yaghoub zeraatkish

Iran's economy is one of the sectors that always faces challenges in the implementation of policies and policies. Export financing in general and buyer's credit scheme in particular is one of the tools for implementing the policies formulated in this field, which increases the competitive power of Iranian exporters by granting facilities to foreign buyers. However, this plan could not fully achieve its goals. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to present a new model for the implementation of export financing policies in the form of buyer's credit, which combines two models, Calista and Matland, while paying attention to internal and external variables, the amount of ambiguity and conflict in the local environment and the political and economic conditions of Iran. The current research is of qualitative type and thematic analysis method, which was conducted with in-depth and targeted interviews with 13 experts and executives in the field of export financing. The sampling method was purposeful and snowball, and data coding and analysis was done by MAXQDA software. Then, the network of themes (basic themes, organizing themes, and comprehensive themes) was identified and the model of export financing policy implementation in the form of buyer credit was presented by combining the two policy implementation models of Calista and Matland.

Sustainable development and ensuring the safety of fishing agents is a high priority from the stakeholders' point of view. Therefore, financial resource allocation to efficient equipment can prevent damage and reduce costs.

The attention of the stakeholders to the safety of the workers in the marine shrimp fishing sector and sustainable development is desired. In this study, the costs of prevention, detection, and control were investigated along with identifying the beneficiaries, their preference towards safety by the AHP method, and ideal planning of sustainable harvesting. A total of 70 stakeholders were selected from seven different groups, and fishing float costs were estimated.

Paying attention to marine safety is the second priority of the seven goals of the stakeholders of sea fishing, and the fixed costs in the prevention and detection sector related to significant repairs accounted for 1.9% of the total costs.

The marginal cost of the safety sector in fishing activity took a small amount, and the total cost of safety was 4.9%. The marginal cost (changes in costs and damages in the safety department) was introduced as a desirable indicator to express the safety status of this department.

Nowadays, agriculture is one of the largest economic sectors in Iran, which plays an important role in GDP and ultimately creates added value. In this study, the effect of renewable energy consumption, trade liberalization, oil prices, investment and employment on the economic growth of the agricultural sector during the years 1397-1387 was examined. In order to evaluate the long-term and short-term relationship between these variables, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model was used. The results of this model show that renewable energy consumption and employment have a positive effect on the economic growth index of Iran's agricultural sector; as expected, with a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption and employment, economic growth in the long run will increase by about 0.25 and 0.72%, respectively. In contrast, rising oil prices and trade liberalization have a negative impact on the growth of the agricultural sector. The results of short-term relationships also show that the error correction coefficient is significant and has a negative sign. Based on this result, it is expected that in each period, about 84% of the deviation of the short-term relationship from the long-term path will be adjusted. Finally, considering the high impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth and on the other hand, considering the severe pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels, it is suggested that the government provides the infrastructure to replace fossil energies with renewable energies as soon as possible.

Bioenergy is one of renewable energy types. The expansion of production this type of energy can create employment and sustainable income for society in addition to reducing pollution caused by fossil fuels and protecting the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the preferences of sugar beet farmers in the north of Khuzestan province to the presumptive contracts of sugar beet planting to use in production of bioenergy. The statistical population of the research included 1890 sugar beet farmers of Khuzestan province in 2017-18 which 320 people were selected through the stratified sampling method. The required data were collected in person by referring to farmers and completing the questionnaire. Factors influencing the preferences of farmers were identified using the experimental approach of the attribute-oriented declared choice method to determine the important attributes of different sugar beet planting contracts and to estimate the conditional Logit regression model. The estimation results of the Logit model showed that coefficients related to the contract period, the area covered by the contract, the contract price, the cost-sharing in the contract, the product insurance in the contract and experience of sugar beet planting are positive and significant. The coefficient of the interaction of the variables of attitude to energy production, area under sugar beet planting, Experience of planting sugar beet and the area under sugar beet planting with ASC is significant and positive and the coefficient of the interaction of Farmer's risk attitude with ASC is significant and negative.
 

The main objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the achievement of the competitive advantage in the international markets for medicinal plants and related products in Zagros forests.
This is an applied descriptive/correlational research, because in addition to describing the current situation, its tests hypotheses are based on multiple regression method and determines the impact of variables using the inferential statistics method. In addition, it is an applied research since its expected results can be used to improve the international market of medicinal plants and related products in the Zagros forests. The study population included all customers of medicinal plants and related products in Zagros forests. Considering the fact that the population size is unlimited and undefined, the sample size formula was used. The method used in this research is the cluster sampling and available non-probability sampling. Initially, the Zone was divided into four parts: north, south, east and west. Then, the questionnaires were distributed. The sample size was calculated as 384 people utilizing sample size formula for unlimited population. In this research, the variables of interest were measured using researcher made questionnaires which were distributed among selected subjects whose views will be assessed on the variables. Finally, the collected data was analyzed using SPSS software.
The results showed that medicinal plants, diversity of medicinal plants, and industrialization of medicinal plants and production of the most essential drugs even certain drugs would lead to the achievement of competitive advantage in the international market of medicinal plants and related products in the Zagros forests.
Paving the way for investment in the country will make great contribution to the export of medicinal plants products.

Market volatility remains one of the most important research fields in agricultural economics.Interestingly, price transmission mechanism seems to be symmetric in sectors that are likely to be of high political power.This paper analyzes the price transmission effects from international markets to domestic markets for corn in Iran. For this purpose, we estimate the elasticity of substitution between imported and domestically produced goods. Annual data (1996-2012) are analyzed with an econometric framework based on the Maximum Entropy. The result shows that there is a substitution relationship between imported and domestic corn and in the end; domestic prices areaffected from world price more than the short run.

This study estimates the human development index in rural areas of Kuhgilooyeh and Boyerahmad province. In this study, the research method is descriptive-analytic. It has used of the statistics and data taken from statistic directories, sanitary and training centers, teaching and training organization, other offices and related organizations.The results show that the conditions of human development in rural areas of this province have improved in comparison to last years, and this amount has increased from 0.446 in 1375 to 0.703 in 1390. It means that it has improved from a low human development to a middle one. It also shows that income index has not been able to play an important role in the improvement of the human development index in rural areas of this province. However, it is necessary to pay attention to policies and procedures so asto increase family per capita income.