vahid karimi

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is one of the most important bacterial agents of respiratory diseases causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of ORT isolates originating from different geographical areas in Iran have been deposited in the GenBank database from 2011 to the present. The objectivepresent study was to evaluate the molecular evolution of ORT isolates. to this end, a dataset comprising 16S rRNA gene sequences of 48 field strains derived from outbreaks on poultry farms and one reference strain was subjected to phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis using a series of substitution pattern homogeneity, nucleotide diversity, and neutrality assays. The phylogenetic tree, based on the 16S rRNA gene, revealed the presence of a large clade, designated as A, and a distinct clade B, which included six sequences derived from the recent ORT isolates. The majority of the isolates exhibited homogeneityand clustered together,irrespective of their geographical origin. The evolutionary inference indicated that a molecular divergence influences the genetic diversity of ORT isolates. The Tajima's D statistic yielded a negative value of -1.46, while the R-value for transition/transversion bias was 1.399. Additionally, the dN/dS ratio was estimated to be higher for clade B. These findings suggest that recent ORT isolates in Iran are subjected to increasing selection pressure on the 16S rRNA gene of recent ORT isolates in Iran. The phylogeny analysis and evolutionary affiliations of the ORT 16S rRNA gene are expected to prove effective in the monitoring of the strains for antibiotic resistance and selection pressure. These phylogenetic relationships have the potential to be determinative in the selection of the best vaccine candidate strain.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a gram-negative bacterium causing respiratory infection in chickens and turkeys. Co-infection of ORT with other viral or bacterial pathogens leads to severe clinical symptoms and great economic losses. The percentages of ORT strains resistant to the current antibiotics used in flocks have increased in successive years depending on the source of the isolate. Administration of the inactivated whole-cell vaccine (bacterin) is recommended against multi-drug resistant strains of ORT circulating in poultry farms. In the present study, a formalin-inactivated bacterin formulated with an oil adjuvant was developed based on a local ORT isolate. A prime-boost regimen was applied for the immunization of specific pathogen-free chicken (SPF) groups. Then the immunogenic potency of the vaccine candidate was evaluated by ELISA and compared with a commercial inactivated ORT vaccine. Vaccine safety was studied following inoculation twice the recommended dose of the prepared bacterin. The commercial inactivated ORT vaccine as well as the prepared bacterin induced specific antibodies after three weeks of primary vaccination that were continued to 16 weeks post-vaccination. Immunization of chickens with the commercial vaccine induced a higher level of antibody compared to the experimental vaccine, however, no significant difference (P<0.05) was overall observed between the treated groups. In the safety test, no adverse local or systemic reactions were found in chickens throughout the post-vaccination period. Based on the data, the prepared ORT-inactivated vaccine is safe and can induce adequate and long-lasting immune responses in experimental SPF chickens. Results of field trials are necessary to ensure the effectiveness of this vaccine candidate against ORT infection.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral disease caused by some H5 and H7 subtypes of influenza virus type A in most species of birds, especially poultry. HPAI viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Consequently, various strategies such as the use of vaccines have been proposed to control the disease. After a catastrophic pandemic and the failure of conventional methods (elimination and extermination) in Iran, multiple vaccines has been used to control the disease. This study investigates the immunogenicity of two recombinant inactivated commercial vaccines of H5N1 and H5N3 subtypes in laying pullet flocks in Tehran Province, Iran. From 32 halls in 6 breeding units of laying pullets, 3200 sera and 800 tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected. After collecting the samples, Serum neutralisation (SN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were conducted on sera to determine the serum titers of H5 specific antibody obtained from vaccine inoculation in three steps: before, after first vaccination and after the second vaccination (booster). SN and HI tests were carried out by the alpha and beta methods on the pooled samples by the vaccine type (as antigen for HI and SN), and the results were compared. The PCR was performed on the tracheal and cloacal swab samples to possibly detect the HA (H5)virus in the studied flocks. The HI test results showed that both vaccines had a Serum antibody titre above 5 (log2) after two vaccination rounds, indicating a desirable immunogenic response. The SN test results also showed a neutralisation index above 104.5 for both vaccines, indicating more than 50% reduction in antigenicity of the virus. The PCR results were negative. This study was the first investigation of immunogenicity following two-time vaccination against H5 subtype vaccines in Iranian poultry flocks, indicated suitable antibody titer against the influenza virus in vaccinated flocks.

The H9N2 avian influenza is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry in Asian countries. Continuous mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein as the main viral antigen make interpreting the HA-based serology test results difficult.

In this experimental study, the ability of polyclonal antibodies against the conserved motif of HA protein in detecting heterologous H9N2 isolates was evaluated.

Based on the bioinformatics data, a conserved motif of HA protein was selected and expressed in the pET-28a(+) vector. The recombinant peptide was mixed with an oil adjuvant and injected into specified pathogen free (SPF) chickens to produce the polyclonal antiserum. Similarly, antiserum from the inactivated virus was prepared. The efficiency of the prepared antisera was evaluated in the cross hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the homologous and heterologous H9N2 viruses.

The average titer of HI antibody against homologous and heterologous viruses using the polyclonal antiserum was equal to five. This titer was estimated to be seven for the homologous virus and much lower for heterologous viruses with inactivated virus antiserum. The difference was statistically significant.

According to the evaluations, this antiserum has a suitable efficiency in identifying different isolates of the H9N2 virus, and compared to the usual antiserum, it detects different antigens of a subtype more accurately. The resulting polyclonal antiserum does not contain non-specific inhibitors, which may cause problems interpreting serological findings. The results showed that polyclonal antiserum could identify H9N2 viruses isolated in different years by HI test; however, its validation requires testing with more viruses.

The end consumer of goods/services has rights that are based on access to quality goods / services and reasonable prices. One of the ways to protect consumer rights can be to standardize the articles of association of companies providing goods/services and mention the obligations in this legal document. This research for the first time in an analytical-descriptive method seeks to investigate the possibility of protecting consumer rights with the solution of standardizing the articles of association of companies from the perspective of administrative law. It was concluded that the administrative bodies in charge of companies providing goods / services may be public or public, and the private sector usually has no place in the oversight of businesses. With this action, consumer rights can be mentioned as an obligation in the company's articles of association. Therefore, the responsibility of partners and managers of companies towards the consumer is limited, and the registration of this statute in the management of companies will mean the transfer of responsibility to society. In this case, the administrative challenges of companies regarding consumer rights are minimized and during the judicial action, the main culprits can be dealt with appropriately. Government or public trustees have sometimes acted independently, which in order to counter parallelism, it is necessary to designate administrative regulations, appoint a single institution as the main trustee of supervision, and determine the vertical or horizontal status of administrative relations.

The consumer and the supplier as the parties of a transaction have rights and rights that due to the general consumption of some goods/services in the country, consumer rights are part of the recognized citizen rights that governments are required to protect. This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method. The research question is what are the strengths and weaknesses of the current practice of protecting consumer rights in the country and what are the ways to improve it? Not much time has passed since the approval of the Consumer Rights Protection Law and many examples of consumer rights have not been mentioned in it. The executive documents of this law are not very clear about the responsibilities. Civil and criminal responsibilities are not clearly specified in the law, and in the implementation section, the responsibilities of different institutions are either not determined correctly or conflict with each other. On the other hand, the economic capacity of our country is such that the position of supporting domestic production should also be prominent in the mentioned model, which is sometimes in conflict with consumer rights. The result of the discussion is that for the proper protection of consumer rights, the first step of economic growth is needed, and accordingly, the increase in the quality of products can be justified. Finally, by amending the law approved in 2009 and its executive regulations, the responsibility of various institutions, including the Ministry of Justice, the National Standards Organization, the Ministry of Privacy and

Manpower indicators of the command and control network of Khatam al-Anbia air defense joint base of the country   AbstractSummary In today's uncertain and competitive world, the only main factor that can guarantee stability and excellence in the survival of organizations is the existence of knowledgeable, creative and capable human resources, which is important considering the sensitivity of military organizations and Especially the air defense sector, which relies on correct, quick, intelligent decisions and their non-stop implementation, is extremely important. The command and control network is designed with the aim of using all the facilities and capabilities of the organization in the shortest possible time and integrating activities. Over time, it has been known as a superior factor in military operations, especially air defense. Among the main components of the command and control network, human power, as the most basic component of this set, has the ability to influence the promotion, degradation, or elimination of the effectiveness of the entire set. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to calculate the indicators of the dimension of manpower. The command and control network of the Khatam-al-Anbiya (peace be upon him) air defense joint base of the country was designed in accordance with the research question. The type of research is applied-developmental and the research method is descriptive-analytical with a mixed approach. To answer the research question, based on the characteristics of the statistical population, the number of 140 experts in this field was purposefully determined and the questionnaire was distributed among them. Data analysis shows that the dimension of human resources with 4 components and 20 indicators, which is the codified and common training index, the most important indicator of the organizational culture component, the competence and knowledge and skill capability index, the most important indicator of the command and management component , the education index based on the mission, the promotion of air defense culture and the integrated education system, were recognized as the most important indicators of the education component and the expert and expert index in the field of command and control knowledge were recognized as the most important indicators of the individual characteristic component of the human resources dimension.

The aim of the present study was the pheno- and genotypic investigation of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) isolates of commercial poultry in different areas of Iran based on conventional bacterial method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. For this purpose, 25 bacterial samples were selected from the microbial bank of the Avian Diseases Research and Diagnosis Department of Razi Institute. The cultural and biochemical investigations were identified all of the samples as ORT isolates. The isolates were also confirmed by PCR based on a 784-bp amplified fragment related to the estimated length. According to the results of determination of the haemagglutination pattern of the isolates by rapid haemagglutination test (RHAT), four (25.00%), one (6.25%), one (6.25%) and one (6.25%) of 16 studied isolates showed hemagglutination activity with rat, hamster, guinea pig and human red blood cells (RBCs), respectively, but none of them could react with mice, rabbits, sheep, goats and chickens RBCs. Based on the fingerprinting of the isolates by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR, all isolates (100%), without being affected by the type and breed of bird as well as the year and geographical area of separation, showed approximately 19 bands between 120 and 2500 bp and were typed into one genetic pattern (A). Our findings show that all of ORT isolates from commercial poultry in different areas of Iran are very similar in molecular profile, depend on a specific genotype, and are highly similar to genotype A mentioned in research by other scientists.

The Traffic assignment problem in the transport networks is formulated as a convex optimization problem using simplifier assumptions. Link based, path based and bush based algorithms have been presented to solve this problem, among which the link based algorithm have found more applications thanks to their low memory requirements. The link based algorithm of Frank-Wolf (FW) is yet amongst the most popular assignment algorithms, because of its simplicity as well as high convergence speed during the initial iterations. However, the low convergence rate of this algorithm near the optimal solution has driven many studies that focus on modifying the FW search direction, resulted in newer link based algorithms. Among them are conjugate direction algorithms which are more effective and simply implementable. These algorithms include PARTAN, conjugate FW (CFW) and bi-conjugate FW (BFW). This paper uses the Chicago Regional and Sioux-Falls test networks to make direct comparisons among these algorithms with respect to the CPU time and iteration number needed to reach various accurate solutions. The results for Chicago show that, compared with the FW algorithm, the three algorithms CFW, PARTAN increase the convergence speed to the relative error of 10-5 (i.e. a stable solution) by about 89, 72 and 63%, respectively, while only the BFW can reach to a 10-6 relative error. Comparing the results from Sioux-Fall with those of Chicago demonstrate that the performance of the conjugate directions Algorithms improves as network size decreases.

Gallibacterium anatis is a recently defined genus, which is a member of the Pasteurellaceae family. This advantageous pathogen is frequently found as part of the normal microflora of the upper respiratory tract and lower genital tract of the healthy poultry. Provided with appropriate conditions, it leads to various diseases, such as salpingitis, peritonitis, and loss of egg production with mortality in layer flocks. According to previous studies, multiple antibiotic resistance has been observed among G. anatis isolates, which can impose high costs on layer flocks. Due to the lack of the pathognomonic symptoms in the conflicts caused by this bacterium,  not enough comprehensive research has been conducted to date on the condition of this disease in Iran.

This study aimed to investigate the infection rates of this bacterium via PCR.

295 tracheal swabs were collected from 10-layer flocks. Subsequently, the suspected colonies were isolated and identified with morphological features, differential cultivation, and PCR.

43.72 % of the samples were positive.

The results of this study indicated that laying farms in Iran were infected with Gallibacterium anatis; thus, certain measures should be taken to control the factors reducing the production of layer flocks.

Today, information technology is recognized as the main resources and assets of organizations, thuse the basis for the effective transfer, transfer and use of information in countries, so it is of particular importance and affects the security of countries. In this research, using the data method of the foundation and the process of network analysis, dimensions, components and indicators of information and communication technology in the field of I.R.I security identified and explained. The data were collected from both library and field methods (interviews with experts, distribution of questionnaires and expert meetings). Then, the information was screened and categorized and analyzed using super-decision maker software and SPSS. The results of research were distributed among the elites in the form of a questionnaire for reconfirmation and the results confirmed. This research is an applied-developmental and descriptive-analytical method with a combined approach. It has been a tool for data collection, filing, interviewing and distribution of questionnaires. The statistical population was purposefully determined and a questionnaire was distributed among them. Quantitative data analysis was performed using descriptive statistical methods and seven dimensions (intelligence measures, socio-political measures, capacity building, national and international coordination, executive structures and implementation, technical measures and laws and regulations) were counted. Each component includes (5-component intelligence measures, 5-component socio-political measures, 5-component capacity building, 4-component national and international coordination, 4-component executive and implementation structures, 6-component technical measures and 3-component laws and regulations) Each component was selected two indicators (7 dimensions, 32 components and 68 indicators).

Optimizing the parameters of hydrological routing methods has a special place in increasing the accuracy of estimating outflow hydrograph and also calculating the peak area of flood hydrograph in engineering works. In the present study, since the range of changes in the inflow of the third flood (computational flood) is between the range of changes of the inflow of the first and second floods (base floods), For this reason, in order to increase the flood routing accuracy by using hydrological routing methods (linear Musking method, Working values, convex and modified Att-Kin), instead of using the parameters (X, K, ∆t) of a baseline flood, the arithmetic mean and the geometric of the two baseline flood parameters is discussed in 8 different modes using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. In other words, the use of all 8 modes presented in the present study has increased the accuracy of hydrological routing methods in estimating the peak area of flood hydrographs between Mollasani (upstream) and Ahwaz (downstream) hydrometric stations of the Karun River. Thus, in the best case presented in the present study (mode 8), the mean relative error of the computational flood peak area relative to the conditions in which the first baseline flood is used alone, for the mentioned methods are 66, 66, 25 and 18%, respectively, and in conditions When the second baseline flood is used alone, it has improved by 43, 43, 4 and 9%, respectively.

Some of the interests of the United States are largely associated with Southwest Asia and the issues arising from it. The doctrines and strategies of this country are being compiled obviously based on the context of this region and, above all, the Holy System of I.R. of Iran. Recent developments in the world and the neighboring region of I.R. of Iran confirms explanation of U.S. military guidelines and strategies against I.R. of Iran by organizing the nature of its threats in terms of establishing or strengthening fixed bases. It is obvious that the presence of American forces near the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran is always considered as a serious threat to this holy system and the consequences of establishing permanent bases in the region will be directly against the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to identify "the impact of US guidelines and strategies regarding the establishment of permanent US bases in the peripheral region of the Islamic Republic of Iran" which answered the corresponding research question. This research is an applied-developmental one and it employed a descriptive-analytical mixed method approach. Both field and library methods were used to collect data. Qualitative data analysis, descriptive analysis and data Quantitative inferential analysis were performed. To answer the research question with regard the characteristics of the statistical population, 42 experts in this field were purposefully selected and a research questionnaire was distributed among them. The highest effect of "the role of US guidelines and strategies in establishing fixed bases in the neighborhood of the Islamic Republic of Iran" is related to the "Energy Security Strategy" with a value of 4.667 and a very high weight and the lowest one is related to "Kennedy Flexible Response" with a value of 2.429 and an average weight.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium with the ability to infect a wide range of hosts.

This study aimed to provide a snapshot of the immune responses against ST challenge in primary chicken monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) by evaluating the transcriptional changes in inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β.

After preparing blood MDMs, cell monolayers were challenged with ST at a multiplicity of infection of 50. Transcriptional analyses of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β were performed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction using SYBR Green dye.

The results indicated that wildtype ST challenge in avian MDMs favors the differentiation of macrophages toward the alternatively activated M2-like cells through downregulating inflammatory IL-1β.

The findings demonstrated the preferential differentiation of chicken macrophages toward the alterna-tively activated M2-like cells upon ST infection. Further improvement of the existing control measures, such as vaccination and molecular-based immunotherapeutic strategies against poultry salmonellosis requires a better understand-ing of mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory actions of Salmonella in immune cells in future studie

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the contagious viral diseases in avian species. Recently, several ND outbreaks in pigeon caused by pigeon paramyxovirus serotype-1 (PPMV-1) have been reported in limited numbers from Iran and phylogenetic studies have been conducted on partial sequence of NDV fusion (F) gene. In the present study, ten PPMV-1, named Pigeon_paramyxovirus1_isolate_pigeon/Iran/UT_EGV1-10/2018, isolated from infected pigeons, were subjected to partial sequencing. All isolates showed MDT of 74-80 hours, thus categorizing them as mesogenic. The phylogenetic analysis based on the F gene sequence revealed the isolates belong to XXI.1.1 subgenotype. According to BLAST results, the partial genome of UT-EGV1-10 had high homology with some Russian and Egyptian strains (the highest was 96.55%). The information obtained from this study can be useful in preventive measures for ND caused by PPMV-1 in pigeons.

Unsteady flow analysis is performed using hydraulic and hydrological routing methods. Hydrological routing methods, while accurate, are much simpler and less expensive than hydraulic routing methods, and for flood routing calculations, only data related to hydrographs (flow changes over time) recorded at upstream and downstream hydrometric stations of the study area are needed. In the present study, the effect of the basic flood on the accuracy of flood routing in the Karun River was investigated using hydrological routing methods including linear Muskingum method, Working Values, Convex, and modified Att-Kin method. In other words, using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm and the 4 observational floods data recorded at the Mollasani (upstream) and Ahwaz (downstream) hydrometric stations of the Karun River, for each flood, separately, the linear Muskingum method parameters (X, K, ∆t) Optimized and used to calculate the outflow hydrograph of all floods. The results show that due to the effect of rivers flooding extent on the mentioned parameters if the range of inflow of basic flood changes is closer to the inflow of calculated flood, the accuracy of hydrological routing methods in outflow hydrograph estimation increases.

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most serious diseases among many species of birds and causes devastating effects on the poultry industry. This disease is endemic in Iran and ND outbreaks occur unexpectedly and with high mortality and severe clinical signs. The sequence of the F protein cleavage site is that the major virulence determinant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This study aimed to understand the molecular characterization of three NDVs isolates from commercial broilers from Qazvin province during 2019-2020. Thus, we can design appropriate control programs by obtaining useful data.

The partial open reading frame sequences of the F gene and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes of three isolates were amplified and sequenced. All sequences were edited using BioEdit Package and phylogenic trees were created based on the partial F gene sequences of isolates attained in this study and other NDV sequences available in GenBank with MEGA 7 software.

The phylogenetic analysis displayed that the viruses belonged to genotype VII and further clustered into sub-genotype VII.1.1. Analysis of the F protein showed polybasic amino acid motif and a phenylalanine at position 117 at the cleavage site.

The similarity of these strains could indicate the entry of migratory birds from neighboring countries into Iran. Also, the role of backyard poultry is very important in the epidemiology of ND.  This study proclaims the urgency of effective control strategies.

Energy flow is one of the most important issues in agroecology. The amount of energy that is consumed in different agroecosystems not only depends on the type of crop but also on the material and methods that is used in its production. Potato plants are one of the most important crops that is produced in Torbat Heidarieh region, Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran. Different irrigation methods influence the energy consumption and production. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare energy efficiency of potato with different irrigation methods.

In order to evaluate and compare the efficiency of energy consumption in potato production based furrow,  sprinkle and drip irrigation methods, a study was carried out at 11 fields in the Jolgeh Rokh Torbat Heidarieh region in 2013- 2014 . The comparison was performed using a completel randomized, unbalanced design. In which the type of irrigation system was considered as the treatment and fields that were matched to each irrigation system as a replication. The studied traits included the amount of input and output energy, the equivalent energy of all inputs, and energy use efficiency, net energy, energy production and specific energy.                                                                                                                                         

The largest amount of energy consumed by the human labor was due to furrow irrigation. The highest average of fossil fuel consumption was due to furrow irrigation method followed by sprinkle and drip irrigation. The amount of electricity consumed in the drip irrigation method had the highest amount compared to the other two methods. The most energy consumed by nitrogen fertilizers was related to furrow irrigation method, and the methods of irrigation of droplets and sprinklers in this regard were ranked in the following order, respectively. The amount of energy consumed by phosphorus fertilizers in irrigation was the least amount of droplets. This amount was in sprinkler irrigation and furrow irrigation respectively, although there was no significant difference between the two methods. The energy of using potassium fertilizers in the highest irrigation system was similar to the other irrigation systems. The energy consumption of herbicides was highest in drip methods and furrow irrigation was in the next category. Energy consumption of machinery was highest in sprinkler irrigation method. In the recent method, energy consumption of machinery was about half of the energy consumption of the total inputs. Indirect energy consumption for drip irrigation system was 6868 MJ.ha-1 and in sprinkle irrigation 2756 MJ.ha-1. Energy produced by seed was highest in drip irrigation method and the lowest in sprinkle irrigation. The total amount of input and output energy in sprinkler irrigation method was the highest (106674.24 and 162000 MJ.ha-1), followed by drip irrigation (97807.82 and 151000 MJ.ha-1) and furrow irrigation (92539.61 and 139000 MJ.ha-1) were placed in the following categories. The energy use efficiency of the drip irrigation method 1.6 was more than other irrigation methods. Production energy in terms of amount of drip and furrow irrigation was the highest 0.44 and in sprinkle irrigation 0.41. Net energy was the highest in sprinkler irrigation (53392.18 MJ.ha-1) and the lowest in furrow irrigation (46660.38 MJ.ha-1). Production energy was highest in drip and furrow irrigation (0.44 and 0.43) and lowest in sprinkle irrigation (0.41). The specific energy in furrow irrigation (2.36) was higher than the other methods and in the drip irrigation with the lowest (2.32).                                                                               

According to the results of the present research, in spite of higher yield of potatoes under sprinkle and drip irrigation systems, there were not significant differences among the energy indices; energy efficiency, energy productivity, and special energy; of three systems. This was due to more total input energy in the sprinkle and drip systems. Because the machinery and installations energy input in furrow irrigation system were lower than two other systems.

Gamma Coronaviruses (GCoVs) are distributed worldwide, affecting a wide range of bird species, the beluga whale, and bottlenose dolphins. Because of the limited proofreading capability in the viral encoded polymerase, they emerge genetically diverse. There has been no molecular surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of GCOVs in avian species. The present study was conducted to detect GCOVs in Tehran birds’ parks, 2015. Cloacal swabs (267 samples) from eight  different bird species ((Chickens (Gallus gallus), Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Partridge (Perdix perdix), Quail (Coturnix coturnix), Duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Goose (Anserini),and  Guinea fowl (Numididae)) were collected, the viral RNA was extracted, the RT-PCR was performed using QIAGEN one step RT-PCR kit and the primers targeting “3'-UTR” and “Nucleocapsid” genes. The detection rate was approximately 8.99%. GCOVs were detected in the chicken, quail, pheasant, turkey, and the partridge with different prevalence rates. Phylogenetic tree based on partial nucleotide sequences of the N gene clustered the samples into two groups. It is the first report of GCOVs in non-commercial birds in Iran.  According to our results, GCOVs are circulating in different avian species, and further studies are needed to isolate these viruses and evaluate their pathogenesis.

Avian rotaviruses are one of the important agents of enteritis in birds and have a worldwide distribution. These viruses have an important role in runting and stunting syndrome in chickens. The aim of this study was detection and molecular characterization of avian rotaviruses in broiler farms in Guilan province. In this study, 100 samples were collected on different farms from the intestines of healthy and diseased broiler chickens and tested by RT-PCR targeting of the NSP4 gene. Sequencing of NSP4 gene has been used for characterization of detected viruses. Avian rotaviruses were detected in 46% of samples by RT-PCR. Partial sequencing of seven NSP4 genes and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses belonged to group A avian rotaviruses and were 97.52% to 100% homologous. Sequence identity between viruses with previous chicken rotavirus sequences was 31.68% to 99.5%. In comparison with turkey rotavirus Ty-1 and pigeon rotavirus, the homology was 76.98% to 78.22% and 74.75% to 76.98%, respectively. Evident differences were detected between the rotaviruses studied and human and pig rotaviruses with homologies of 31.19% to 38.86% for pig and 47.77% to 48.02% for human viruses. This study was the first molecular characterization of avian rotaviruses in Iran. Results of this study showed that the group A avian rotaviruses are one of the considerable enteric pathogens in broiler chickens of Guilan province. Further study on the whole genome structure could elucidate the evolutionary process of avian rotaviruses circulating in Iran.

Joint ventures as a legal institution have contributed significantly to the expansion and development of international trade. Both kind of Joint ventures, contractual and entity types have been accepted and executed throughout the world. Although Turkish legal has no specific law on the issue and has not addressed JV directly, but it has been addressed indirectly in various laws, and its various dimensions have been investigated. The new Turkish law on Legal Commitments in twenty articles has reviewed the partnership agreement, which includes the contract of Joint ventures as well. Meantime, the law of Foreign Direct Investment plays critical role on Joint ventures. It is worth mentioning that in this regulation the principle of contractual freedom is emphasized. It has some substantive part regarding the amount of shareholding, the distribution of profits and losses between the parties, the decision-making process, the board of directors and management, the prohibition of competition between partners, Inspection, Changes in the structure of the JV, new partner process and termination of JV. On the shade of such regulations Turkish traders have got this opportunity to conclude JV agreements with foreign investors complying global standards and has had a positive impact on the development of foreign investment.

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the major economically critical poultry diseases distributed worldwide including Iran. Different IB virus (IBV) genotypes are circulating in different geographical regions. Typing of IBV strains is useful for implementation of control measures and for understanding the epidemiology and evolution of IBV. S1 gene sequencing is used for IBV genotyping. Massachusetts, 793/B, QX, and   IS-14194 IBV genotypes currently exist in Iranian poultry farms.

This study aims to design an RFLP-based method to do genotyping and confirm of mentioned IBV genotypes. After amplification of parts of the S1 gene (RT-PCR), the PCR products treated with four enzymes (SfoI: Massachusetts, BtsCI: 793/B, MspI: IS-1494, and NruI: QX) and finally visualized on agarose gel electrophoresis.

  Results showed 100 percent of the specificity of the newly designed method (in compare with Sequencing).

 This method can be used to do primary confirmation and fast screening of   Massachusetts, 793/B, QX, and   IS-14194   IBV genotypes and even in local laboratories without the need for sequencing.

Different epidemiological studies have found that backyard chickens are a reservoir for poultry diseases. Most backyard chicken flocks have a poor level of biosecurity, which increases the risk of spread of diseases. In recent years, the number of backyard chickens has been on the rise in Iran. However, the health status of backyard flocks is still poorly documented. Thus, this study aimed at examining the seroprevalence of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and molecular surveillance and genotyping of IBV among backyard chickens (without vaccination history) in Mazandaran province, North of Iran, 2014.
A total of 460 blood samples of unvaccinated backyard chickens in the mentioned area were tested for antibodies against IBV using commercial ELISA. Also, cecal tonsils were collected from 75 chickens in the same area. Real time RT-PCR (for detection) and RT-PCR and sequencing spike gene were performed.
The seropositivity rate was 54.5%. In addition, we detected 793/B, Variant 2, and QX in the backyard flocks and performed phylogenetic studies on them. The phylogenetic study revealed that the detected genotypes had high homology with IBV strains that were infected broilers, pullets, and layers in Iran.
There is a need for continuous monitoring of IBV among avian species to complete the epidemiological map and work on the pathogenesis of Iranian IBV strains in Iranian backyard chickens.

Avianmetapneumovirus (aMPV), also known as avian pneumovirus or turkey rhinotracheitis virus, is the causative agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups (A-D) have been reported previously based on their genetic and antigenic differences. Evidence suggests that the live bird markets (LBMs) play an important role in the epidemiology of the avian viral diseases. A total number of 450 oropharyngeal samples from eight different species of birds (migratory and local) were collected from LBMs of Gilan province, Iran, from October to December 2016. The presence of aMPV was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based on nucleoprotein gene. The aMPV was detected in 30.60% of the examined birds including chickens (37.00%), turkey (33.00%), Eurasian teal (25.00%), common blackbird (33.00%), and Eurasian woodcock (25.00%). Bioinformatics analysis and a phylogenetic tree based on partial nucleotide sequences of the N gene showed that the detected aMPVs were belonged to subtype B. This is the first report of aMPV in non-commercial birds in Iran. Knowledge of the frequency and types of infected birds with pneumoviruses allow a better understanding of the epidemiology of aMPV in Iran.