اجتماعی

The purpose of this study was to examine two perspectives, namely natural-climactic and social in the formation and emergence of Kharijite and the notion of transgression in the Islamic realm, and in particular, the Arabian Peninsula as well as its consequences in the formation of political, social and religious developments of the early Islam. Although it seems that the Kharijites were formed against Imam Ali during the Battle of Siffin (657) and on the grounds that “judgment belongs only to Allah”, the history of transgression pre-dates Islam among the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, and natural-climatic conditions as well as social conditions were influential in the emergence of the thinking that led to the formation of the Kharijite sect in the Islamic world later in the first century AH. The influence of the Kharijite sect in the political and social developments of the early centuries AH, which initially functioned as a political sect and gradually transformed into a theological sect, and the influence of their beliefs in the theological discussions of the early Islamic centuries highlights the significance of studying the factors involved in the formation and emergence of this sect in the Islamic realm

The reign of Fath Ali Shah (1250-1212 AH) coincided with scientific and industrial developments in the world. Iranian society had not emerged from its tribal and tribal framework and had not been introduced to new manifestations, civilizations, and phenomena. It was from the middle of Fath Ali Shah's reign onwards that Iran became acquainted with European civilization and culture, and this acquaintance increased through exchanges with Europeans and neighboring countries. A group of agents, aware of the developments in the West, concluded that the technical and scientific progress of the Europeans had given them superiority and that Iran would be able to succeed if it undertook reforms. The question is how educational, cultural, and social developments during this period contributed to the formation of modern Iran and whether this acquaintance was fruitful or not? The present study seeks to answer this question using an analytical-comparative method. Studies have shown that educational, social, and cultural developments during the Qajar period paved the way for national awakening and ultimately led to the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of modern Iran. These developments were not only effective in improving public awareness and knowledge, but also provided the necessary infrastructure for the country's development in the coming years.

Social history" is one of the famous branches in historical studies and this article seeks to present a definition of it. The "nature" of social history in historical studies has always been the focus of scholars in the field, while examining this with a conceptual and theoretical approach can provide a basis for an accurate understanding and also a conceptual framework for those who think about it; because the breadth of the field and its lack of definition has always caused misunderstandings. Having said that, the importance of social history demands more attention to such researches. This research seeks the question of “what social history is?”. To answer the question, we will try to present a history of the rise of social history and the afore-mentioned approach in historical studies, so that the concept of this interdisciplinary knowledge becomes more apparent. In this article, after presenting the definitions and a history of social history, the main streams of social history and its disciplines and sub-disciplines that constitute it, together with the constituent elements of social history, as well as the positions of scholars against these elements, have been examined

The position of "Sheikh al-Islam" was used for the first time at the end of the fourth century of Hijri in Khorasan. In the following periods, this position was continued, but the height of its fame and authority was during the Safavid period, when it had the highest religious position. In addition to the government center, there was a counterpart of "Sheikh al-Islam" as the highest religious authority in other important cities. Although this post lost its former importance and status during the Zandiya and Afshariya periods, but with the rise of the Qajar dynasty, it became important again and played an important role in the government and society. "The role and position of Sheikh al-Islam in the structure of the Qajar government as well as its position and function in society" is considered as the ambiguity and problem of this research. The upcoming research aims to answer the question of the researcher with a descriptive-explanatory method and using unpublished documents such as decrees, envelopes, etc. The topic of this research is one of the new and original topics that have been less discussed so far and an attempt has been made to get a direct and immediate knowledge of the title and position of Shaykh al-Islami, which was one of the defining positions not so long ago, by using documents. In the social and religious hierarchy of Iran, it was considered to be given.

In Iran, the transmission of culture and civilization was the responsibility of educational institutions that have undergone changes over time. Tabriz was noteworthy in the ninth century in terms of scientific and educational centers. The purpose of writing this article is to investigate the socio-cultural impact of the ninth century educational institutions of Tabriz during the Qara Quyunlus and Aq Quyunlus. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results show that schools were the most important scientific centers of the ninth century. In this course, theological sciences, mathematics, philosophy and religious sciences were taught. In scientific activities, after the Mongol invasion, the fanatical spirit of favoring the Sunni religions disappeared, and philosophical and Shiite sciences flourished, and the ground for the exchange of opinions and the exchange of ideas was provided. Tabriz schools and educational institutions in the ninth century AH caused the growth and excellence of cultural and social consciousness among the people of that era and in the transition of the fanatical and petrified society that was the result of many years of Mongol rule over Iran towards social excellence and growth role Played an important .

Folk medicine in the Safavid period was influenced by several epistemological, cultural and social contexts. On the one hand, the long-lasting established historical, intellectual and cultural traits established the status of the Iranian society of the Safavid era as a pre-modern society. On the other hand, the occurrence of some political, social and cultural changes in this period influenced the cultural situation, the system of beliefs, worldviews, norms and actions of the social classes in the context of everyday life. These two major components directly and indirectly affected the state of folk medicine in this period. It is hypothesized that the folk medicine of the Safavid period is affected by some factors, such as the mythic nature of the society, reliance on pre-modern cosmology, the predominance of foreign sciences and approaches based on astrology, the spread of superstition and also the structural state of science. Using an analytical approach, the author tries to explain which of the epistemological, cultural and social factors highly affected the folk medicine in the Safavid era?

Khorshid Banoo is one of the most important progressive and modernist women of the 13th century AH / 19th century AD in Qarabagh region. His family situation caused his life to be tied to politics, willingly or unwillingly. Khorshid Banoo's childhood and adolescence coincided with the political and military turmoil and tensions in the region, especially in Karabakh, which led to her tendencies towards modernity and modernism. The pursuit and understanding of modernity in various social, cultural and literary aspects of Qarabagh by a woman and a prince is significant and important, which will be addressed in this study. In this research, we try to answer the questions of how modernity ideas were created in Khorshid Banoo and what role did Khorshid Banoo play in the social, cultural and literary modernity of Karabakh? Findings show that acquaintance with different personalities in the idea of ​​modernity through his numerous trips to various cities in the Caucasus, especially Tbilisi, as well as his family situation has had a major impact on the modernization of the Karabakh region. Despite many problems, Khorshid Banoo's activities in creating civic institutions, civilizations and the flourishing of literature have had a major impact on increasing the cultural and social level of the Karabakh community.

In the early years of the monarchy of Pahlavi and the implementation of the imitation reform of Reza Khan, the story of the story, the novel and novel novelty were more exquisite, But to Tridge and with the detection of deficiencies and shortcomings of these reforms in this period, the literature and literary type of the novel became a tool for criticizing the situation of that time. Reza Shah in this era, which experienced the country of tradition to modernity, tried to formate political, social, economic, economic, and educational areas of the country with the formation of a powerful and strong state and Western countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the historical social events of Pahlavi events in the works of Fictionali Ahmad, which has been done by library and analytical method. The result of the research shows that the amendment measures of the Pahlavi kingdom in different areas of the country resulted in various effects and reactions. Among the literary texts, especially the novel, due to its particular structure and characteristics, this situation reflects this situation. In this perspective, the works of Fictionalities Al-Ahmad well reflected the social, political and cultural situation of this period.

the political and social viewpoints of orientalists over imam ali have many fluctuations and challenges . german and english composers as the pioneers of islam in general tried to analyze the character and position of imam ali material and free from religion . according to the fact that the world of islam and the existing resources are first dominated by jamaat - e - islami , and the shiite sources of distortion or trust have been trusted , mainly we have witnessed biased and biased results . orientalists , on one hand , consider imam ali as an opposition of the central government and has anti - secular thought .on the other hand , few of the orientalists have succeeded in avoiding the influence of personal , national and religious emotions and also study and study the movement . the purpose of this research is comparative study of political positions on social and political situation of hazrat ali ( peace be upon him ) and study of intellectual foundation and practical approach of them . in this research , we try to answer these questions by an analytical and explanatory approach : how was orientalists " s political perception of imam ali 's policy ? how has the intellectual foundations of imam ali ( peace be upon him ) have been ? the prevailing assumption is that , according to the existence of prominent scholars and the great islamic - shiite institute , they have tried

One of the ways of divine help to his prophets is through outstanding companions within the same community and nation which that prophet was raised. In the case of the Holy Prophet of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) there were also a number of his relatives and friends who played a prominent role in supporting that Prophet in conveying his mission and establishing Islam. Among these prominent people, we can mention Hamza Sayyid al-Shuhada, the dear uncle of the Messenger of God. This outstanding character, especially after converting to Islam, played an effective role in defending the Holy Prophet and establishing and spreading Islam. Considering the social position and prestige as well as the personal characteristics and abilities of Hazrat Hamza (PBUH), his role in political and social aspects, especially in the field of jihad and military defense of the Prophet and Muslims is very prominent. This article seeks to take a brief look at this matter and explore a part of it.

The fifth and sixth centuries (AH) were brilliant periods in the scientific development of the Islamic societies. Shiite scholars also participated in this process. Shiite elites, based on their jurisprudential frameworks and adopting moderation policy, have played roles in various levels of the government. They have taken important steps in the fields of knowledge (education, educating students, and compilation of books), the development of the related institutions (establishing schools) and promoting Shiite religion. As a result of these activities, the rise of the Shiite religion began during this period. This article examines the social and political contexts of the growth of Shi'ites' scientific endeavors in the Seljuk era to answer the question of how the Shi'ite scholars' scientific endeavors increased despite the Seljuks' religious policy in favor of the Sunni sect. Based on the available data, it is assumed that the emergence of the new issues and the need to face some intra-religious and inter-religious challenges, as well as some signs of crisis in the thinking system of the Islamic community at the time, underpinned the Shiites' motivation for their scientific endeavors.

After the ghajaraghamohamad khan which was the founder of this dynasty, by the interference Rassia and England onone hand and the lack of the powerful kingon the other hand the situation of the Qajar gover nmentwas disrupted so that Qajar shah was not able to institute security within the community. Despite the lack of regular army and the presence of indigent forces and tribesmen in the Qajar army, so far as expected, did not meet security objectives. For these reasons, Qajar leaders argued to calm down the Qajar crisis -hit community, which suffers from irritable turmoil by divergent activities in the religious, social, economic, and military use of the budget. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the contribution of the Qajar government in religious, social, economic and ... differences in Qajar period in the Iranian society, and the researcher is to examine the subject through a descriptiveanalytical method based on library information.

Shah Abbas I used the specialization of lands, which had begun since his predecessors in a limited form, in order to improve the country's conditions and centralization. His successors continued this manner in spite of some devastating outcomes of it, as in Shah Abbas II era, the specialization of lands was expanded. This study seeks to answer this question: "why did the specialization of lands increase upward in Shah Abbas II period?" This is an historical research which has been done in library method .The results shown the greed and compulsion of rulers of states and consequently the continued complaints of residents in these states, wasting of the proceeds, the increasing necessity of the court to the financial resources, preventing the power seeking and rebel]]]lion of Ghezelbash authorities, centralization, rapid supply of the provisions in natural disaster, removing the oppression and improving the people conditions have been among the social, economic and political grounds which provoke Shah Abbas II to develop and continue the specialization of lands .

Certainly, tourism in the modern era as a profitable source of economic growth and development of any country is the investigation of the industry and economically an overview of the capabilities desired destination offers And development will be very important in the development of tourist destination The most important resource of any country is its human resource development and the role of women in the tourism industry. Nowadays, rural tourism an important role in socio-economic development of villages And can be economic independence, empower women and create new job opportunities village play an important role. The aim of this study is to identify the strengths, challenges, and strategies for the development of tourism in the empowerment of rural women entrepreneurship and influence and increase their income in the study area .This cross-sectional study, including research, whose survey method using questionnaires and surveys have been conducted. Asastyd validity and reliability using the Cronbach's alpha was calculated. Information collected by means of statistics analysis software Spss were analyzed. The findings show that there are obstacles to entrepreneurship, and considerable potential areas such as natural attractions, historical and human capabilities for development of entrepreneurship there.
This current research master's thesis Qeshm Institute of Higher Education as the role of tourism in the development of women's entrepreneurship and long slope behind the village pond is.

Hitler's invasion of Poland in World War II, the Persian date Shahrivar 1318 S / M began in September 1939. However, Iran was engaged in war, and this results in the country. Internal affairs of Iran during World War II to the social, political, economic and military divide. Some of these problems are a direct result of the war and occupation by others, thus presence of foreign troops in the country. Sudden influx Allied Army of Iran, created grave concern over the country looking for a string of accidents caused by the influx affairs often went out of the chaos and insecurity, deteriorating economic situation, the question The bread and food, and how to communicate with a foreign government, nation created many problems.The next events will affect.

The first Iranian inhabitants of Anatolia date back to the establishment of the Ottoman state in the 14th century. After the Safavid-Ottoman battles which resulted in the annexation of the Arabic territories to the Ottoman Empire, there was a rise in the number of the Iranians who went on pilgrimage to Iran and Hejaz. Since the beginning of the 18th century and in the wake of Iran-Ottoman bloody battles, trade obstacles were removed and the trade routes, which had been barred for more than two centuries, were opened. As a result, the majority of Iranian merchants used Asia Minor trade routes instead of those in the Persian Gulf and Russia. The trade activities through Asia Minor routes made the intermediary merchant settle in the Ottoman Empire.From the very beginning, the Iranian community living in the Ottoman Empire was at odds with the policies exerted by the Ottoman rulers. During the Safavid dynasty, the hostility between the two countries was reflected in the status of Iranian community living in the Ottoman territory. During the rule of the Qajars, the rights of Iran as an Islamic country was recognized semi-officially in the Ottoman Empire, a situation which had a huge impact on the Iranian diaspora in the Ottoman territories.Perusing the huge amount of documents pertaining to that era, its seems that Iranian community in the Ottoman Empire was mainly exposed to the following difficulties: 1- excruciating unfair taxes on Iranian pilgrims in the Ottoman territoty, 2- imposing a ransom (Jazzieh) on Iranians who were considered among the ‘Zemme’ community, 3- expropriation of the deceased Iranians in the Ottoman territory, 4- Issuing decrees on inviting the Iranians to the Asgari sect, 5- banning the marriage of Iranian men to Ottoman women. The paper seeks to assess the five axes mentioned above through referring to Iranian and Ottoman resources and authentic resources and analyze the Ottoman policy towards these issues and finally study the impact of Iran-Ottoman relations on the Iranian diaspora in Istanbul.

The history of interaction between the Iranian and Turkish elements in Iraq dates back to the age of Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid caliphs employed Turkish slaves, as a counterpart for Iranian bureaucrats, to create proportionate political atmosphere in their caliphate court. Despite the passing of many centuries, Iraq turned out to be a land where Iranian and Turkish policies went through phases of encounter, rivalry and occasionally cooperation.Nowadays, with the sweeping change in Iraqi political system and the collapse of Baghdad, those old relations has started to resurface once again. The article seeks to study the closest historical period in the light of archived documents and prepare a report on the current status of relations.