vahid mansouri

Ginkgo biloba extract with beneficial effects to treat some diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and nervous system disorders has wide spread application in medicine. Due to several side effects of G. biloba extract consumption, gene expression profiles of the long term treated mouse liver was analyzed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis.   Data about effect of G. biloba effects on liver of treated mice was extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Gene expression profiles of three groups of samples including; normal, hepatocellular carcinoma, and the treated samples with G. biloba extract were compared. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed via directed PPI network to find the crucial actor genes. A total number of 23 crucial actor genes were associated to the presence of G. biloba extract. Analysis demonstrated Rhoc, Myc, Cdc20, Cdk1, Plk1, Bub1, Aurkb, Bob1b, Gsk3b, Icenp, Sgo2a, Rbl1, Aurka, Mapk7, and Ccnd1 were the associated genes with hepatocellular carcinoma. The remained crucial actor genes were involved in cancer and other diseases. Rhoc and Myc were introduced as the key genes in response to long term consumption of G. biloba extract.  The finding demonstrated close relationship between long term treatment with G. biloba extract and risk of cancers especially hepatocellular carcinoma.

Sunscreen plays an unexpected role in protecting the skin against the harmful effects of sunlight. Skin protection against UV rays is highlighted as the main property of sunscreen. The present study investigated the core part of the molecular mechanism of skin protection by sunscreen.

Gene expression changes of the irradiated human skin with sunlight in the presence of sunscreen were mined from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to find the significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The central DEGs were identified via the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and searched in skin cancer-related genes in the GeneCards database to find the critical dysregulated genes. The gene expression change of the critical genes was investigated in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.

A total of 377 DEGs were determined as the targeted genes. HSPA4, PTEN, CDC42, ERBB2, APP, CDKN2A, PRKACA, PECAM1, and SMAD3 were identified as the critical dysregulated genes. ERBB2, SMAD3, and PRKACA were pointed out as the skin cancer-related genes.

In conclusion, the up-regulation of PETN and the activation of CDKN2A were highlighted as the major induced molecular events by sunscreen, which play a role in skin protection.

Sleep is a vital process for restoring brain function and is recognized as a fundamental aspect of both physical and mental health. This study aims to assess the molecular mechanisms of insomnia disorder and identify the key dysregulated genes associated with it. 

To study molecular mechanisms of insomnia, GSE208668 was selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Total RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 17 individuals with insomnia disorder was analyzed and compared to 25 controls using the GEO2R program. The gene expression profiles were assessed using box plots, uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) plots, expression density diagrams, and Venn diagrams. The significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were evaluated through a directed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the CluePedia plugin of Cytoscape software, taking into account co-expression interactions. The central nodes were identified as the most influential and regulated genes. 

Pre-evaluation analysis revealed that insomnia exhibits heterogeneity and can be divided into two groups. The gene expression profiles of the first group were similar to those of the insomnia group. In contrast, the second group of controls was distinguished from the insomnia group by genes such as TP53, CCND1, IL1B, SOX1, and NOTCH1, which were identified as key actor genes. Additionally, IL10, IL6, TP53, PTGS2, ESR1, PTEN, JUN, CREB1, CDKN1A, CDKN2A, CXCR4, and GATA3 were identified as important regulatory genes.

It can be concluded that many individuals may be potentially involved in insomnia disorder as pre-insomnia. The findings demonstrate that pre-insomnia and insomnia share very similar molecular mechanisms. The critical genes TP53, CCND1, IL1B, SOX1, and NOTCH1, along with pathways related to apoptosis, inflammation, immunological response, and changes in sleep quality, are emphasized as particularly relevant to insomnia disorder.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by insulin uptake or deficiency. Side effects of diabetes are numerous, according to the severity of the disease. Diabetes could harm the peripheral nerves, with chronic pain leading to nerve damage known as diabetic neuropathy (DN). Signs and symptoms of DN are sharp pains, numbness, and tingling. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy is the most common nerve injury during DN. Accordingly, this study screens candidate genes related to sural nerve DN (SDN) to find the critical ones.

Gene expression data from diabetic patients with and without progressive sural nerve neuropathy (GSE24290) were included in the analysis. GEO2R was applied to the first step analysis to find the significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The queried significant DEGs, along with their first 100 neighbors, were included in a network using the Cytoscape software. The network was analyzed using the Cytoscape network analysis application, and the central nodes were identified.

A total of 26 significant DEGs that were extracted from the gene expression profiles, plus 100 first neighbors, were interacted to form the network. INS, ALB, AKT1, APP, SNAP25, NEFL, GFAP, IL6, NEFM, TNF, MAPT, GAP43, and MBP were identified as 13 hubs of the network. NEFL and NEFM were highlighted as the queried hub genes. Insulin, as the top hub node, was determined among all interacted genes (the queried and added genes).

INS, NEFL, and NEFM are key genes in DN, which are involved in metabolism regulation and intracellular transportation into axons and dendrites, respectively.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex and debilitating rheumatologic syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and cognitive disturbances. Despite extensive research, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, and reliable biomarkers for diagnosis are lacking. Emerging evidence suggests a critical role of immune dysregulation in FM, highlighting its potential classification as an autoimmune-related disorder. This review explores the immunological aspects of FM pathogenesis, including its association with autoimmune comorbidities, the presence of autoantibodies, and the involvement of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, we discuss recent findings that support an autoimmune basis for FM, such as the transfer of FM symptoms through patient-derived IgG in animal models. Recognizing these immunological connections may pave the way for improved diagnostic approaches and targeted therapeutic strategies for FM.

Aflatoxin includes four toxin types of B1, B2, G1 and G2. Due to the widespread contamination of food and agricultural products and the harmful effects of aflatoxin on the human body, investigating biological effects of aflatoxin and preventing its harmful effects on human health are important for the experts. The present study aimed to find a complementary method to modify standard detection methods of harmful levels of aflatoxin based on biomarker discovery.

Data regarding changes in the gene expression profile of human intestinal Caco-2 cells were retrieved from the gene expression omnibus database, specifically concerning effects of aflatoxin B1 (AB1) on treated cells. Data were assessed via directed protein-protein interaction network analysis and gene ontology enrichment to identify the critical differentially expressed genes and the associated biochemical pathways.

From the 934 differentially expressed genes, 623 were investigated through protein-protein interaction network analysis. Two directed protein-protein interaction networks were constructed from the significantly upregulated and downregulated differen- tially expressed genes. The COL4A6, IRF1, SLC2A2, CITED2, SULT2A1, RRAS and PCYT1B emerged as critical target genes affected by AB1. Various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and metabolism, were identified as the key biochemical pathways that were affected. It was concluded that the levels of these critical target genes could be addressed as appropriate criteria for modifying standard methods of aflatoxin contamination detection

Heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) pose serious risks to ecosystems and human health, particularly affecting vulnerable groups such as children. These toxic heavy metals can accumulate in food matrices, leading to long-term health effects. People can be exposed to these pollutants through contaminated food, polluted water, inhalation, and direct skin contact. This review focused on the environmental pollution caused by industrialization, specifically heavy metal contamination. Moreover, it assessed bioremediation as a potential solution, which involved using microorganisms and plants to break down and detoxify these hazardous pollutants.

This study investigated various bioremediation techniques, including the use of probiotics for decontamination. These methods aimed to restore contaminated sites and develop sustainable approaches to remove heavy metals from food products. The study highlighted the effectiveness of microbial interventions in addressing the harmful effects of heavy metals and toxins in the environment and food systems. These bioremediation strategies could lessen the risks associated with heavy metal contamination.

 Xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (xGvHD) is an inevitable confounder of preclinical evaluation of adoptive immunotherapies on tumor-bearing immunodeficient mouse models. This study was designed to appraise the clinical and histopathological effects caused by xGvHD in severely immunodeficient mice considering the T cell dosage.

 Fifty NOG mice underwent intraperitoneal injection of three different doses of human-derived total T cells, a high dose of CD8+T cells, or vehicle (as control). Clinical and histopathological status of the study subjects were evaluated and compared according to scoring systems.

 In mice receiving higher doses of total T cells, the clinical severity of xGvHD was greater. However, recipients of CD8+T cells developed none to mild xGvHD manifestations. Higher doses of T cells were associated with poorer outcomes including premature death and more severe histopathologic damages. Greater CD3+T cell tissue engraftment (immunohistochemical CD3 positivity) was associated with more severe xGvHD-induced histopathological damages. Clinical xGvHD scores were significantly correlated with histopathological xGvHD scores in total and in each tissue. Mice with severe cutaneous symptoms had higher scores of xGvHD-induced histopathologic changes in the skin. Lethargy was associated with higher histopathological scores in the lungs, liver and spleen.

 In preclinical evaluations, lower doses of T cell-based therapies are associated with milder xGvHD. Development of xGvHD may be averted by the use of CD4+T cell-depleted grafts. Histopathological and clinical scoring systems for evaluating xGvHD are significantly correlated. The lungs and liver are reliable organs for histopathological assessment and scoring of xGvHD.

Alcohol is a risk factor for liver diseases. There is a correlation between alcohol consumption and fatty liver disease. Experiences have shown gene expression alteration in the liver following alcohol consumption. Since the molecular mechanism of connection between alcohol consumption and fatty liver disease needs a clear perspective, this study aims to explore the significant genes that are targeted by alcohol in the liver of mice.

Gene expression profiles of mice livers fed with alcohol were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and compared with the control samples. Data are pre-evaluated with the GEO2R program, and the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are analyzed via gene expression evaluations and regulatory network assessment.

Among the 25619 dysregulated genes, 78 significant DEGs were pointed out. Gene expression analysis showed that most extremely dysregulated genes are up-regulated and belong to the cytochrome P450 genes family. Finally, cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes family, as well as hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 4, were introduced as the critical targeted genes.

In conclusion, detoxification of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism and homeostasis, the pathogenesis of some liver diseases, synthesis of several prostaglandins and steroid hormones, and inflammation fibrosis in the liver are possibly associated with alcohol consumption.

 The treatment of endocrine problems like thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) faces significant challenges so medical professionals worldwide are trying to find a new therapeutic approach. However, along with common treatments which include medications, hormone replacement therapy, and surgery; there is a growing interest in alternative therapies like laser therapy, which offers a non-invasive and unique technique for treating endocrine disorders alone or in combination with traditional methods. The main goal of this review was to do a systematic review of the role of the laser and Microwave in the treatment of endocrine disorders.

 In the present systematic review, the most important databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies examining the effect of lasers on the treatment of endocrine problems by using appropriate keywords and specific strategies from 1995 to 2023. All the studies that were not about lasers and endocrine were excluded.

 Based on 51 reviewed studies, lasers and radiofrequency ablation such as RFA are effective in the treatment of thyroid diseases, hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic disorders, and sexual dysfunctions. Laser-induced interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) and microwave ablation (MWA) are genuine minimally invasive methods for the treatment of benign nodules, adenomas, and tumor ablation including pancreatic carcinomas and adrenal tumors. Intravenous laser blood irradiation (ILBI) which uses red, UV, and blue light could be effective in treating various metabolic disorders, such as DM.

 Laser as a cutting-edge and minimally invasive approach could treat various endocrine disorders. It has great potential to treat and regulate hormonal imbalances, decrease inflammation, and relieve symptoms of various ailments, such as endocrine disorders.

Rutin is a lipophilic natural flavonoid. It is found in vegetables, citrus fruits, and beverages. This study aims to evaluate rutin metabolic pathways in human senescent stromal cells. Data are extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and pre-evaluated via GEO2R to find the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The significant DEGs were assessed via protein-protein interaction PPI network analysis to explore the hub genes. The hubs were screened via directed PPI to find the critical DEGs. Data were assessed via volcano plot, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) plot, and Venn diagram. A total number of 9124 significant DEGs were analyzed to determine 33 upregulated and 61 downregulated hubs. The identified hubs were investigated via directed PPI and Il1B. ICAM1, CCL2, EGF, CXCL8, PTGS2, CAMK2B, CCN2, VCAM1, ELN, CXCL12, BGN, and TLR4 were pointed out as critical hub genes. Il1B, CCL2, GNAO1, ICAM1, EGF, and CXCL8 appeared as controller genes affected by rutin while PTGS2 and CAMK2B were the most controlled individuals. The finding refers to the significant advantages of the rutin effect on the function of treated cells. These advantages are corresponded to the usefulness of rutin as an herbal drug candidate. However, more investigations are required to decrease its side effects.

This study aimed to introduce a biomarker panel to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the early stage, and also differentiate of stages from each other.

PDAC is a lethal cancer with poor prognosis and overall survival.

Gene expression profiles of PDAC patients were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The genes that were significantly differentially expressed (DEGs) for Stages I, II, and III in comparison to the healthy controls were identified. The determined DEGs were assessed via protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and the hub-bottleneck nodes of analyzed networks were introduced.

A number of 140, 874, and 1519 significant DEGs were evaluated via PPI network analysis. A biomarker panel including ALB, CTNNB1, COL1A1, POSTN, LUM, and ANXA2 is presented as a biomarker panel to detect PDAC in the early stage. Two biomarker panels are suggested to recognize other stages of illness.

It can be concluded that ALB, CTNNB1, COL1A1, POSTN, LUM, and ANXA2 and also FN1, HSP90AA1, LOX, ANXA5, SERPINE1, and WWP2 beside GAPDH, AKT1, EGF, CASP3 are suitable sets of gene to separate stages of PDAC.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and its techniques are a rapidly growing field and are being used in various fields, including healthcare and many others. Medical entomology is one of the important sectors in health care. Diseases transmitted through carriers impose a great economic and social burden on the health of society. Mosquito-borne diseases pose major challenges to human health, affecting more than 600 million people and killing more than 1 million people each year. In the current study, we reviewed more than 30 papers in PubMed and Google Scholar that dealt with the application of artificial intelligence techniques in medical entomology. Articles were classified based on the use of AI and its techniques in this field and show that this new tool can play an important role in predicting the risk of contracting vector-borne diseases and the accurate monitoring of insect vector species.

Ferroptosis, an oxidative and iron-dependent cell death, is a new type of regulated cell death. There are few studies on the mechanisms of ferroptosis in the skin and related diseases. Arsenic is shown to induce ferroptosis cell death. This study aimed to decipher the relationship between arsenic exposure and ferroptosis cell death in the skin.

Arsenic-gene interactions were obtained. Then, skin-specific arsenic-gene interactions were screened. Ferroptosis-related genes were identified. Analysis of functional and biological interactions was performed to identify possible mechanisms.

The arsenic-gene interactions and the ferroptosis-related genes showed an overlap of 59 genes. Functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction, and transcription factor (TF)/miRNA target gene interaction analyses were used to look into the mechanism of arsenic-induced ferroptosis in the skin. ACTB, CTNNB1, HSPA8, SRC, RACK1, CD44, and SQSTM1were identified as key proteins. Gene ontology analysis of these proteins indicated the mitochondrial morphology and functionality changes following arsenic-induced ferroptosis in the skin. HIF1A and SP1 TFs regulate a large number of genes compared to other TFs. Ten miRNAs with high interaction with ferroptosis-associated genes were identified.

This work investigated the mechanism of arsenic-induced ferroptosis in the skin and identified key genes and regulators, and functional analysis highlighted the role of mitochondria in this skin exposure

Methanol is a toxic alcohol for the human body. The molecular biology of methanol metabolites affecting different organs, such as the brain, is under investigation. This systematic review aimed to consider methanol toxic molecular biology, based on the original articles obtained from data banks to figure out recent achievements.

Scientific articles regarding the toxic effects and metabolites of methanol on the central nervous system (CNS) were collected from valid databases and classified based on their validity. Exclusion criteria were articles with duplicates, no available full text, review articles, case reports, and letters.

Current metabolic reactions were addressed in the development of CNS diseases, such as optic neuropathy, basal ganglia lesions, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, proteomic investigations introduced new metabolic changes, and serum proteins regarding blood coagulation, vitamin A metabolism, and immune responses were suggested for early detection of toxicity.

Besides CNS disorders introduced for methanol toxicity, there is no exact proteomic serum marker to diagnose toxicity soon; however, the interleukin-1 beta system is suggested as a candidate, and more investigation is required to improve its competency.

With the growing interest in plant-derived chemotherapeutic agents, there has been a significant rise in research exploring a broad range of plants in recent years. Scrophularia striata has gained attention due to its extensive medical applications. This study aimed to investigate the effect of S. striata extract on HeLa cervical cancer cells, specifically their migration, apoptosis, and necrosis.

We first cultured HeLa cells in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. We then examined the cytotoxicity of S. striata extract at varying concentrations (0, 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) using the MTT assay after 24 hours. We evaluated the extent of wound healing using a scratch assay and analyzed the apoptosis activity of the extract using flow cytometry.

Our results showed that S. striata extract (IC50: 433.8 μg/mL) significantly enhances wound healing (P≤0.01) in cervical cancer and promotes apoptosis and necrosis of HeLa cells.

Our findings suggest that S. striata may serve as an effective treatment for cervical cancer by inducing cell death and reducing migration.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disorder characterized by a poor prognosis. Current therapeutic approaches include chemotherapy, steroids administration, and blood transfusion. Previous studies have highlighted the potential anticancer property of 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9S-HOD). This molecular computational research aims to investigate the intricate molecular mechanism underlying the effects of 9S-HOD on leukemia cells.

Utilizing proteomic data and the optimum numbers of the first neighbors from the STRING database, Cytoscape 3.9.1 along with its applications, NetworkAnalyzer and ClueGO+CuePedia were employed to analyze the constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, its centrality and enrichments.

The analysis identified five proteins namely ACTB, HSP90AA1, GAPDH, TP53, and HSP90AB1 as potential central nodes within the PPI network. Furthermore, gene ontology analysis revealed “Response to salt stress” and “Positive regulation of type 1 interferon production” as enriched biological processes associated with these key elements of the PPI network. HSPA8, MYC, and KAT5 were identified as seed proteins within the sub-networks.

The findings suggest that the effect of 9S-HOD on the leukemia cells primarily involves the regulation of ACTB, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, GAPDH, and TP53.  additionally, HSPA8, MYC, and KAT5 emerged as important proteins influenced by 9S-HOD.

 Investigations indicate that Wedelia chinensis extract increases efficacy of prostate cancer treatment. In the present study, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of prostate cancer cell line 22RV1 in the presence of W. chinensis extract derived from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were evaluated by gene ontology and pathway analysis. 

 Gene expression profiles of GSE100224 were analyzed by GEO2R. The significant DEGs were assessed via action map analysis. The related biological terms were identified for the significant DEGS. The highlighted dysregulated genes and pathways were discussed. 

 Seventy significant DEGs including 49 up-regulated genes and 21 down-regulated ones were assessed by inhibition, activation, expression, and binding actions. Cytochrome P450 and PTGS2 were highlighted as the crucial DEGs. Estrogen metabolism was pointed as the main targeted pathway.  

 Findings indicated that “estrogen metabolism” and UGT1A1, MAOA, PTSG2, and cytochrome P450 in the 22RV1 cells were the main targeted pathway and genes by W. chinensis .

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and microvascular thrombosis. No comprehensive report exists on clinical characteristics and risk factors of relapse and mortality in Iranian TTP patients. In this study, we aimed to report clinical features of Iranian TTP patients, to evaluate disease relapse and mortality rate and their associated risk factors.

This study was a cohort study of patients diagnosed with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia admitted to the Shariati Hospital, Tehran, a referral center for TTP patients, from 2010 to 2017. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded and patients were followed for 3 years regarding disease relapse and mortality.

  114 patients (80 female, 34 male) with a mean age of 39.3 ± 14.99 years were included.  Hematologic and neurologic symptoms were the most common manifestations. Abnormal laboratory findings at the presentation included thrombocytopenia, anemia, and elevated LDH. All patients were treated with plasma exchange, and 75.5% of them had a response to treatment, while the 3-year relapse and mortality rate was 23.6 and 26.3%.  Lower platelet count was a predictor of disease relapse. Age, hematological, or neurological initial presentation were associated with TTP mortality.

Based on the largest study of TTP patients ever in Iran, the demographic and clinical characteristics of Iranian TTP patients are similar to other existing reports. Knowledge of the risk factors for TTP relapse and mortality could be useful to alert hematologists for prompt therapeutic actions when necessary.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is applied as an efficient method for preventing the progress of cancers. Light and a photosensitive compound which is known as photosensitizer (PS) are the main parts of PDT. In the present study, molecular events after using PDT in the presence of a super lethal dose of a PS were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis.

Data were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The gene expression profiles of the treated human Sk-Cha1 cells via PDT were compared with the control cells. Expressed change analysis and PPI network analysis were administrated via Cytoscape software v 3.7.2 to find the critical differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Regulatory relationships between the central DEGs were evaluated and the highlighted genes were identified.

The significant amounts of gene expression values were grouped and a few DEGs characterized by tremendously expressed values were identified. EGFR, CANX, HSPA5, MYC, JUN, ITGB1, APP, and CDH1 were highlighted as hub-bottleneck DEGs. EGFR, CDH1, and JUN appeared as a set of SEGs, which play a crucial role in response to PDT in the treated Sk-Cha1 cells.

In conclusion, regulatory relationships between EGFR, CDH1, and JUN, which have an effect on the regulation of cellular survival, differentiation, and proliferation, were highlighted in the present investigation.

Many people suffer from skin photodamage, especially photoaging. The application of a laser to repair damages is a common therapeutic method that is used widely. In the present study, the effectiveness and molecular mechanism of an Er:Glass non-ablative fractional laser on the human skin was assessed via bioinformatics and network analysis.

Thegene expression profiles of 17 white female forearm skins which received an Er:Glass non-ablative fractional laser before and after laser treatment in two sessions were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Data were evaluated via GEO2R and the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The central nodes were identified and discussed for the compared set of samples.

Five classes of samples were clustered in two categories: first, baseline, 7 and 14 days after the first session of laser treatment, and second, one day after the first laser session, 29 days after the first laser session, and 1 day after the second laser session. The gross cell functions such as cell division and cell cycle and immune response were highlighted as the early affected targets of the laser. Collagen synthesis was resulted after the first laser session.

In conclusion, the time interval between laser sessions plays a critical role in the effectiveness of laser therapy. Findings indicate that the gross effect of laser application appears in a short time, and important processes such as collagen synthesis happen later.

It is reported that migraine may be a risk factor for brain cancers. Since one of the best ways to assess this possible relationship is to study the molecular mechanism, here the common central dysregulated proteins between these diseases are investigated via network analysis.

The dysregulated proteins of migraine and gliosarcoma are extracted from the STRING database and interacted via Cytoscape software, version 3.7.2. to form two separate networks. Central nodes of the networks are compared to find the common central district proteins. First neighbors of the common central proteins are studied. 

The number of 11 hub bottlenecks was identified for each of the migraine and gliosarcoma cancer networks. Albumin (ALB) and interleukin 6 (IL6) were introduced as common differentially expressed central proteins. Kininogen 1 (KNG1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) the first neighbors of ALB-IL6 were connected to the central nodes of networks of the two studied diseases.

ALB and IL6 can be considered molecular links between migraine and brain cancers.

Radix Scropholaria is dried root Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. which is used uses as a drug against several diseases. In the present study, the crucial affected proteins of rat liver in the presence of radix Scrophularia has been investigated.

The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were downloaded from literature. The significant DEPs plus 100 added first neighbors were determined and included in “protein query” of STRING database via Cytoscape software. The network was analyzed and the central nodes among the queried DEPs were identified. The 10 first neighbors of the central DEPs were determined.

RT1-CE12, Gfer, Serpina3c, Rab13, Rbm14, Ighg Psmb8, COX2, Olr796, Mga, Ugt1a6, Ugt2b, Ebpl, Ugt2b, Igf2r, and Amacr as significant DEPs were analyzed via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, Ugt1a1 and Ugt2b the two up-regulated proteins were highlighted as the crucial proteins in response to the radix Scrophularia.

Two members of UDP glucuronosyltransferase family; Ugt1a1 and Ugt2b, were pointed as the critical liver enzyme which are dysregulated under effect of radix Scrophulariae. Due to crucial role of Ugt1a1 in the liver function, it is suggested that consumption of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. as a traditional medicine required more investigation.

Case Report: 

A 2-year-old girl was referred with the chief complaint of limb weakness following a mild trauma. She had been suffering from restlessness and neck pain for a month. Laboratory findings were normal. In MRI, there was evidence of craniocervical junction extra-axial mass lesion arising from the posterior aspect of the dense process ligamentous complex extending from the foramen magnum to the posterior fossa with engulfment of the right vertebral artery. Regarding the compressive effect of the tumor, a right trans-condylar suboccipital surgical approach was used to resection the mass, near totally, and decompress the brain stem. Immune-Histo-Chemical Staining (IHC) showed a grade 2 meningioma. Low-dose radiotherapy was applied; but the pathology result corroborated the tumor’s radiologic features. Due to the follow-up MRI evidence of aggressive tumor recurrence the clinical behavior of the tumor and the patient's progression, there was a possibility that the first diagnosis was not correct; hence, a second operation was performed during which a smaller portion of the tumor could be resected compared with the first operation. Pathological study and IHC staining reported MRT and tumor markers, including pan-cytokeratin (CK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and vimentin, were strongly positive. So, a chemotherapy regimen was added to radiotherapy. Unfortunately, the patient did not respond well to the follow-up treatment, and she expired after one year.

In similar cases, where the radiological and pathological features of the tumor are atypical, the histological examination should include molecular examination, as meningioma in this age group is extremely rare. And, confirming the pathological and molecular characteristics of the tumor by different experts is strongly recommended.

Role of multimedia training materials on Mini-CEX scores of internal medicine residents. We aimed to assess the effect of multi multimedia training materials on Mini-CEX scores of internal medicine residents of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A quasi-experimental action research study on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-year internal medicine residents were implemented.

The Mini-CEX test measures students’ performance in six core skills necessary for medical practice. Mini-CEX scores of 135 internal medicine residents in 2017–2018 were compared before and after the training with prepared multimedia materials. We used repeated measured ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U test to compare the distribution of Mini-CEX scores across corresponding groups. Analysis was done using the SPSS software version 23 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp).

The median Mini-CEX score (IQR) of students in preintervention and postintervention groups were 16.14 (5.19) and 19.62 (3.13), respectively. Findings of this study showed a significant increase in mini-CEX scores of the groups who used the multimedia learning material compared to those who did not use it (P < 0.001).

Multimedia learning resources demonstrated a promising influence on internal residents’ mini‑CEX scores in this study. They demonstrate significantly greater performance after using multimedia learning materials compared to their same‑year residents who did not benefit from it. This demonstrates the favorable effect of multimedia on the acquisition of practical skills such as obtaining a history or performing a physical examination.