zahra zamiraei

Industries play an important role in the development of societies. The generation of large volumes of industrial waste with complex characteristics makes their management a challenge. In addition to occupying the land, the accumulation of these wastes causes environmental pollution. The main purpose of this study is to identify industrial wastes in the industrial zone of Gilan province and to investigate their management system. In this study, 11 industrial zones in Gilan province were investigated in 15 industrial groups. Astara industrial zone has the lowest number of units with six active units, and the largest number of active units under investigation is Sepidroud industrial zone (41 units) and then Rasht industrial zone (37 units). The food industry group with 50 active units (24%) has contributed the most in investigating the type and amount of industrial waste in Gilan province. Based on the data of the study, the total amount of industrial waste is 45926 tons per year. In addition, the main special genaration wastes are 60314 liters of used oils and 16707 tons of different types of wastes per year. The metal industrial group generated the largest amount of industrial waste with the genaration of 32917 tons per year. Also, the cellulose and synthetic oil industrial group units have the highest amount of hazardous waste genaration per year with the genaration of 29,600 liters and 6,300 tons, respectively. Based on the data obtained from the industrial units, the total sales and recycling methods accounted for 54.1% and disposal for 45.9% of cases. Obtaining information on industrial waste flow in Gilan province provides the opportunity to recover and save identified resources. In addition, many economic and environmental benefits are obtained by making a decision and implementing proper waste management.

Industrial development and rapid population growth due to the increase in consumed materials and the consequent increase in industrial waste is one of the challenges in the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantity of industrial waste production in the industrial group of plastics and synthetic rubber in Guilan province and the conditions of resulting pollution. The results of this study show that the major industrial wastes identified in this group include plastic waste, paint cans, cardboard waste, paint powder, packaging strap, polymer waste, polymer sludge, wood waste, glass and carbon fiber waste. Plastic waste with 136.08 tons is the highest and paint powder with 0.04 tons is the lowest industrial waste produced in this group. The used oil with a total amount of 14092 liters per year is the only hazardous waste identified in this group. From the present study, it is concluded that the main management methods used in this industrial group are recycling and sales, but hazardous waste is not disposed of properly. The proposed method for used oil is refining.

Information about the heavy metals release from industrial solid wastes is important for more reliable management of their environmental hazards. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tissue of solid waste on the release of heavy metals from the steel smelting plant. After the investigation at the Khazar steel smelting (KSS) plant in Guilan province, its waste type, source, quantity and quality were characterized. The major wastes generated from the KSS plant were characterized to be the slag, furnace dust, and spent refractories. KSS solid wastes contained heavy metals in varying amounts, with the ranges of 1500-2200, 80–114, 6172-11100, 88-82, 48-29, 56-60, 4-14, 144-370 and 0.9-1.0 mg/kg−1 for Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co, Cd, Pb and As, respectively. The concentration of the iron was high in these wastes (109900-672000 mg/kg−1). The results confirmed the high concentration of heavy metals except for Arsenic. The TCLP results of the KSS dust and slag showed the almost all the heavy metals concentrations by the leaching test were lower than the detection limits except Fe (524.5-187.6 mg/kg-1) and Mn (14-10.10 mg/kg-1). According to the results, all the wastes generated by the KSS plant were reusable and recyclable.

Porphyrins are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (=CH−). Porphyrins have attracted much attention because of their unique structures and a wide spectrum of very useful physicochemical and biological properties, such as anion binding, stabilization of metal ions with unusual oxidation states, electron transfer, and construction of peculiar supramolecular assemblies. The synthesis of electroactive and water-soluble polymers were accomplished with water-soluble metal(III) porphyrins in the presence of a template. The polymerization by matelloporphyrin is simple (one-step), chemically mild, and environmentally benign and requires minimal separation. This approach provides a distinct advantage over similar reactions employing native enzymes due to higher stability and lower price of the catalysts.

Natural gas and crude distillates such as naphtha from petroleum refining are used as feedstocks to manufacture a wide range of petrochemicals that are in turn used in the manufacture of consumer goods. Petrochemical plants are typically large and complex, and the combination and sequence of products manufactured are often unique to the plant. Petrochemical plants generate significant amounts of solid wastes and sludges, some of which are hazardous because of the presence of toxic organics and heavy metals. A good practice target for a petrochemical complex is to reduce total organic emissions (including VOCs) from the process units to 0.6% of the throughput. In this paper a variety of control of air emissions techniques is has been studied. Petrochemical waste waters often require a combination of treatment methods to remove oil and other contaminants before discharge. For solid and hazardous wastes, combustion (preceded in some cases by solvent extraction) of toxic organics is considered an effective treatment technology for petrochemical organic wastes. Steam stripping and oxidation are also used for treating organic waste streams. The generation of sludges should be minimized. Wastes containing toxic metals should be stabilized before disposal.

Regarding to the variety of uses of steel in the world and widening its scope of application with the advancement of technology, steel production has changed to keep pace with advances in technology, following the changes; producers have tried to raise productivity and use of cheaper energy and fuels due to its geographical environment. There are the wastes in different stages of steelmaking (coke making, iron making and steelmaking). The generated wastes in this industry are with hazardous substances such as heavy metals, according to the classifications of the wastes, are classified as hazardous wastes. Therefore, identification and analysis and management of such waste in these industries are essential. The release of aforesaid hazardous wastes in nature can be had issues and problems for the environment and human health ultimately exceed the acceptable environmental conditions. The proper management of hazardous wastes in order to reduce and control pollution of the environment is utmost importance.

The synthesis of aniline/o-anisidine copolymer was described by enzymatically oxidative polymerization of aniline (An) and o-anisidine (As) using poly (sodium 4-styrene ulphonate) (SPS) as a template. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a catalyst with a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant at pH 4. 3 in 0. 01 M sodium phosphate buffer solution medium. The UV-vis spectra of An/As copolymer (1:1) exhibited more similarity to the spectral features of o-anisidine. To address the effect of monomer ratio in the synthesized copolymer, the polymerization was carried out in different ratios of o-anisidine to aniline. The resultant An/As copolymer was characterized by FTIR and UV-vis techniques. The results showed that the enzymatic polymerization produced a real copolymer containing aniline and o-anisidine units. The similarity of the UV-vis spectra of the copolymer to enzymatically synthesized poly (o-anisidine) confirmed that the amount of monomeric unit of o-anisidine was higher than aniline. This was due to a much higher reactivity of the former. Thus, as expected, this copolymer spectral characteristics were more similar to the enzymatically synthesized poly (o-anisidine). UV-Vis and FTIR spectra confirmed that the undoped form of An/As copolymer, unlike the chemically synthesizedد copolymer, has formed a complex with SPS. This biomimetic approach offered an unsurpassed easiness in the synthesis, processability, stability and environmental compatibility.