zainab khanjani

This study aimed to compare the effect of modified behavioral therapy, parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) and therapy based on mother and child's mentalization on the improvement of symptoms of the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Zanjan preschool children. The framework of this research has a quasi-experimental multivariate design with pre-test and post-test. The population of this study included all children (girls and boys) aged 5-7 years who lived in Zanjan province in 1399 and received a diagnosis of ODD. From the children referred to the clinic, 75 samples were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced in three equal groups (25 participants for each group). In this study, Child Symptom Inventory (1997) was used. Paired t-test results showed that all three methods were effective in reducing the symptoms of the disorder (p≤. 05). The results of Covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test showed that there was a difference between the three treatments in reducing the symptoms of ODD (p≤. 05). The Comparison of experimental groups showed that the difference between the means of the modified behavioral therapy group with parent-child interaction therapy (1.07 *) and the therapy based on mother and child's mentalization (1.64 *) was significant (P <. / 001); But the difference between the parent-child interaction therapy and the therapy based on mother and child's mentalization (./57) was not significant (P =. /13).

The purpose of this study was to predict risky behaviors based on emotional intelligence, sensation seeking, coping styles, and tolerance of ambiguity. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The population of the study consisted grade ten male students of Tabriz city and 320 students sampled by cluster sampling. To collect data, high-risk behavior questionnaire, a revised Shoutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, Mac-line Tolerance Scale, and Zuckerman's sensation seeking Scale were used. The results of this study showed that emotional evaluation, malice, problem-oriented coping style and tolerance of ambiguity play an important role in predicting high-risk behaviors. In other words, these variables negatively predict high-risk behaviors. Also, avoidance coping style and adventure also plays an important role in predicting high-risk behaviors. In other words, they can predict the risky behaviors positively. Mac-line Tolerance Scale, and Zuckerman's sensation seeking Scale were used. The results of this study showed that emotional evaluation, malice, problem-oriented coping style and tolerance of ambiguity play an important role in predicting high-risk behaviors. In other words, these variables negatively predict high-risk behaviors. Also, avoidance coping style and adventure also plays an important role in predicting high-risk behaviors. In other words, they can predict the risky behaviors positively.