-grade high school students (aged 16-18 years) in Babolsar county in the academic year 1402-1401 were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling and completed the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire for Youth (RFQ-Y) by Sharp et al. (2009). Data analysis was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two-factor structure of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire showed a good model fit. Additionally, in this model, Subscale A has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88, Subscale B has a value of 0.81, and the overall scale has a value of 0.90, indicating adequate reliability. The results of the data analysis showed that the utilized scale possessed satisfactory validity and reliability and could provide an acceptable representation of this construct. Therefore, this scale can be used in various studies to assess mentalization in students.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of academic life skills training and motivational self-regulation on exam anxiety. research method was a Quasi -experimental type with pre-test, post-test and control group. The studied population consisted of all female students of the second year of high school in the five education and training districts of Tabriz city in the academic year of 2021-2022. From among the statistical population using random cluster sampling method, 77 students who had a higher score than the test anxiety scale cutoff score were selected as a sample and randomly replaced in experimental and control groups. Data measurement tools were Sarason test anxiety questionnaire. The academic life skills training package was carried out in the first experimental group and the motivational self-regulation strategies training package was carried out in the second experimental group. There was no intervention on the control group. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation and univariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the effectiveness of education based on academic life skills and motivational self-regulation strategies was different on exam anxiety (P < 0.01, F = (48, 1) 8.67). It can be concluded that the effect of motivational self-regulation strategies on exam anxiety was more than that of academic life skill training.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between parents' marital satisfaction and preschool children's sleep problems, mediated by separation anxiety disorder. A total of 400 preschool children (228 boys and 172 girls)aged between 3 and 6 years in Tabriz city were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method in 2014-2015.Their mothers answered a questionnaire measuring children's sleep habits, parent-child separation anxiety scale, and Enrich marital satisfaction scale. The data were statistically analyzed using structural equation modeling and SMARTPLS-3 software. The results showed that in addition to the direct relationship between parents' marital satisfaction and preschool children's sleep problems, marital satisfaction is mediated by separation anxiety disorder Children's sleep has significant indirect effects (at the 0.01 level), so the results indicate the mediating role of separation anxiety disorder in the relationship between parents' marital satisfaction and children's sleep problems. Therefore, it can be concluded that the quality of marital relationships can be a good starting point for the prevention and early treatment of children's sleep problems, and the increase in parents' marital satisfaction will lead to children's sleep health, and these findings may be useful for mental health professionals, including therapists, psychologists and counselors to occur.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of health beliefs in parenting practices and children's emotional distress. The present research method was the descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population was made up of parents with teenage children who were referred to counseling centers in Tabriz city in 2022-2023. Several 220 people were selected as a sample using the convenience Sampling method. The research tools included the Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Questionnaire (DASS-21) by Lavibond and Lavibond (1995), the Illness Feedback Scale (IAS) by Kellner (1987), and the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) by Shelton et al. (1996). Structural equation analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed the optimal fit of the research model. The results showed that participatory parenting style and health beliefs have a significant direct effect on emotional distress (P=0.009) and poor supervision and unstable discipline also have a significant direct effect on health beliefs (P=0.009), but the effect of Direct participation, positive parenting and corporal punishment was not significant on health beliefs (P>0.05). Parenting methods of poor supervision (P=0.01) and inconsistent discipline (P=0.005) had a significant indirect effect on emotional distress, but involvement, positive parenting, and physical punishment did not show a significant indirect effect (P>0.05). These results show that health beliefs have a significant mediating role in the relationship between parenting practices of poor supervision and inconsistent discipline with the emotional distress of adolescents.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and motivational interviewing on the attitude towards marriage of divorced women. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included divorced women in Khodabande city in 2022-2023. 39 divorced women were Convenience Sampling selected and randomly divided into three groups (13 people in each group). The research tool included the Marriage Attitude Scale (MAS) Brattin and Rosen's (1998). The control group did not receive any intervention. Still, one experimental group received eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in 8 sessions 2 hours, and the other experimental group received motivational interviewing intervention in the form of in 8 sessions 2 hours. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference between the post-test average of all four subscales of attitude towards marriage (pessimistic, optimistic, realistic, and idealistic) of the three experimental and control groups at the level of 0.01. Also, the results show no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventions (P<0.05). The results showed that eye movement desensitization reprocessing and motivational interviewing are effective interventions to be used by counselors and psychologists to improve the attitude towards marriage of divorced women.

The aim of this study was to designing the integrated anti-bullying program and determining of its effectiveness in reducing bullying behaviors of male students in Sanandaj. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group. For this, two middle school were selected first by purposive sampling method and then randomly placed one as the experimental and the other as the control group. Then by studing and integrating anti-bullying programs designed in the leading countries in this field and other useful resources a comprehensive program is designed with specific ssesions for each group of school staff, teachers, students and parents. In the practical phase, first the olweus bullying questionnaire (1996), was conducted to all students as a pre-test at both schools. Then, the anti-bullying program in the experimental school was taught separately for each of the groups, and at the end, the post-test was performed again in both the experimental and control schools. Analyzing data with univariate and multivariate covariance showed the effectiveness of an integrated anti-bullying program in reducing bullying behaviors of students in the experimental group(P<0/05). However, this intervention was more effective in reducing verbal and physical forms of bullying compared to emotional bullying. Considering the prevalence of bullying in Iranian schools and according to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that the implementation of such comprehensive anti-bullying programs in schools at different levels be considered by education officials.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of working memory training on improving problem-solving, cognitive inhibition, attitudes toward mathematics, and mathematics anxiety in students with mathematical learning disorders.
 
The research employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases. The statistical population included all male and female students with mathematical disabilities who had been referred to elementary school learning disability centers in Isfahan City during the 2021-2022 academic year. From this population, 30 students were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received working memory training during 14 sessions, each lasting 60 minutes. Before and after training, participants completed a researcher-made problem-solving questionnaire, the John Ridley Stroop Test (1935), Ikon’s Attitude Towards Mathematics Scale (1971), and the Chiu and Henry Mathematics Anxiety Scale (1990).
 
The results of the mixed-design analysis of variance showed that working memory training significantly increased problem-solving skills, reduced cognitive inhibition, improved attitudes toward mathematics, and reduced mathematics anxiety (p < 0.01).
 
Working memory training effectively improves the cognitive and affective abilities of students with mathematical learning disorders.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of shame in the relationship between parenting styles and narcissistic personality symptoms in Students at university. The method of this study was descriptive-correlational using the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population consisted of students of Tabriz University in the academic year 2022-2023. 300 people were selected as a sample using the cluster sampling method. The research tools included the Narcissistic Personality Questionnaire-16 (NPI-16) by Ames et al. (2006), the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) by Bury (1991), and the Internalized Shame Scale (ISS) by Cook (1993). Structural equation analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed the optimal fit of the research model. The results showed that permissive parenting (P=0.01), autocratic parenting (P=0.004), and shame (P=0.004) have a significant direct effect on narcissistic personality and permissive (p=0.01) and authoritative (p=0.003) parenting also have a significant direct effect on shame and only the direct effect of authoritarian parenting on Shame was not significant (P<0.05). Permissive (P=0.005) and authoritative (P=0.002) parenting had a significant indirect effect on narcissistic personality, but authoritative parenting did not show a significant indirect effect (P>0.05). These results show that shame has a significant mediating role in the relationship between permissive and authoritative parenting with symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder in university students.

This study aimed to compare the effect of modified behavioral therapy, parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) and therapy based on mother and child's mentalization on the improvement of symptoms of the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Zanjan preschool children. The framework of this research has a quasi-experimental multivariate design with pre-test and post-test. The population of this study included all children (girls and boys) aged 5-7 years who lived in Zanjan province in 1399 and received a diagnosis of ODD. From the children referred to the clinic, 75 samples were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced in three equal groups (25 participants for each group). In this study, Child Symptom Inventory (1997) was used. Paired t-test results showed that all three methods were effective in reducing the symptoms of the disorder (p≤. 05). The results of Covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test showed that there was a difference between the three treatments in reducing the symptoms of ODD (p≤. 05). The Comparison of experimental groups showed that the difference between the means of the modified behavioral therapy group with parent-child interaction therapy (1.07 *) and the therapy based on mother and child's mentalization (1.64 *) was significant (P <. / 001); But the difference between the parent-child interaction therapy and the therapy based on mother and child's mentalization (./57) was not significant (P =. /13).

Tinnitus is a prevalent condition often leading to disruptions in attentional functions. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cortical attention networks has yielded inconsistent findings.  This study aimed to examine the influence of tDCS on patients suffering from tinnitus on the efficacy of alerting, orienting, and conflict, as gauged by the Attention Network Test (ANT).  30 tinnitus patients with chronic bothersome tinnitus longer than 6 months with moderate and high severities were placed into two separate groups at random. The control group (n=15) underwent sham tDCS, while the treatment group (n=15) received active tDCS, with the anodal electrode placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the cathodal electrode over the right DLPFC. The ANT and the Electroencephalography (EEG) recording were used before and after interventions. The differences were analyzed using the MANCOVA test.  There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the control and tDCS groups only in terms of the mean post-test scores of conflict. However, no significant difference was observed in the means of alerting and orienting. This suggests that tDCS primarily influenced the conflict index, leading to its enhancement. EEG recording indicated a variety of significant changes in various frequency bands in different channel locations. Theta and high beta showed no significant difference in any channel, and most changes happened in the form of an increase in high alpha after tDCS. Absolute Power in theta and high beta frequency ranges showed no significant difference in any channel, and most changes in Absolute Power happened as an increase in high alpha frequency after tDCS.  tDCS potentially improves the attentional network in patients afflicted with tinnitus. More research is required to draw definitive conclusions, especially since only conflict demonstrated significance in the ANT test.

The present study aims to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral couple therapy (CBCT) and integrative couple therapy (ICT) in improving marital satisfaction and intimacy of couples with marital discord.

This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test/post-test design. The study population included all couples with marital discord referred to the counseling centers in Tabriz, Iran in 2023. Among them, 45 couples were selected using a purposive sampling method and based on the entry and exit criteria. They were randomly divided into CBCT (n=15), ICT (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Data collection tools were Bagarozzi's marital intimacy needs questionnaire (MINQ) and the ENRICH marital satisfaction scale. The CBCT was provided at 10 sessions and ICT was provided at 16 sessions. To test the hypotheses, univariate and multivariate analysis of variance methods were used.

Both CBCT and ICT significantly improved marital satisfaction and marital intimacy scores. The ICT was more effective in improving intimacy and marital satisfaction components than CBCT, and this difference was significant (P<0.01).

Although both CBCT and ICT are effective in improving marital satisfaction and intimacy of couples with marital discord, the ICT is more effective, may be because it helps couples to express their emotions and thus change the rules that prevent the establishment of emotional relationships.

In today's educational world, the importance of academic life skills and self-regulated motivation for students, especially in the senior high school, has been noted repeatedly. Thus, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching life skills and self-regulation of motivation on the academic motivation of female students of the senior high schools. This research is a quantitative applied study adopting a quasi-experimental design, with a pre-test/post-test and a control group. The statistical population included 31180 female students of the senior of high schools in Tabriz in the academic year of 2021-2022. From this population, 90 students were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups with 30 participants. The control group received its traditional instruction while the first and second experimental groups received educational life skills and self-regulated motivation interventions respectively for eight sessions of two hours. The instruments included the academic motivation questionnaire (Vallerand et al., 1992). For data analysis, in addition to descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, MANOVA, regression slope homogeneity test, Box's M Test, Leven test, MANCOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. The findings showed that the educational life skills and self-regulation of motivation training programs had a positive effect on the academic motivation of female students of the senior high schools. Also, motivational self-regulation training has a higher effectiveness in the academic motivation of the participants than teaching life skills. According to the results, it is concluded that the integration of educational self-regulation motivation and academic life skills training programs in the school environment can have positive effects on students. Schools and educational centers should look for ways to incorporate these skills into their curricula, so that students can develop the skills to manage their motivation and behaviors in a supportive and interactive environment. Also, it is important that teachers and trainers receive the necessary training to be able to effectively impart these skills to students.

The clinical symptoms of borderline personality disorder typically begin in early adulthood and severely disrupt an individual's functioning in various areas, especially interpersonal relationships. Therefore, it is essential to examine the factors that play a role in the development of the core of borderline personality disorder. The purpose of the current research is to model the structural relationships of borderline personality symptoms in adolescents based on object relations and childhood trauma, considering the mediating role of mentalization capacity.

The current research employs a descriptive and correlational research design. A sample of 342 individuals was selected from secondary school students in Babolsar city using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The variables were measured using the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (Crick, 2005), the Bell Relationship Inventory for Adolescents (Morris Bell, 2003), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), and the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire for Youth (Sharp et al., 2009). To analyze the collected data, both SPSS 24 and SMART PLS 3.2.8 software were utilized.

The results indicated that maladaptive object relations and childhood trauma have a direct and indirect impact on borderline personality traits through weakened mentalizing abilities.

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that dysfunctional object relations and childhood trauma can independently predict borderline personality symptoms in adolescence. Moreover, object relations and childhood trauma can impede the development of mentalization. By disrupting the formation of this crucial ability, they lay the groundwork for the emergence of borderline personality traits in adolescence. Recognizing the importance of early object relations, childhood trauma, and mentalization capacity as influential factors in the development of borderline personality traits can deepen our comprehension of the underlying mechanisms. This comprehension, in turn, can facilitate the implementation of preventive measures during adolescence and even earlier stages.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between social anxiety disorder and childhood trauma through the mediating of repetitive negative thinking.1-

The design of the current research is descriptive and correlational. Therefore, using random multistage cluster method 300 female students in the 10th, 11th and 12th grades of Tabriz city were selected in the academic year 2022 -2023. They were assessed by Social Anxiety Disorder scale (Puklek,1997), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein at el,2003), Ehring preservative Thinking Questionnaire (Ehring et al,2010). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the research model.

Results showed that there was a significant direct and positive relationship between childhood trauma with repetitive negative thinking and repetitive negative thinking with social anxiety. The most important finding indicated, the indirect effect of childhood trauma on social anxiety through repetitive negative thinking was positive and significant (p<0.05). Hence, the theoretical model fit the data and was approved.

Consequently, it can be concluded that childhood trauma and repetitive negative thinking play an effective role in the risk of social anxiety disorder. Negative thoughts originate from many negative experiences that create comorbidity with negative mental disorders. Paying attention to these results can be effective in formulating preventive and therapeutic interventions for social anxiety disorder.

The existence of psychological injuries has been one of the main reasons for the increase in marital conflict among Iranian married people in the last three decades. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of schema mentalities in predicting marital conflicts of people with psychopathology symptoms.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included people who referred to psychological counseling centers in Tehran in the second half of 2022 due to marital conflicts. A number of 310 people were selected as a sample using convenience sampling method. The research tools include the Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90 -R), the Schema Mode Inventory SMI) and Marital Conflict Questionnaire – Revised (MCQ-R). For data analysis, multiple regression method was used in SPSS software version 25.

The results of regression analysis showed that healthy mode (P=0.001 and β=-0.48) are negative predictors, and damaged child mode (P=0.001 and β=0.30) are positive predictors for marital conflicts. The results were not significant for maladaptive coping mode (P=0.16 and β=0.07) and dysfunctional parent mode (P=0.08 and β=0.09). The multiple correlation value of the predictor variables with the criterion variable was equal to 0.59 and schema mentalities were able to predict 0.35 of the variance of the marital conflicts variable.

It is suggested that psychologists pay attention to the role of schema mentalities in order to improve the marital conflicts of people with symptoms of psychopathology.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on improving reaction time, planning and response inhibition in bipolar patients. This research was a semi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test and control group. The study population consisted of patients with bipolar disorder who referred to psychiatric specialists, clinics and specialized centers of psychiatric services in Tabriz city in 2022 (October to March). Using convenience sampling method, 40 subjects were selected and randomly assigned in experimental and control groups (15 subjects in each group). They were assessed by Mania-Young Scale, Continuous Visual Performance Test (CPT-V), Chronoscope device (reaction time), Tower of London test. The experimental group received cognitive rehabilitation for 6 sessions and no intervention was applied to the control group. Finally, the post-test was implemented. Data were analyzed by Multivariate analysis of Covariance. Results showed that cognitive rehabilitation was effective in improving reaction time, planning and response inhibition in bipolar patients. Consequently, it could be stated that in improving the cognitive abilities of bipolar patients, the application of rehabilitation could provide appropriate setting for other therapeutic interventions.

Investigating risk-taking behaviors from the perspective of their consequences for adolescents’ psychological development, life, health, social growth, and academic success holds a special place. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the impact of personality traits and risk-taking behaviors mediated by emotion regulation.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of research method using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was all male, high school students in Urmia city in the academic year 2022-2023 (N = 11500), of whom 372 were selected using the Cochran (2010) method based on the number of observed variables (20) and allocation of a coefficient of 20 for each variable using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect the data, the Cloninger and colleagues (1994) Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Garnefski et al. (2001) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Zadeh Mohammadi et al. (1397) Risk-Taking Behaviors Questionnaire were used.

The results showed that novelty-seeking and reward dependence have a direct positive and significant impact on negative emotion regulation and risk-taking behaviors. Novelty-seeking has a direct negative and significant impact on positive emotion regulation. Harm avoidance and persistence have a direct positive and significant impact on positive emotion regulation and a direct negative and significant impact on negative emotion regulation. Harm avoidance has a direct negative and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors. Positive emotion regulation has a direct negative and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors. Negative emotion regulation has a direct positive and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors. Novelty-seeking and reward dependence have an indirect positive and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors through positive and negative emotion regulation. Harm avoidance and persistence have an indirect negative and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors through positive and negative emotion regulation.

Therefore, it can be concluded that to reduce the tendency towards risk-taking behaviors in adolescents, the role of personality traits and emotion regulation strategies should be considered

word problem solving is a key component in learning mathematics that starts from elementary school. Conventional teaching methods in schools have had little success in improving the word problems in students with specific learning disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of schema-based instruction in improving the math word problems in students with specific learning disorder with mathematical impairment.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study in the form of ABA design as a single case. The case of this study was an 8-years old male student in the third grade of primary school who referred to the LD of District 4 of Tabriz. The tools used in this study include; WISC-IV, Iran Key Math , word problem solving fluency(WPS-F).

The findings of the study showed the effectiveness of schema-based instruction in improving the math word problems, which these interventions were able to improve the subjectchr('39')s condition by 53% from the baseline.

The results showed that students with special learning disabilities with mathematical impairment can learn word problem-solving skills well using schema-based instruction.