جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بحران های زیست محیطی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

In recent decades, the phenomenon of climate change has been one of the major concerns of the world community, and measures have been taken in this direction. Among the most important of these measures is the adoption of the Climate Change Convention on May 9, 1992, followed by the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and the 2014 Paris Agreement. The main goal of this article is to explain the impact of climate change on the sovereignty of the national government and here the authority and sovereignty of Iran. The current research, by applying the descriptive-analytical research method and based on documentary and library studies, tries to answer the question, how does climate change affect the national sovereignty of Iran? The main hypothesis is that climate change has marginalized the traditional concept of national sovereignty and by creating internal crises with global and international consequences, it has influenced the decisions and processes of national governance and led to a kind of fluidity of governance at the global level. It becomes national, which requires global consensus. The results of the research show that the economic, socio-political and environmental effects of climate change in Iran have created many challenges for national governance in Iran and changed its form from a traditional state to a fluid state.

In 1397, the document of the basic Iranian Islamic model of progress was published along with a statement the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution was communicated to the main Iranian policy-making institutions, such as the expediency discernment council the government, the parliament and the Supreme Council. Since the document was drafted the country has been experiencing structural crises, in which the country is experiencing severe turmoil in the field of sound policy and needs a reliable upstream document that is also tolerable in critical situations. The power to create the path and give birth to get out of these crises is increasing. The present study compares different Iranian Islamic models of progress in the field of sustainable development and finally, with the aim of upgrading the structures of the Iranian Islamic model of progress in progress with various crises, with the help of augmentation, from adaptation. The Global Model of Sustainable Development and the Iranian Islamic Model of Progress will provide a strategic complement to promoting the model of progress. For this purpose, 56 measures of progress model and 169 micro-goals of sustainable development are divided into eight dimensions and then the amount of each of these Iranian indicators is determined. The results show that the amount of post-social and environmental payment in sustainable development is much higher than the Iranian Islamic model of progress. Homogeneous results and in the distribution of production indicators to measure progress in different types, can be considered the basis of this model.

Observing the spread of crises caused by climate change and the ineffectiveness of international efforts, including governments and environmental institutions affiliated to the United Nations and other environmental groups, in attracting the cooperation of governments to deal with climate change and environmental crises over several decades and current challenges of governments with lack of water, drought, flood, change of precipitation and biological patterns have caused the formation of an important issue that questions the reasons for the ineffectiveness of numerous international treaties on climate change. In this regard, in the present study, while addressing this issue, we have tried to answer the question, "How will the international efforts to shape international treaties and get the cooperation of governments to manage climate and weather changes be fruitful?" In this research, while accepting the experimental scientific method, explanatory and prescriptive goals are used, and our research strategy is deductive. The results of this research show that by correcting the scientific agenda and overcoming the limitations of the issue of power and paying attention to the cooperation rate offered in the international structure in accordance with the components defined in the Copenhagen security theory, international actions to deal with climate change will be effective.

During the last two decades, ie from the early 1990s onwards, a major concept has emerged within the framework of urban resilience called the institutional approach, which emphasizes the enhancement of institutional capacities. Institutional capacity includes a range of components at the individual, organizational, and group levels, and has largely evolved from an analytical concept to a prescriptive tool for locating regions and local levels on the path to resilience.In this research, using quantitative-survey and qualitative methods as well as a comparative study, to study and theoretically explain the institutional capacity and urban resilience against the earthquake crisis and evaluate and measure it in terms of the degree of proceduralization and customization in Decisions, actions and activities of urban institutions in a metropolitan area are discussed.The results of survey studies obtained from this model showed that in general, region one of Tehran metropolis does not have the desired resilience in terms of institution-based evaluation approach. The results also show that the rules index is in a better position than other indicators in the region and institutions have performed better in order to process this index.On the other hand, the results obtained according to the respondents show that the index of relations between people and organizations is in an unfavorable and low situation and relations in this field are very weak

Environmental economics studies have found a special status in current economic literature. In this paper, we analyze the capacities of conventional environmental economics in resolving environmental crises. Using an analytical approach, and considering the philosophical foundations of conventional environmental economics, this paper has conducted. The findings show that the theories of neoclassical environmental economics are based on three fundamental principles of materialistic quantity-oriented ontology, reductionist methodology, and utility-oriented axiology. Because of these three disputable foundations, these theories have often remained at the level of technical and engineering approaches, and as a result they cannot fully explain the environmental crises. Environmental policies based on these theories cannot resolve their roots fundamentally, due to the negligence towards the philosophical and moral roots of these crises. These findings may convey this message for studies in Islamic economics that, to solve environmental crises one must consider beyond materialistic, reductionist, and utility-oriented analyzes. Such an approach can restore the true dignity of nature and pave the way for a fundamental solution to environmental crises.

In this research, we are going to describe and analyze the visual texts in those banners and billboards that their main concern is to reduce two environmental crises, i.e. the water shortage and the air pollution. The banners and the billboards were installed by Tehran's municipality during 1393-94, and they were archived in the municipality's site. In the research, all the samples were analyzed, but due to some limitations, just six samples were chosen randomly and reported here. The main question of the research is how the visual texts in the banners and the billboards can help to reduce the environmental crises of the water shortage and the air pollution in Tehran via using the multimodality discourse analysis. In order to answer the question, Cheong (2004) was used. The research is descriptive- analytic, and its results show that some elements of the generic structure according to Cheong (2004) have not set properly in municipality's banners and billboards. The results demonstrate some deviants from Cheong's generic structure. In general, it is concluded that if some changes have been made to the setting of the elements, the viewers can decode the visual texts easily. In this case, the advertisers can reach their goals which are reducing the environmental crises. It is important to mention that this research is not taking into consideration the viewer's perspective.

One of the major structural and structural damage of Iran's management, especially in environmental matters Is Bureaucracy This is the case in times of environmental crises Cause Lack of initiative and timely response Has been From the macro management area. One can say that this is a global issue and there are several solutions for it which is one of the most effective initiatives in this field. The purpose of this article Is Review and analyze the role of NGOs In providing the ground for the participation of people away from stuck and administrative bureaucracy In order to manage the financial and geographical conditions of the environmental crises of Iranian metropolises. The main question of this article is that Due to the Inefficiencies of bureaucratic management in dealing with environmental crises in Iranian metropolitan areas How can people-public organizations manage the macroeconomic crisis of the country through the establishment of participatory management of the financial and geographic dimensions of the environmental crisis? In addition, the main question of other sub-questions is raised in this article what is the history of partner-driven management? And what are the views expressed in this regard? The findings of this paper show that Iranian metropolises face various environmental crises such as air pollution, vegetation and forest degradation, drought and ...That conventional government mechanisms have not only failed to manage them But because of the requirements of development and progress, and sometimes they have also exacerbated them. The research hypothesis is that NGOs can In contrast to the financial and budgetary constraints and the complex and slow structure of the state bureaucracy provide a collaborative model of management for the financial and geographic management of macroeconomic crisis in Iranian cities. Considering this introduction in this paper, using the qualitative research method and using library resources and scientific and research papers Will try To be paid Analyze and explain the role of NGOs In providing the ground for the participation of the people from the clutches of the administrative bureaucracy for the financial and geographic management of the environmental crises of the metropolises of Iran.

The present age, known as the explosion of information and the flourishing of knowledge and the spread of mass media, is the birth of events and countless events. Empowering and empowering media personnel can be discussed with regard to the crucial responsibility that clarifies and highlight issues of importance. Environmental crises at the international level require comprehensive pressures to prioritize country work programs. Environmental changes and increasing global competition have put staff empowerment at the heart of the attention of managers. Due to the ability of organizations to adapt and adapt themselves to changing, empowered, committed, skilled and motivated employees, researchers in this article emphasized the role of empowerment of media personnel in managing international environmental crises Seeking to reduce the negative effects of environmental crises on the Caspian Sea. It seems that the media can play an important role by creating appropriate cultural and social platforms in the direction of awareness and sensitivities to this critical issue, and by providing specific solutions for both crisis prevention and In order to reduce the toll caused by these crises in the region through awareness-raising and through informing the authorities.

Water is among the basic needs of human beings، without which life would be impossible on the earth. Today، water shortage is an important problem in many regions of the world. Accelerated growth of world population، especially in developing countries، absence of control over exploitation of water resources and excessive water consumptions can jeopardize human communities worldwide. Each country endeavors to tackle the water shortage problem based on its particular climatic conditions. Located in a semi-arid zone، Iran has always been exposed to a permanent hazard of water shortage. Accordingly، since long ago a wide range of methods have been applied to optimize use of water resources as well as tackle the water shortage plight. The Need to water is the main necessity of human and the shortage of water is considered as a serious crisis in the world. Because of the increasing growth of the world population particularly in developing countries and not controlling the amount of removal and irregular consumptions، this crisis seriously threaten human societies، especially in developing countries. According to lodgment of 56% of world population in cities and increasing process of urbanization in south countries، researchers believe in water shortage era، citizens from Beijing to Founics in USA will compete with farmers on the right of using water، so the pressure on limited water sources will be increased. In other words، the war of the next century will be over water not oil. On the other hand، one of the most important problems in urban planning scope is about spatial growth and development of city and the patterns. The pattern resulting from spatial distribution of human activities in cities as City Form or Shape is always changing، according to the dynamic and changing nature of urban areas. But the most unsustainable and unfavorable shape that cities have ever seen is the wide-spreading or horizontal expansion. Mashhad as the second megalopolis in Iran is selected as the case study of this survey. Thus، the main goal in this research is analysis of horizontal extension of Mashhad city over late decades and its effects on water resources. The main question is: what is the impact of horizontal expansion of Mashhad on quality and quantity of water resources. The research method in this study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques by the processing of satellite data and aerial photographs for land use within the city of Mashhad. The spatial data used in the research are aerial photographs for the years of 1956، the various bands of MSS and TM of Landsat satellite for the years of 1976، 1986 and 1996 and IRS-1D LISS III bands for 2006. Thus، the maps of the city of Mashhad in mentioned years were extracted using the ENVI application - to process satellite images- and ArcGIS as the geographic information system application. We also used SPSS application in order to analyze collected data. Analysis of the pattern of population density of Mashhad has indicated that this city used to grow slowly، both in spatial and demographic aspects، as in the first official census (1956) Mashhad had a population of 242000 people and an area of 16 square kilometers. In that era، this city was fairly compact and had rather high density (151 persons per hector). In the next periods of expansion، the growth rate of the city size exceeded the growth rate of the population as the population density of Mashhad decreased to 124 people per hector in 1966 and 85. 5 persons in hector in 1976. The extent of the city was 220 square kilometers in 1986 and the population density was 66. 5 persons per hector as the least. This pattern and the spatial pattern show dispersed growth، peripheral، exterior and disjointed expansion over different periods. The results show that the rapid and chaotic vertical growth of Mashhad and the disjointed expansion of urban and industry districts in suburb over the recent decade (1996-2006) cause environmental crisis، particularly scarcity of water recourses directly or indirectly. Since Mashhad is located in a semi-arid region، there are a large number of qanat (aqueduct) fields antecedently existed there and exploited for cultivation and drinking water uses. However، due to urban sprawl and the expansion of city construction، almost all these qanat ranges have essentially been destroyed. This paper initially allows a brief reference to qanats and their importance in Iranian cities. Then، urban sprawl and its expansion in Mashhad have been surveyed at different times. Maps of urban growth and qanats have been acquired and explained. Finally، alternative methods for providing water after the destruction of qanats and disadvantages of these systems have been presented briefly. As the resistance of the city decrease against disasters such as flood and the vulnerability of the city may increase because of impermeable surfaces and shifting of the watercourse، this may also disrupt supply of underground aquifers. There were about 162 aqueducts in Mashhad and suburbs; but as it gradually changed to arid up to 88 aqueducts، with a discharge of 10736 liter per second، because of the rapid growth of city. As now just two aqueducts (Emamiye and Ghasem Abad) with a discharge of 320 liter per second are survived that are used for urban uses. There are a lot of ruined spas، as now just one spa (with permanent the capacity to provide for a mere months) and two aqueducts have survived. The destruction of water resources sustainability and water crisis in the city caused application of new techniques such as deep wells and dams which are unstable. Indiscriminate exploitation of water resources and restoration of underground water lead to deepening of the wells to 28 meters to extract the underground waters over two recent decades. As a result، the city cannot survive by using existing resources. However، despite the already high costs for drinking water supply، the city still faces serious water shortages.

One of the current issues of industrial investments in the world is advent of various problems which the environmental catastrophe is one of the most common one triggering negative consequences and outcomes in the performance of industrial unit's activities. Presenting the model of green industrial clusters, in this research, we immersed to survey the combination of green marketing with industrial cluster to demonstrate techniques of overcoming the environmental crises of country. Since qualitative approach seemed suitable for various questions and objectives of the research, we utilized it for selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, reaching a conclusion and answering the research questions. The methods for collecting data were limited to discussions, documents and interviews. Since the method of sampling was purposeful, saturation theory was utilized for defining the size of sample. Experts from ministry of industries, mines and commerce, small industrial organization and firms in industrial towns of Iran were interviewed. Therefore, the results demonstrated that all three factors, namely, green productivity, technology of clean production, and green management, can provide a way to approach towards the green industrial cluster.

By the end of the 20th Century there was an international commitment, announced through forums and agreements made by the Global Society to overcome environment crisis. Yet such crisis still threat human beings. Universities and research institutes have implemented research; governments have prepared many national, bilateral and international conservation initiatives; and NGOs are doing participative cooperation, to conserve the environment; however, all effort has been futile. To find out the reason for this failure, an investigation was carried out regarding research paradigms used by universities and research institutes, since they are the ones that defuse research results with communities and peoples, helping them to be more useful to prevent environment crisis. This article suggests a transcendent paradigm, based on ethical and philosophical wisdom, including not only human thoughts, but also ideas presented by the Holly Quran, mysticism, ethics, and traditions, to be used to study the environmental crisis.

The advent of industrial revolution in Europe and Modern technology in human'slife led to many changes on the earth. These events which were along with the off takeand destruction of the natural resources all over the geographical regions of the globeled to deep changes on the earth. These changes in half second 20th century which werealong with the destruction of ozone, vast extinction of vital species, strong destructionof herbaceous strong reduction of natural resources caused Environmental crises.From the beginning, governments reacted against these events like other crises.They tried to restrain from much Environmental crises in national, regional anduniversal term by international meeting, manifesto issuance and different convention.These crises were so deep and vast that in addition to governments, parties and Nongovernmentorganizations such as "Green peace parties" were made all over the world.Near the end 20th century they could control the governments in some of the industrialcountries with expanding their activities and national acceptability.The aim of this essay is explaining the concepts of Environmental geopolitics anddiscovering whether these environmental crises will change to conflicts and crisesamong the nations of a country, in region countries and finally the universal areas.Also how Geopolitics and Environmental researchers can suggest guidelines to thegovernments and Non- Government organization in order to restrain from changingEnvironmental crises to security crises.The results of the research show that Environmental crises and strong reduction ofnatural resources will be the source of many national and regional confects in thefuture. More relations, consideration, national, regional and universal conflicts basedon these crises will come to existence.