zahra norouzi

This study was done to assess the levels of Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1) expression in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) to determine the outcome of prescribing anti PD-1 drugs in trophoblastic tumors.

This study was conducted in the gynecology oncology clinic of Mashhad medical science university in the north-east of Iran during 2012-2022. The patients were divided into two groups consisting of low-risk and high-risk groups based on their International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) score, and subsequently their response to the chemotherapy was evaluated. We scored PD-L1 staining in tumor cells using a 4-point scoring system and evaluated PDL-1 expression using the Allered Total Score (ATS).

52 GTN patients with a mean age of 27 were undergone in our study between. Out of all the patients in our study, 47 and 5 patients were diagnosed with molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma, respectively. The patients with molar pregnancy were also sub grouped into 22 (42.3%) patients and 25 (48.1%) patients with complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) and partial hydatidiform mole (PHM). The results of PDL-1 staining intensity showed 3 (5.8%), 12 (23.1%), 27 (51.9%), and 10 (19.2%) were No, weak, moderate, and strong staining, respectively.

The findings of this present study indicated that the high-level PD-L1 expression in most of our patients. Seem to suggest the potential use of immune checkpoint inhibition as a treatment option for trophoblastic tumors, which deserves further comprehensive study through clinical trials.

Urban marginalization occurs as a result of the irregular and unplanned expansion of cities with a rapid and unplanned process. This issue is one of the problems of Third World urbanization in the contemporary era. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of marginalization and its consequences on economic dimensions; social-cultural and physical-service in Shirvan city. According to the type of data used, the present research is quantitative; Based on the result, it is considered a developmental research, and based on the duration of data collection, it is cross-sectional. The statistical population of the research was the marginal population of Shirvan city in four different areas, out of which 250 people were selected as the sample size. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster and the research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The data analysis of this study has been done at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, so that sample t-test tests have been used in SPSS software. The results showed that the marginalization rate had the highest impact on the social-cultural dimension with an average of 3.6 and the economic dimension with an average of 3.48 and then on the physical-service dimension with an average of 2.98.

Emotional divorce refers to a state of emotional disengagement from one's spouse, which can lead to marital dissatisfaction. Gender role conflict is a predictor of marital dissatisfaction and ultimately, divorce. The literature suggests that rigid adherence to traditional gender roles may contribute to emotional divorce. In this article, the authors aim to investigate the moderating effect of gender roles in the relationship between emotional divorce and marital satisfaction by using two multivariate methods in statistical analysis.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 539 women aged 18-65 years. The standard questionnaires used include 1) Bem Sex Role Inventory (Short form), 2) Gutman’s Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, and 3) Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH) Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale. To achieve the purpose of the study, PLS and PLSc methods have been used.

The mean age and time of marriage were 33.88 ± 6.6 and 13.03 ± 7.29 years. There is a significant negative relationship between emotional divorce and marital satisfaction. The gender role of most participants in the study has been androgenic and feminine, which has increased the moderating effect of this relationship. Also, when there is a common (reflective) factor model, Consistent Partial Least Square is more likely to provide a better fit than Partial Least Square.

The results showed that higher women's marital satisfaction would be associated with lower emotional divorce. On the other hand, the role of gender is a mediating factor in marital satisfaction and emotional divorce. Having good male and female characteristics can have a positive impact on marital satisfaction, so increasing couples' knowledge of gender roles and trying to reduce traditional extreme roles can help increase marital satisfaction and reduce emotional divorce.

One of the American orientalists is James Andrew Bellamy. He claimed in the Leyden Qur'an Encyclopedia, under the entry "Textual Criticism of the Qur'an", that Qur'anic studies have not benefited much from textual criticism and the word al-Jibt in verse 51 of Surah Nisá is unknown. He suggested correcting this word to al-Jinnat by referring to verse 6 of Surah Jinn and moving the dot of the letter "B" to its top. Bellamy's point of view about this replacement are the strangeness of the resulting meaning of al-Jibt and its continuity in the Qur'an, the number and difference of opinions of lexicographers, the occurrence of textual writings in the field of Quranic calligraphy, repetition and understanding of the word "jinn" in the Qur’an, and establishing a semantic relationship between those verses, especially verse 6 of Surah Jinn with verse 51 of Surah Nisá. In terms of criticism, with the help of the common understanding of religious texts in understanding the words and the use of the term al-Jibt in other texts, we can point out: Paying attention to the objective and historical understanding of Muslims and the semantic convergence of opinions, the oral frequency of the text of the Qur'an, the superiority of reading over writing and the absence of differences in reading for words, and the lack of semantic relationship between the cited verses by Belamy and verse 51 of Surah Nisá, as well as Belamy's incorrect reasoning and exploitation in attributing his proposed word to the culture and environment of the Arabian Peninsula in order to justify the replacement.

COVID-19 is one of the significant pathogens in humans that can cause illness in individuals to varying degrees. Given that students in medical sciences are considered as the future healthcare workforce of the country and are aligned with hospital staff at the forefront of combating emerging diseases, this study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and attitude of nursing and midwifery students in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences towards COVID-19 and its association with fear of coronavirus.

This is a descriptive-correlational study that has been conducted in 2022 in 265 ‎students of Ardabil Nursing and Midwifery faculty. The sample size was calculated based on Krejcie and Morgan table and stratified random sampling method was used. Data was ‎collected using questionnaires of measuring awareness and attitude and fear of contracting of covid- 19 and was analyzed by SPSS15 software with Pearson correlation, independent sample t- test and ANOVA statistical tests.

The average score of students' knowledge was 24.3 ± 11.92, attitude was 56.4 ± 28.33, and the average score of fear of contracting COVID-19 was 65.3 ± 52.11. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between knowledge and fear of contracting COVID-19 (p < 0.001, r = -0.672). However, there was no statistically significant association between attitude and fear of contracting COVID-19 (p = 0.612, r = 0.067).

Based on the study results, it is suggested to design and implement appropriate educational and retraining programs to increase knowledge and provide platforms for improving students' attitudes towards COVID-19

Consuming gluten can lead to the immune-mediated condition known as celiac disease (CD) in genetically-prone people. Presently, the only approved and available treatment is stringent and lifetime devotion to a gluten-free diet (GFD). This study aimed to assess GFD adherence in patients with CD in Golestan province, northeast Iran.

All cases with confirmed CD registered in the Golestan Registry of Celiac (N=220) were selected for this cross-sectional study. 87 patients volunteered to take part in the interviews and completed the questionnaire. Since the day of diagnosis, all patients in this center had been treated with a GFD, but their adherence to the regime was unknown. Celiac Dietary Adherence Test (CDAT) and the Standardized Dietician Evaluation (SDE) were used to evaluate their adherence to GFD. 

Among the 85 individuals who responded in depth to the CDAT, the mean (standard deviation) age was 32.41 (15.45) years, 32 (36.8%) were male, and 72 (32.8%) adhered to the diet according to their self-expression. However, in the SDE, only 52 (30.23%) exhibited great to good adherence.

The adherence and weak adherence groups had similar mean ages. However, non-adherence was associated with higher mean age. Although women had stronger adherence, there was no difference in sex. The elderly and males exhibited low GFD adherence.

Celiac disease (CD), or as it is called gluten enteropathy, could result in various complications such as liver abnormalities. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 25.2% of individuals worldwide and has become one of the most common causes of cirrhosis. This study aimed to report the frequency of fatty liver in ultrasonography of patients with CD in Golestan province, Northeast Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, patients diagnosed with CD based on a positive anti-tTG Ab and proved by small bowel biopsy were recruited between March 2018 and March 2020 (N = 80), through the registry system located in Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northeast Iran. Ultrasonography was performed and the fatty liver diagnosis was done based on attenuation of the liver itself (less than 40 Hounsfield Unit (HU)) or in comparison with the spleen (liver attenuation ≤ 10, than spleen).

Among 80 patients with CD (46 women, mean age 39.13 ± 12.5 years), fatty liver was reported in 34 (43.5%), which was mild in 31 (39%), moderate in 2 (2.5%), and severe in 1 (1.3%) patients. One cirrhosis and no hepatomegaly were found.

In the present study, fatty liver was seen in 43.5% of our patients, which is a large amount. It may be suggested to do a closer follow-up of the complications of CD.

The electrochemical performances derived from the supercapacitors extremely depend on their morphology. So, designing nanostructured electrode materials has a dramatic role in supercapacitors. Herein, highly ordered nanoporous Ni(OH)2 nanobelt arrays (HONNA) were synthesized via a mild wet-chemical route. Ammonia and persulfate concentrations played an important role in the formation of the nanobelt array architecture. The as-prepared nanobelt arrays were characterized using FE-SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and EDX analysis. The resultant Ni(OH)2 nanobelt electrode revealed a specific capacitance of 384 mF cm 2 at 1.0 mA cm 2, fast rate performance, and excellent cycle life. These notable electrochemical features were related to the morphology of highly ordered nanoporous nanobelt array architectures, which provides numerous free channels and offers more electroactive sites and sufficient buffering space to moderate inner mechanical stress and minimize the ion transfer path during the redox reactions. These highly ordered nanoporous Ni(OH)2 nanobelt arrays were suitable candidates as electrode material in supercapacitors.

Based on high prevalence of sexual dysfunction in menopausal woman, this research was performed to investigate the effect of the medicinal plants on sexual function in menopausal women.
In this systematic review of clinical trials, Persian relevant articles  were identified through a systematic search of databases from 2000 to 2021 ,using  the keywords of (female sexual dysfunction, sexual function, sexual satisfaction, sexual behavior, sexual activity, menopause, Post menopause, Herbal medicine , Medicinal plants, herbal materials, phytoestrogens, phytotherapy, Randomized Clinical Trials.The Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of the retrieved articles
In final twelve articles were analyzed. The studied plants were ginkgo biloba, fennel, st johns wort, palm pollen, fenugreek, afrodit, , hop, black cohosh, lavender, ginseng, saffron, red clover, Tribulus terrestris, nigella sativa and vitex agnus castus and hybrid aromatherapy (fennel, Heracleum persicum, salvia officinalis, bergamot, lavender and geranium) that were studied on different dimensions of sexual function.
Based on the results of studies, most plants were effective in improving sexual function. Although due to the limited number of studies performed for each plant, it was not possible to perform meta-analysis in this study, so it is recommended to conduct more studies in relation to each plant to provide sufficient evidence to decide on the use of each Herbs are offered as less dangerous and less expensive treatments to improve sexual function in menopausal women.

Celiac disease is a malabsorption disorder that could result in various psychological consequences if patients do not adhere to a gluten-free diet. This study aimed to determine the frequency of major depressive disorder and its relationship with adherence to a gluten-free diet among patients with celiac disease.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 47 patients with celiac disease (30 women and 17 men) with an average age of 40.88 ± 10.7 years who had been referred to the Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology during the summer of 2019. Patients were invited to complete a 13-item Beck Inventory. Celiac Dietary Adherence Test (CDAT) was used to assess adherence from the patients' point of view, and Standardized Dietician Evaluation (SDE) was used to evaluate adherence to the diet from the interviewer's perspective.

Overall, 28 people (59.6%) with celiac disease reported some degree of depression. Based on the SDE, the adherence rate of patients to a gluten-free diet was 83%. The association between adherence to a gluten-free diet and the prevalence of depression was not significant. There was also no significant association between the prevalence of depression and the gender and age of patients.

Based on the results, a high percentage of patients with celiac disease have symptoms of depression. However, there is no significant relationship between adherence to a gluten-free diet and the prevalence of depression.

The efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has increased significantly over time. However, there are few studies evaluating the success rate of ERCP in Iran.

We aimed to evaluate the success rate, adverse events, and mortality of ERCP in an academic medical center. This cross-sectional study was conducted over 2 years between February 2018 and January 2020 and 347 patients were enrolled. The success rates and causes of procedure failure were recorded by the endoscopists. The patients were followed up for all adverse events until discharge.

Eventually, 302 patients ended the study. The most common indication for ERCP was CBD stone (73.2%). The ERCP procedure was successful in 240 (79.5%) patients. Unsuccessful outcomes were due to cardiovascular conditions (n=7) and endoscopic problems (n=34). Of 34 cases of impossible cannulation, in 32 (10.6%) cases, the papilla was found but cannulation was not possible and in 2 (0.7%) cases it was not possible to access the papilla. The mean (SD) age of the patients with unsuccessful ERCP was significantly higher than successful cases (P=0.001). The times of cannulation, cannulation attempts, and dye injection were significantly higher in unsuccessful procedures as compared with successful procedures (P=0.014, P=0.001, and P=0.001, respectively). The mean time of cannulation (minute) was 5.05 in successful ERCPs and 11.99 in unsuccessful cases (P=0.014). Failure of ERCP was significantly associated with adverse events during ERCP (P=0.001). The most common adverse event was post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) (14.6%) and severe cases were 3.6%. PEP was significantly associated with sex (P=0.034). There was no mortality during the study.

We found that ERCP could be a safe and effective procedure, especially for patients under 65 years. The overall success rate and adverse events were compatible with the available data in the literature.

Hardness is relevant to the degree of conversion (DC) and depth of cure (DoC). The aim of this study was to determine the micro-hardness and DoC of conventional and bulk-fill composite resins in class II restorations using metal and clear matrix bands.

Twelve specimens of each of the two composite resins, i.e., Filtek Z350 XT bulk-fill and Gradia posterior conventional composite, were prepared in the form of a class II cavity in a tooth mold, using a clear or metal matrix band. All specimens were cured and stored at 37°C for 24 hours. Vickers hardness was measured as a function of DoC at 2mm intervals. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (alpha=0.05).

The bulk-fill composite exhibited significantly higher hardness levels than the conventional composite in all tested surfaces (P<0.001). However, while the metal matrix band had a significant impact on the bottom surface (P=0.059) and also on the furthest surface from the matrix and light source (P=0.04), it did not have a consistent effect across all tested surfaces. The simultaneous interaction of the composites and matrix band types in all surfaces, did not show significant differences in hardness values. The highest bottom-to-top surface hardness ratio (73%) was observed in the conventional composite near the metal matrix band.

In deep class II cavities, the bottom-to-top surface hardness ratio did not reach the maximum of 80%, neither for bulk-fill nor conventional posterior composites. Therefore, in such cavities extended light-curing and more incremental composite placement is needed.

Primordial germ cells develop into oocytes and sperm cells. These cells are useful resources in reproductive biology and regenerative medicine. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been examined for in vitro production of primordial germ cell-like cells. This study aimed to summarize the existing protocols for MSCs differentiation into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGLCs). In the limited identified studies, various models of mesenchymal stem cells, including those derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow, and Wharton's jelly, have been successfully differentiated into primordial germ cell-like cells. Although the protocols of specification induction are basically very similar, they have been adjusted to the mesenchymal cell type and the species of origin. The availability of MSCs has made it possible to customize conditions for their differentiation into primordial germ cell-like cells in several models, including humans. Refining germ cell-related signaling pathways during induced differentiation of MSCs will help define extension to the protocols for primordial germ cell-like cells production.

In this article, we have constructed a model with the inclusion of National Development Fund (NDF). The purpose of the model is conducting structural analysis and evaluating economic policies. The model consists of goods market, money market, exchange rate and labor market. The parameters of the model are estimated in the co-integration framework. Th (e annual data used are for the period 1960 - 2018. All behavioral equations are tested for the existence of co-integration by using Pesaran and Shin’s bond test approach. Not only each behavioral equations are confronted with a battery of statistical tests, but dynamic simulations are also used to validate the consistency of the model as a whole. Then, the effect of monetary and exchange rate policies with the help of model was examined under two scenarios: the existence of the National Development Fund (NDF) and its absence. The results show that the existence of the NDF has made the effectiveness of monetary and exchange rate policies in line with the desired gools much more appropriate.

Women are one of the main victims of violence in the world. With the development of societies and the globalization of communication, acts of violence against women have changed and manifested in various forms. Violence in cyberspace is one of the emerging forms of this social harm. The unique features of cyberspace, including the global world, the lack of territorial boundaries, the anonymity of users, and the ease with which identity is falsified, create the conditions for norm-breakers, such as the physical world, to threaten individuals. One of the main and most dangerous threats in this space is delinquent actions that target women and girls in cyberspace. Violence against women in cyberspace has consequences that endanger their physical and mental health, strengthen gender discrimination, and violate women's human rights standards. The right to freedom of expression and free access to information and the right to privacy and the protection of privacy under human rights standards may apply to the protection of women against cyberbullying. The present article, through a descriptive-analytical method and by analyzing the legal sources of this field, tries to reflect on cyber violence against women within the framework of rules and standards of national and international law.

Humor is a form of satire in which reformist and social purposes are usually discussed, so it can be said that humor is a means, not an end. This study approaches the American school of comparative literature to examine the content, elements and literature of political, social and cultural humor (family, women, marriage) in the satirical content of four Egyptian and Iranian satirists (Ahmad Rajab, Jalal Amer, Hossein Tawfiq, Abolghasem Halat). ) will pay. The hypothesis of this research emphasizes the existence of common and influential political, social, and cultural themes and elements (family, women, and marriage) in the satire of the four satirists. The results showed that unlike Persian satire, many Arabic satires are harsh and vulgar. However, it can be said that Ahmad Rajab, Jalal Amer, Hossein Tawfiq and Abolghasem Halat, although they are different from the two languages and cultures, but in a way, all of them have expressed the issues of the society in a soft and unassuming language with humor and humor and humor. They are a weapon for criticizing governments and discovering the flaws of the ruling system and trying to reform and develop society and the family.

As mobile technology has become ubiquitous in modern culture, researchers have begun to examine the effects of technology use on couple and family relationships. The sum of this research shows that the use of technology has the potential to create disruptions in interactions. The present study aimed to predict behavioral problems in children aged 3-5 years based on motherschr('39') technoference and problematic internet use. The present study was a correlational study and its statistical population was all mothers in Tehran in 2020. From this statistical population, a sample of 322 mothers was selected by using the purposive sampling method. The instruments used in this study included the Technoference in Parent-Child Relationships (McDaniel and Coyne, 2016), Problematic Internet use (Caplan, 2010), and The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple Regression analysis with SPSS-26 software. Findings indicated that technoference and problematic internet use positively correlate to child behavior problems. The results of regression analysis showed that technoference and problematic internet use played significant roles in predicting child behavior problems. So, special attention should be paid to the effects of technology on family interactions.

Since the foundation of National Development Fund (NDF) in 2010 until 2019, more than 100 billion Dollars of oil export revenues are held under its management. The NDF missions are set to finance private investments and save the Nation’s Wealth for the next generations. In this article we have tried to show the economic impact of NDF’s presence in the Iranian economy and asses its success on boosting economic growth and curbing inflation. In doing so, we have constructed a dynamic structural macro-econometric model, consisting of 25 behavioral equations, 7 connecting equations and 62 identities and definitional equations, covering 200 economic variables at the macro level. The parameters of the model are estimated in co-integration concept by adapting the latest achievements in time series analysis. The data used are for the period 1338 - 1396. Dynamic simulations are used to validate the consistency of the model. To assess the impact of NDF's presence in the Iranian economy, we have removed NDF from the model and performed a dynamic simulation for the period 1990 - 1996. Then the results are compared with the case of NDF’s presence in the economy. We found that because of NDF's presence, the GDP growth is 2.2 percent higher on the average, while inflation rate and unemployment rate are on the average lower by 1.5 and 2.1, respectively.

Rape is a widespread and important issue in the field of public health, and its victims require comprehensive and gender-sensitive health services. Healthcare providers, especially midwives, play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of rape, and improving their knowledge has been an essential factor in enhancing the quality of service provided.

The objective of the study is to compare the impact of standardized patient-based training and team-based learning on midwifery students' knowledge for providing services to rape victims.

In this randomized quasiexperimental study, 75 midwifery students of Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery were selected using available sampling method and were assigned to two groups of standardized patient-based training (n = 38) and team-based learning (n = 37). After performing pretest, standardized patient-based training group and team-based learning group were trained separately for 6 h. One week after intervention, posttest was performed. Data were collected and analyzed using the Academic Specifications Questionnaire and the Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire. Significance level was considered at P < 0.05.

The two groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic characteristics. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the posttest in terms of knowledge score (P = 0.079). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the level of knowledge between the two groups (P = 0.037).

Given the effectiveness of both standardized patient-based training method and team-based learning method on enhancing midwifery students' knowledge for providing services to rape victims, these methods can be used in students' education.

Sexual problems are among the most important outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis in the affected women. Incidence of this disease in women is reported 2-3 times higher than that in men. This systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to investigate the influence of rheumatoid arthritis on women's sexual function.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the published articles in the databases, such as Web of Science, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, Magiran, SID, and Google Scholar, were searched using the English keywords of “Sexual dysfunction, Sexual behavior, Sexual problems, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sexual functioning, Sexual activity, and Sexual disorder” and their Persian equivalents until December 2018. Data analysis was done using STATA (version 14.1). The I2 index was used to assess the heterogeneity between the studies, and the random effects model was applied to pool the data and perform meta-analysis.

A total of 16 articles were included in the systematic review, and 10 articles with 1580 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-Analysis results showed that based on the random effects model, rheumatoid arthritis leads to the decrease of female sexual function (SMD=-1.01; 95% CI: (-1.24, -0.77); P=0.001) , (RR=1.95; 95% CI: (1.65, 2.30); P<0.0001).

Rheumatoid arthritis leads to the reduction of female sexual function. Therefore, healthcare providers should consider this group of patients for the incidence of female sexual problems and design and implement programs to promote their sexual function.

In the article published in volume 29, issue 174, 2019, the affiliation and surname of Zahra Norouzi bazgir was published incorrectly, which is now corrected.

In the article published in volume 29, issue 174, 2019, the affiliation and surname of Zahra Norouzi bazgir was published incorrectly, which is now corrected.

Accurate history-taking from sexual assault victims is the basis of correct diagnosis and treatment. Considering the serious consequences of sexual assault and the necessity of students’ training through active educational methods, this study was conducted to compare the effect of standardized patient-based training and team-based learning on the midwifery student’ skill of history-taking from the victims of sexual assault.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 75 students of nursing and midwifery in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of standardized patient-based training (38 students) and team-based learning (37 students). After holding a pre-test, each group trained separately for 2 hours. Post-test was held a week post-intervention. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing demographic data, educational profiles, and performance checklist. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 4.

The groups were equal regarding demographic, educational, and occupational data. The average score of students’ history-taking skill at the post-intervention phase was 32.0±2.3 and 30.0±4.5 in the standardized patient-based training and team-based learning groups, respectively (P=0.015). There was a significant difference between the groups considering the increase of scores (P=0.039).

The impact of using a standardized patient-based training approach on improving the skill of student in history-taking of sexual assault victims was more than team-based learning.

Social Security provides higher replacement rates to disability insurance beneficiaries than retired beneficiaries. This fact reflects two factors: 1) Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries have lower career earnings, and Social Security benefits are progressive; and 2) SSDI benefits are not reduced for claiming early. This project uses the 1992-2010 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) linked to Social Security Administration earnings records to decompose the differences between the Social Security replacement rates for retired worker and SSDI beneficiaries into these two factors. The project also examines how the total replacement rate – which accounts for other sources of income in addition to Social Security – differs between retirees and SSDI beneficiaries to capture the difference in overall retirement security between the two groups. The results indicate that about half of the 10-percentage-point advantage in Social Security replacement rates for SSDI beneficiaries is due to the actuarial adjustment applied to retirement benefits, implying that career earnings are not that different between retired workers and SSDI beneficiaries. But total replacement rates are substantially lower for SSDI beneficiaries, which indicates that, despite Social Security’s vital role in providing a reliable income source, SSDI beneficiaries have much lower post-career well-being than retired workers.

The purpose was to investigate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) paste, Remin Pro paste, and 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash on teeth discoloration after home bleaching.

In this in-vitro study, 48 intact and unstained human incisors were divided into four groups (n=12): control (Group 1), CPP-ACPF paste (Group 2), Remin Pro paste (Group 3), and 0.05% NaF mouthwash (Group 4). The specimens were bleached using 20% carbamide peroxide gel for 21 days and were subjected to pH cycling and surface treatment with remineralizing agents for one month. The color of the specimens was determined according to the CIELAB color space at baseline, after bleaching, and after surface treatment. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc least significant difference (LSD) test, and one-sample t-test (P=0.05).

ANOVA showed a significant difference in the mean ΔE of the four groups after surface treatment (P<0.05). Post-hoc LSD test showed a significant difference between the mean ΔE of the control group and those of the treatment groups (P<0.05) with no significant difference between the treatment groups, except for Remin Pro. The mean ΔE and ΔL of the Remin Pro group showed less change than those of the CPP-ACPF and NaF groups, indicating that Remin Pro has the lowest potential for post-bleaching tooth discoloration.

CPP-ACPF paste, Remin Pro paste, and 0.05% NaF mouthwash cause noticeable teeth discoloration immediately after bleaching. Remin Pro has less effect on tooth color than the other two products.