آمریکا

Mohammad Reza Shah had placed the foundations of his power on the three pillars of the armed forces, the support network of the court and the extensive bureaucracy. With the increase in the price of oil, he started to equip the army to preserve the monarchy and realize his ideals. In this regard, the purchase of weapons from America and England made Iran the most important buyer at that time. The purchase of military weapons from these two countries during the second Pahlavi period made the military advisors get an excuse to be in Iran. The weakness of the Shah's government as well as the geographical location of Iran, which was important for the United States and England from a military and security point of view, caused the activities of those countries to appear in Iran in the form of the presence of military advisers. Therefore, examining the consequences of their presence in Iran is the main question of this article; which has been trying to be answered by descriptive-analytical method and by using library resources and documents. The findings of the present research show that the purchase of military weapons by the Shah had a direct relationship with the presence of military advisors in Iran, and the consequences of that were the involvement of American and British military advisors in Iran's political, military, and security affairs. Also, weapons purchases had an effect on other social and economic areas of the country.

When Qawam came to power in June 1301 A.H., the policy of entering America as a third force was placed on the agenda of Qawam's government. The result of this policy was Arto Millespo's dominance over Iran's economy. With Reza Shah's accession to the throne, the policy of expanding American influence began to decline, and in December 1314 A.H., it led to the termination of political relations between Iran and the United States. Although the relations between the two countries were re-established in December 1318 AH, it did not lead to the expansion of American influence. The events caused by Shahrivar 1320 A.H. caused Qavam to appear again in the sphere of politics. Qavam took effective steps in the third (August 1321-1321 AH) and fourth (February 1324-1326 AH) administrations in expanding the political, military and economic influence of America as the third force. The present research, benefiting from the historical research method based on analysis, aims to deal with the role of Qawam governments in the expansion of American influence in Iran, during the years 1301 AH to 1326 AH. A policy that first raised America as the third force in Iran and made it the most influential country in Iran after the coup d'état on August 28, 1332 AH. The basic finding of the current research shows that after Shahrivar 1320 AH/1941 AD, with the aim of preventing the growth of communism, Qawam al-Sultaneh played a major role in the entry of America into the foreign policy scene

many researchers and political and historical researchers, and various views have been presented in this regard. In the meantime, the Enghelabe Eslami newspaper, which was published by Abul Hassan Bani Sadr and his like-minded people at the beginning of the victory of the Islamic Revolution, has also paid attention to this issue, and the origins of the war have also been considered from the perspective of this newspaper. This research focuses on this issue and tries to answer the question in this regard, what reasons did the Enghelabe Eslami newspaper pay attention to as the roots of the Iran-Iraq war?The hypothesis of the research is that Enghelabe Eslami newspaper is a projection of the American and Israel conspiracies on the one hand and the goals and desires of Saddam Hussein and the Baath party to destroy the Iranian revolution, in order to deal with internal challenges and... The main reasons for the war have been pointed out. The authors will answer this question by using analytical-descriptive method.

Mashhad as the capital of Khorasan province in Qajar period held a high status in terms of economic and commercial issues, so that the city can be considered a big port in the northeast of Iran for goods import and export. Considering the great commercial capacity of Mashhad, some American trading houses and companies that were active in importing American products and exporting goods from Iran, settled in Mashhad. Focusing on new discovered documents, this descriptive-analytical study sought to see what American trading houses entered in Mashhad trade market in the late Qajar dynasty and which goods they traded in Mashhad. Taking into account the lack of resources and taking a detailed approach, the findings showed that most important American trading houses and companies active in Mashhad were Shargh Carpet Company, Tavshanchian Carpet Company, Gharehgazian Company, and Singer Corporation. Examining the commercial status of Mashhad, the companies imported various kinds of fabrics, sewing accessories, sewing machines and other kinds of machines into Mashhad, and exported such goods as carpets, dried fruit, opium, animals’ guts, wool, cotton, and tragacanth to America. Most of the exports were raw materials.

Shapour Bakhtiar was one of the figures who, despite having privileged positions during the ups and downs of his life, some aspects of his private life and performance are still unsaid and placed in an aura of ambiguity. An example of this can be found in his activities and actions after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this article is to describe and explain his actions to destroy the Islamic Republic. The main question of the article is what actions did Shapour Bakhtiar take after leaving Iran in the face of the Islamic Republic of Iran? It is a descriptive-analytical research method and a method of collecting library information. The findings of the research show that Bakhtiar's actions took place in several stages. Laying the groundwork for chaos and anarchy in Iran, especially the border areas, destroying the Khuzestan oil pipelines, creating terror in Tehran through multiple explosions, launching publications, magazines and radio stations, broadcasting leaflets against the Islamic Republic, cooperating with the opponents of the republic. Islamic like the Baath regime of Iraq and the opposition Kurds are among the results of this research.

Following the industrial revolution and developments in America, Iranians began to look for the reason for the growth and progress of this country. One of the topics they followed was the emerging technologies in this country, including the electricity industry. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical approach and interpretation of press texts and unpublished documents, aims to analyze how Qajar period Iranians encountered electricity technology in America and to make it clear that Iranians during the Qajar period entered America for the knowledge and electrical industry. What challenges did the country face? The results of the research show that the intellectuals reflected the progress of the electricity industry in America in their writings within the framework of critical discourse. They realized that in order to compensate for Iran's backwardness in this field, electricity technology should be imported from America to the country. On the other hand, the tourists who had traveled to America, by observing the scientific and technical progress and understanding its fundamental effects on the transformation of this country, on the necessity of modernizing Iran with They emphasized the use of American science and technology, this goal was pursued more seriously by the political elites in order to directly and indirectly provide the way for the introduction of this technology that would lead to the progress of the Iranian society, but in this way there were obstacles that caused the electric technology and New principles did not enter Iran under the teachings of American experts and engineers, and their efforts were only limited to familiarizing Iranians with the importance of the electrical industry and its role in the evolution of America, which of course was considered a very important thing in those times.

One of the most important challenges and debates raised in the works and documents of Iran's post-constitutional elites has been the discussion about American economic developments, especially in oil industry. After the initial discovery of oil in Iran during the period of Muzafar al-Din Shah Qajar, we witnessed the emergence of Political elites who gradually wanted to rely on the American model (as a third force) if progress in this field and  to use these methods and appriaches for the development of iran. This  present article is written with a historical approach and based on the interpretation of press texts and unpublished documents, tries to clarify how progressives and media groups managed to convince government officials to take advantage of in the oil industry as a model. Documents and debates  show that Iranians,  following the constitutional revolution the writtings of  the modernists became aware of the prosperity and flourishing of American oil industry and its impact of  the country's economy, thes awarness, in turn caused the scientific and political elites to  realise more  than ever  the ignorance of Iranians in the field  of oil industry and the chaotic situation of  management their underground resources.  In thid way, while adopting  comparative approaches about achievements of America and Iran  began criticized and writing critical texts to influence the Iranian polititians and statemen.  the statemen of iran were affected by the atmosphere of modernist writings and sought to  obtain information and understand the importance of this issue, so  that with the help of their diplomats in America, they took practical steps to emulate and bring  Americans achievements to Iran.

Ali Amini entered different fields of politics during his life. Due to his political position, he was noticed by America and because of this, he became the prime minister with the support of America. He took important actions during his chancellorship. Land reform, which was a program from Kennedy, the president of the United States, was entrusted to him, and this caused him to have more troubles with the Shah. Because the king wanted to make these reforms for his own benefit. So, when Amini was trying to implement reforms, Mohammadreza Pahlavi was trying to finish his land reforms in his name during his travel to America. As a result, the continuation of reforms fell into the hands of the Shah and Amini was dismissed. The purpose of this article is to analyze the political conflicts between Mohammad Reza Shah and Ali Amini. The question of the current research is why Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was afraid of the American support for Amini and tried to prevent land reforms in the name of Amini? The findings of the research show that the Shah was afraid of the great power of Amini and fear of losing the monarchy and tried to preserve his power. The method of gathering resources in this research is the use of documents and library resources.

"Influence" is one of the strategies of exercising power, which was applied in hard and semi-hard forms in the old ages and in the new age in a soft form by one country against another country or by a person or a group on another person or group. In this article, the researchers intend to investigate the American security influence during the Pahlavi period in line with the Jihad of explanation. The research question is based on the basis of what was the American security influence during the Pahlavi period? To achieve this goal, the research with a descriptive-analytical method based on a qualitative model with an explanatory approach of wise and structural-causal authority, first of all, the axes and examples of the American security influence in the Pahlavi period based on convincing documents and documents are considered and analyzed. The findings of the research indicate that America has focused on the authority of power in the country i.e. the king in order to influence the security field of this period due to the dictatorial government structure where most of the power is in the hands of the ruler and by influencing and dominating this; so the authority of power uses two intelligence and security institutions of the country (SAVAK and the army's counter-intelligence) for its goals and interests in Iran and the West Asia region.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States of America had the most advanced economy in the world. This issue did not escape the sharp eyes of the Iranian intellectuals and modernists of the Qajar period, and they followed with exemplary obsession how the economy of this new country flourished. The current research tries to answer these questions by using unpublished archival documents in Iran: How did the intellectuals and progressives introduce the economy and finance of America? What results did these findings have for Iran? And to what extent did the First World War play a role in increasing or decreasing commercial and financial exchanges between Iran and the United States? The findings of this study, which is based on the analytical descriptive method, show that the intellectuals, in order to show the importance of American trade, in the first step compared the exploitation of underground resources in America and Iran with a critical view, and in this way, the importance and necessity of expanding trade relations with this country. warned the officials of the Iranian government. Further, in their reports, they showed the desirable state of American trade during the First World War and the years after the war compared to other countries in the world.

By recognizing the Israel regime occupying Jerusalem (de facto and unofficially), the Pahlavi government exposed itself to severe criticism from internal opposition forces and some countries in the region, so it hid all kinds of economic, military and political relations with the Israeli regime from the eyes of the people. The important issue in this research is the reflection of the opinions of the representatives of the National Council (Parliament), the reasons and motivations for the confidentiality of bilateral relations. The main question is, “what were the positions of the representatives of the 22nd National Council towards Israel?” Using qualitative studies and document review, the current research tries to test the hypothesis that the causes of the convergence of the Pahlavi government and the occupying regime of Quds, which were non-Arab regimes supporting American interests in the region, were compensating for the lack of a popular base, acquiring Israeli weapons, and confronting the Arabs. Radicalism for the Pahlavi government and exit from political and economic isolation was legal recognition for the Zionist regime. Referring to the negotiations of the 23rd session of the National Council, many representatives did not consider any other role for the New Iran Party to protect its interests and policies in order to strengthen the Pahlavi government, except by condemning Israel as a usurper country. One of the reasons for secrecy can be mentioned to prevent any possible reaction from domestic opponents and extremist Arab countries.

For a long time, Iran's geopolitical position has attracted the attention of policy makers of many countries. In the meantime, one of the countries that seeks political and cultural relations with Iran has been the United States. The change in the general policies of the United States after the First World War made this country come out of political isolation and present itself as a superpower in the world arena. In the second half of the 19th century, America decided to expand its cultural relations with the world, including the Middle East. At this point, cultural relations between America and Iran were completely separated from political relations; But during the second Pahlavi period, American cultural goals were completely in line with the foreign policy principles of this country. The establishment of cultural institutions in Iran, including the Iranian-American Association, was to achieve these goals. Therefore, the effort and direct cultural activities of America through the association to find a way to approach the youth can be considered as one of the areas of control of the education and training system; Therefore, the current research is trying to explain this issue using a historical method based on archival documents and reports and using a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the research show that the American cultural programs in the form of the Iranian-American Association were completely consistent with the American foreign policy in Iran to influence the educational and academic levels of the country.

The discovery of the United States, or “Yengi donya” as the Iranians call it in the Qajar era, is one of the most important events in world history, which affected many people around the world. Iran was one of the countries that realized the importance of the new world during the Qajar period.This article with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the press and unpublished documents seeks to answer these questions that how was the phenomenon of mass immigration to the United States reflected in Iran after the discovery of this continent by Christopher Columbus? What were the reasons and consequences of this migration and did it lead to the migration of Iranians to the United States?The findings of the research indicate that following the discovery of the American continent, tens of thousands of immigrants from all over the world immigrated to this country due to the effective policies of the American government and attractive factors such as the presence of fertile land, the discovery of gold mines, freedom and democracy, and became a source of huge transformation.These developments and rapid transformations in the United States were strongly noticed by Iranian intellectuals, newspapers and diplomats, so that by reflecting these materials, they introduced the members of the society to the benefits of immigrating to America and in general, how and why to immigrate to this country.

The expansion of Iran's relations with the West and the increase of the Iranians' awareness of the scientific and technical achievements of Western countries during the Qajar period caused the tendency of many enlightened thinkers and journalists to acquire new technologies. One of these Western countries was the United States, which was moving rapidly in the direction of development and progress. In this article, an attempt has been made to analyze the progress of America in the field of rail and railway industry, its reflection in the thought of the reformers of the Qajar period and its consequences in Iranian society, for the first time, implementing a descriptive-analytical method and using unpublished works and documents. The question is, despite Iran's desire to model American railways, what causes and factors prevented the investors of this country from entering Iran. The findings of the research indicate that although Iranians were familiar with railways through Europe from the Nasser period, the significant quantitative and qualitative development of the American rail network and trains drew the attention of the Iranian press to this country. In such a way that soon America was considered as the only model for the creation and development of railways. The current research also shows how Iranian statesmen tried to acquire this new technology, negotiating with the country's ambassadors and sending a special representative to America during the Mozafaruddin Shah period and trying to conclude a contract. Although these efforts failed for various reasons, it revealed the importance of the railway to Iranians more than ever.

American industrial and technological advances, especially in the maritime industry throughout the nineteenth century, were rapidly noticed in different parts of the world, including Iran, and immersed various intellectual groups in thought.In this article, we intend to examine for the first time the evolution of the American maritime industry and its impact on the economy of this country from the perspective of Iranian progressives of the Qajar period and then to answer the question of whether the efforts of dissidents of this period to awareness of the American maritime industry to the Iranians were successful or not? The method of writing and compiling the present article has been done with an explanatory approach and relying on the press and unpublished documents.The findings of the study indicate that Iranians from the middle of the Nasserite period through a geographical text, especially publications, gained a relatively comprehensive knowledge of the American shipping industry and they concluded that the United States was superior to other Western nations in the field of navy. This issue, on the one hand, and the country's lack of political ambition in Iran, on the other, led to that intellectuals and progressives mentioned the United States the best role model in the shipping industry, and with the help of Iran's political representatives in Washington, they tried to pave the way for the entry of US naval achievements into Iran..

One of the topics that increasingly draw the attention of rulers and modernists during the Qajar period and after the defeats of Iran by Russia concerned the military and weapons. During this period, they came to the conclusion that in order to compensate for Iran's backwardness, Western scientific and technological advances must be achieved. One of the countries that received special attention after the Constitution was the United States. The present descriptive-analytical study by relying on the press and unpublished documents, sought to shed light on the tools and elements through which the Iranians become acquainted with US military weapons, and the effect this knowledge had on the Iranian military arena. The findings of the study indicate that the Iranian press and political representatives in Washington at that time reported extensively on the country's armed and military achievements and developments, convincing many Iranian politicians and modernists that the United States was the right model for Iran to consider and, and to prefer this country to other European countries to buy military weapons, recruitment of specialists and advisers, and sending students to study in military fields.

One of the salient features of the Cold War was the cultural rivalry between the Eastern and Western blocs. To dominate different countries, instead of pursuing a direct policy and using military force, the Soviet Union and the United States sought to penetrate the civil society through cultural instruments and by focusing on people’s thought. In this campaign, the United States managed to dominate the civil society of developing countries by means of music, film, fashion, book publishing, and by instilling the idea of ​​democracy and liberalism, and thus became the hegemonic power. In the field of publication, Franklin Book Program, by establishing numerous branches in many developing countries, transformed the book publishing industry, and managed to influence the civil society of these countries and capture the cultural arena. The findings of the present descriptive-analytical study, based on historical documents, show how the US hegemony in Iran was developed by relying on the publishing industry. In addition, this research sees the activities of the Franklin Book Program in Iran and the world in the context of a macro-cultural competition in the international sphere.

Iranians became acquainted with Western American civilization and culture during the Qajar period. During this period, the United States was able to make great strides, especially in the field of communication technology, and astonished the world, especially Iranians. In this regard, Iranian thinkers began to analyze American inventions in the field of technologies such as telegraph and telephone and how they were developed. The increase in information and awareness of the astonishing achievements of the Americans and the subconscious comparison between the situation in Iran and this country raised many questions about the causes of the huge rift between the two countries. In this article with a historical approach and relying on the press and unpublished documents tries to examine how progressives are exposed to new American technologies such as telegraph and telephone, and to answer the question of whether Iranians awareness of US communications achievements had any consequences or not? The findings of the study hypothesize that intellectuals, especially from the Nasseri period, have reflected the most knowledge about American changes in the field of communication and suggested the idea of ​​benefiting from these advances. Following these reports, Iranian political representatives in Washington and government officials, on the one hand, sought to attend American technology conferences and employing telegraph advisers from the country and on the other hand, they took important steps to learn about the achievements of the United States in the field of telegraph and telephone through modeling, concluding contracts, and sending students to this country

The American cultural system, especially the development of the country's scientific centers, was one of the most prominent issues that was considered by Iranians, especially intellectuals, during the Qajar period. In their exploratory perspective, they analyzed this issue and explained in detail the role and position of categories such as books and book reading in this country. In this regard, the author seeks an answer to the following questions: From the point of view of Qajar Iranians, what was the place of books and book reading in the United States? How much did the US government care about it and what policies did it pursue? what are the practical consequences for Iran of the growing knowledge of reformists and Iranian political elites about these scientific centers? this article with descriptive-analytical method based on the press and unpublished documents shows that progressives, especially from the Nasseri period, were well aware that one of the reasons for the rapid progress of the United States is the high position of science and cultural centers. With a critical and comparative look, on the one hand, they mentioned factors such as the will and large investment of the US government in supporting authors and the development of libraries, the general public acceptance of book publishing, etc. for the transformation of American books and libraries, and on the other hand By submitting these reports, they were able to persuade Iranian government officials to emulate the United States and expand scientific and cultural ties with that country.