جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اروپا" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The development of freeways in recent years has removed many historical routes and smaller cities from the country's passenger transportation cycle and harmed their economy. The necessity of protecting and revitalizing these routes is to know the talents and attractions in them. Since most of the country's roads were formed in the last century on the basis of the road network during the Qajar period, the historical sources of this period provide a better understanding of these routes. These sources are divided into two main European and Iranian categories. The extraction of appropriate geographical data from Iranian sources cannot be compared to the reports of European agents equipped with modern knowledge and tools. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the role of the reports of the European agents in the understanding of Iran's routes during the Qajar period, focusing on the Malayer-Borujerd route, which has been carried out by the historical analysis method and using first-hand sources from libraries and archives. The results show that the detailed reports of the European agents, besides being very different in the quality of the introduction of this route, have introduced another route by crossing the telegraph line as the main route, which is not mentioned in Iranian sources and is the shortest in terms of the distance, and rich in terms of natural and historical attractions. This can apply to many other parts of the country and be the subject of future research.

In explaining the causes of convergence inUnion Europehave been proposed several theories.Some of the theories have been of direct effect the convergence experience of Europe in the 1950s and 1960s. Each of these theories have Exhibiting analysis of Different and even contradictory of structural and institutional convergence Europe nature, And political, social and economic Conditions that needs and opportunities for consolidation, continuity and development thisprocess.in this way, the Neo-Functionalismhave helped to understand the issue, over other theories, Because it have takenmany of your assumptions and hypotheses from The direct experience of integration in Europe. In this study well Paid to discuss the factors affecting the convergence Europe, and this Question that Why do their countries will restrict their sovereignty, and Assignments to a supranational center. The research method is descriptive-analytic and used of Documentaries and library of resources. Finally, the results indicate that, on one hand, Parties, elites and interest groups and the other external pressures and environmental, And also the political and step by step accelerate, are Factors affecting the integration of Europe Union.

Reports point out that during diplomatic contacts and trade ties between Iranand the West during the Safavid era, cultural and artistic exchanges have alsooccurred, whose scope though was not vast. These travels and the traveloguereports resulting thereof, have reflected the various dimensions of the Iraniancivilizational aspects and introduced them to the Europeans; as they have alsorevealed some of the civilizational aspects of Europe to Iran for comparision andadaptation sake. The goal of this paper is looking into the manifestations andforms of cultural and artistic interactions between Iran and Europe during theSafavid era, using the descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the researchindicate that the expansion of Iran/Europe ties in this period, also trigerred somesorts of cultural and artistic interaction, leading to Iranians getting familiar withsome of the Europeans cultural and artistic aspects in painting, music, and otherspheres and this made some developments in the Iranian culture and art. TheEuropeans, have also been active in these spheres and in scientific dialogues,translation of some literary works to the European languages, transfering of theIranian artistic works and reflection of the Iranian lifestyle and civilization to theEuropeans.

At the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, by analyzing poetry and speech criticism, made the issues of literary criticism a rule, and gradually, the art of criticism found a privileged place in European literature. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to reflect on the flow of theorizing in the field of criticism in a passing perspective and illustrate the development and excellence of the knowledge of criticism in the history of Western literature. The result of the research shows that criticism began with philosophy and the questioning of Greek philosophers became an indicator for the evaluation of literary texts to the point where in the period of infancy, classical texts were also criticized and with such thinking and legacy, new schools of criticism emerged. Schools that are based on the combination of the most constructive and enlightened opinions and with their various manifestations introduce literature as a systematic and independent knowledge

The expansion of the relationship between Iran and Europe since the end of the Qajar period and especially after the constitutional revolution, caused Europeans to pay attention and even interest in Iran, and as a result, there was an increase in visits to Iran. One of the consequences of this flow was the expansion of Iranian Studies in the West and the writing of important scientific works in this field. The works made interested Iranians make more efforts to carry out very rare research about Iran and Iranian studies. Mohammad Qazvini is one of the most important of these enthusiasts who has a decisive role and contribution to the evolution of Iranology knowledge in Iran and the West. His long and arduous journey to the West, in addition to showing the Iranian culture and civilization to the Europeans, has had a two-way impact on the personalities of Western Iranologists and his attitude. Therefore, he can be considered the beginning of a revolution in Iranian Studies in the West. Therefore, this research aims to, apart from expressing the importance of Mohammad Qazvini in this trend, deal with his relationship with the most important Iranologists of that time and his influence on modern scientific and research works and methods and their transfer to Iran.

The European tourists who came to Iran during the Safavid era, by recording their memories and observations and writing travelogues, introduced and transmitted the culture, science, art, character, behavior, manners and habits, lifestyle and scientific and civilizational heritage of Iranians. They played an important role in European societies and created a kind of, Iranian studies discourse in the West. By traveling and staying in Iran, by observing, investigating and researching, contacting and talking to people and knowledgeable people, and accessing written sources of Iranian history, these tourists have provided useful information about Safavid Iran to their countrymen and made them familiar with the name, prestige and greatness of Iran. The purpose of this research is to investigate the ratio of European tourists with the category of Iranology based on travelogue information and in a descriptive-analytical method, and it raises the question of what role European tourists of the Safavid era played in the development of , Iranian studies? The findings of the research show that various aspects of Iran's civilization were reflected in the travelogues of these tourists and introduced to Europe. From this point of view, tourists have played an important role in the category of Iranian Studies in the West and its expansion. Their reports have been effective in encouraging Europeans to visit Iran and write travelogues, which is an important step in the growth of Iranian studies among Europeans

Throughout history, one of the most important activities that Muslims had was the achievement of Greek civilization, and then they transferred it to the Islamic world, and with the advancement of science and culture, they were able to flourish Islamic civilization. Especially the Muslims who had conquered Spain were able to create a great civilization there. When Andalusia had an advanced civilization, Europe was in ignorance and darkness, and no trace of civilization and progress could be seen in Europe. But as soon as the Europeans came to the Islamic world and also when the crusades were formed and many Europeans were able to stay in Islamic areas. Europeans coming and going to Andalusia made Europeans get familiar with Islamic civilization and science and transfer it to Europe, and they also tried to return many scientific books that were translated in the Islamic world to Latin. All these things caused the achievements of Muslims to enter Europe and with the progress of Europe, a new period was established in it, which was called the Age of Renaissance. In this article, we intend to examine the role of Muslims in the transfer of Greek civilization to Europe, and as most historians have acknowledged, Muslims having a peaceful relationship with Europeans at the time of trade or during the study of Europeans in the regions of the Islamic world caused Europeans get to know science. This article is done in a descriptive and analytical way.

Eradication of ignorance on a global scale and the continuation of this movement are considered to be one of the epistemic strategies of the mission of the Prophet of Islam. Therefore, the Holy Qur'an, emphasizing the Arabian Peninsula, refers to the Jahili culture parallel to the rise of Islam. Jahili life was visible in different parts of the world parallel to the rise of Islam and was present in different bio-social fields. Like the parallel Europe of the rise of Islam, which was immersed in the symbols and manifestations of ignorance in various dimensions, including the religious dimension. The preservation frequency of the distorted Christian epistemological system and its expansion in Europe before and parallel to the rise of Islam was the result of wide epistemic and structural differences that led to the formation of religious councils. Therefore, based on the historical texts of the beginning of Islam, six councils or councils were formed until the time of the third caliph with the aim of creating a single knowledge system for Christianity, which often ended in excommunication. The result of the thinking logic of the upcoming research with the tools of conceptual-historical analysis is the basis for the reading of the mentioned councils in the temporal and spatial fields, approvals and participants and historical data analysis. The epistemological output of the present research guides the explanation of the areas of distortion based on the European monarchy system and the role of European kings in the distorted Christianity.

Throughout history, nations have gotten to know each other's cultures and languages in various ways. This cross-cultural familiarization sometimes took place through war and imposing the dominant nation's language and culture on the defeated nation, and sometimes through commercial or religious interactions. In today's world, where political diplomacy is a strategic tool for creating various interactions between nations, the role of cultural diplomacy in creating and facilitating these relations is very important. Undoubtedly, one of the important ways to create cultural relations, strong cultural diplomacy, is to recognize these cultural-historical interactions. The present study wants to investigate the historical roots of the familiarity of Iran and Europe in order to understand how and in what ways the Europeans got to know the Iranian culture.With this aim, the foundations of cultural familiarity between Iranians and Europeans were examined historically in three periods: the first period, from 550 AD until the arrival of Islam in Iran. The second period, from the 7th century to the beginning of the 17th century, and the third period, from the 17th century to the present day. The purpose of this article is to investigate the reasons and methods of this acquaintance in the mentioned courses. These three historical periods are definitely different from each other in terms of duration, the amount of cultural exchanges and the type of statements exchanged.Therefore,first,the reasons and ways of creating interactions in each period were investigated, and then the results of this cultural familiarity were presented from a historical perspective. The research method in this article is the historical method based on sources, documents and books.Introduction           How the West got to know Iranian culture is an important issue. Many articles and books have been written in this field. The large number of these researches show that throughout history, cultural, political and even military and economic interactions and confrontations between the West and Iran have been important for researchers and historians. Preliminary investigations showed that the history of these relationships reaches more than five hundred years after the birth of Christ.The first cultural interactions between Iran and the West were religious interactions, and the prevalence of Mithraism and Manichaeism in Europe confirms this claim. In addition, studies have shown that these interactions have always expanded in different periods. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to categorize these cultural and linguistic interactions in terms of time first, and then examine the types of cultural propositions exchanged in each period in order to determine what causes and factors made Europeans familiar with Iranian culture and Is it Persian? And which cultural propositions have been more or less durable in long-term interactions between them?Material & Methods Considering the long-term history of cultural interactions between Iran and Europe, this research aims to answer the main question: when did the acquaintance of Europeans with Iranian culture and Persian language begin? How was the beginning of this familiarity formed in different historical periods? From which point of view and based on which cultural propositions can the different historical periods of cultural relations between Iran and Europe be divided? The working method in conducting this research is descriptive and analytical based on the course of historical events related to the research questions.Discussion of Results & Conclusions     Studies have shown that the process of confrontation between Iran and the West can be divided into three historical periods.The first period between 550 years BC until the Arab Muslim attack on Iran, when all kinds of cultural interactions and statements exchanged in the 550-year period had a religious or philosophical aspect, and Europeans' familiarity with Persian culture and language in this period was mainly through the teachings of The religion of Mithraism or Manichaeism is sometimes weakened and sometimes improved.This research showed that the second phase of this cultural acquaintance, which lasted for about a thousand years from the 7th to the 17th century AD, was mainly based on scientific relations, and one of the primary reasons was the Muslim conquests in Europe. Conquest of lands between Iran and Europe helped spread Iranian and Islamic culture and sciences in Europe.The Crusades also helped settle Christians in Muslim lands and later accelerated the process of translation and this movement became a means to transfer and expand the knowledge, philosophy and culture of the East, especially Iranians.Studies show that the third and last period of this process, which is the main stage of familiarization of Europeans with Persian culture and language, began in the 17th century. Economic and political motivations played an important role in this field. Of course, other reasons such as Iran's access to India, European scientists' interest in synchronizing old geographical sciences with new information and sciences, as well as Iran's reputation as an ancient country added other reasons to the set of previous reasons. Therefore, there is no doubt that economic and political motives have played an important role in the relations between Iran and Europe. In addition, the East India Company played an important role in introducing Europeans to Iranian culture and language, because from the very beginning, company managers realized that their representatives would have difficulty in performing their duties without learning Eastern languages. They considered the reason for their lack of success to be unfamiliar with the habits and beliefs of the people of the East, especially Persian-speaking Iranians and Indians. Therefore, the brokers encouraged themselves to learn Persian language and literature from the very beginning. These reasons show that there have always been cultural interactions between Iran and Europe.

During the confrontation between the two Islamic civilizations and Western civilization in the 5th and 6th centuries AH, a favorable opportunity was provided for the transmission of civilizational heritage and cultural and scientific achievements. Even the Crusades, aimed at infiltrating the Orient, introduced Europeans to the radiant face of Islamic civilization and culture. In the transition from the confrontation to the interaction of civilization, medical knowledge also spread from the field of Islam to Western civilization and reminded Europe of the need to increase the level of health and scientific dynamism.Relying on a descriptive-analytical method based on library data, the present study aims to address the unspoken angles and factors affecting the process of transfer of Islamic medicine to the Western world along the cultural interactions of the Middle Ages. One of the important aspects in the process of civilization convergence between the two fields of East and West was borrowing science and attracting innovative techniques of Muslim scholars, especially in the field of scientific adaptation. Thus, the innovations and teachings of Muslim physicians and the progress of the Islamic world in the field of health and paramedics attracted the attention of Europeans and, by translating the works of Muslims, fueled the wave of the Renaissance in the West.

The Safavid era almost coincides with the developments of the European Scientific Revolution from Copernicus to Newton. During this period, many Europeans traveled to Iran in the form of government representatives, businessmen, religious missionaries, and tourists; But there was no scientific discourse between Europeans and Iranian scientists. This study seeks to answer why this is the case. In answer to this question, it should be said that about 150 years from the beginning of the Safavid period, which coincided with the early decades of the seventeenth century, on the one hand, some of the most important new scientific theories were not accepted even in Europe. On the other hand, Europeans who traveled to Iran sometimes came to Iran with knowledge of their scientific and cultural capacities and did not necessarily know the technical details and new scientific achievements of the West. Also, in terms of technical knowledge, language and scientific concerns, there was not the same level between Iranians and Europeans. And this caused that the scientific discourse between Safavid Iran and Europe not to be established. The present article intends to study the subject with a descriptive-analytical method and to focus on library resources.

 The Nasiri period can be considered one of the most important periods in the history of Iran. During this period extensive contact with Europe awakened the Iranians. Awareness of the developments in Europe had caused the Iranian revolutionaries to call for the strengthening of the means of communication to acquire the components of the power of the Europeans. The press could play a decisive role in awakening Iranians and transmitting the foundations of modernism. From Akhtar's point of view, this study aims to address the importance of the press in the modernization of Iran and to determine in what aspects the press could contribute to Iran's modernization. European developments played a decisive role in introducing modernism. According to the editors of Akhtar newspaper, the press, while leading to the development of other developed countries, facilitated the generalization of knowledge and in domestic affairs, by protecting the law, was introduced as the first mediator of reforms and the language of the nation in the country's progress. In the present study an attempt will be made to examine the position of the press in the modernization of Iran in an analytical descriptive manner based on the contents of the Akhtar newspaper.

Following the constitutional movement of Iran and the establishment of the National Assembly, a model of some of the achievements of Western civilization was of great interest. This modeling in the field of medical sciences, including the use of new drugs, public health and general health promotion, was considered by the Qajar government and educated people. However, the period of the formation of modern medicine in Iran is from 1300/1921 to 1320/1941 years. The modern medicine was reflected in the Iranian press, and medical institutions such as women’s and men’s clinics, public health centers, hospitals and faculty of medicine of the University of Tehran were formed. The present article tries to discuss the historical period with a descriptive-analytical method; the sources of this research are documents, press, memoirs and historical sources. Although there are articles and books on the history of contemporary Iranian medicine, but there is less research to reflect on the health of the country in the publications of this historical period

Renaissance historiography, like other aspects of this cultural and literary movement, sought to revive ancient Greek and Roman culture and civilization. Since the Greco-Persian wars, Greeks used the term barbarian for all non-Greek-speaking individuals, including Persians, and this led to the invention of the concept of "others" in their historical identification. This is while wisdom and the way of Persian governance were praised in Greek philosophical thoughts. Historical thoughts and Renaissance historiography were influenced by Greek and Roman thoughts in various ways; meanwhile, it followed the philosophical school of Socrates and his disciples in relation to the subject and status of Persia in ancient history and contemporary period. The translation of the Cyropaedia from Xenophon, Instead of Herodudt's works was influential in this regard. In addition, on the one hand, the trend of Renaissance historiography to political and national history, and on the other hand, political developments in Western Asia, including the rule of Timur and Ozon Hassan Agh Qoyunlu on Persia, had a significant impact on the evolution of the Renaissance historiography approach toward Persians. In relation to the position of Persian history and civilization, the aim of this descriptive-analytical study is to examine the nature and the way of presenting "continuity" and "developments" in the historical thoughts of the Renaissance from the preceding period.

After Fatimah al-Ma’sumah’s death in Qum, the city transformed into an important pilgrimage destination and a Shia center in Iran. After Shiism was established as state religion in Iran by Shah Ismail I, this city and its shrine came under the spotlight more than ever to the extent that after Shah Abbas I, all Safavid Shahs chose this shrine as their burial place. Since the Uzbeks desecrated the tombs of Shah Tahmasb I in Mashhad, it was tried to made the Safavid tombs in central Iran to be proteted. As Isakandar Beg Turkman says, Kaashan was selected the burial place of Shah Abbas the first. Anyway, choosing Qum and the Shrine as the burial place of the aforesaid Shahs, apart from the political attention the city received, caused many valuable monuments and architectural works to be added to the existing treasures of the shrine. Because studying and identifying the tombs of influential historical figures are among important historical debates, the present paper attempts to identify and investigate the mausoleums of Safavid kings in Qum relying on and using invaluable historical sources and comparing them with field observations. The study has employed field and library research, comparison and analysis of existing sources, especially first hand sources. In this historical study, after collecting the necessary data, they are organized, analyzed and finally conclusions are drawn.

The main concern of this study was to investigate diplomatic obstacles in the implementation of Wilson`s the Fourteen Points in Europe World War I. Following World War I, delegates of the victorious countries gathered in Paris to establish peace in Europe on the basis of Wilson`s the Fourteen Points. The fulfillment of this aim faced serious diplomatic obstacles during peace negotiations. The present article thus attempted at answering this question that what the Fourteen Points aimed at and what diplomatic obstacles it faced in Europe after World War I. The hypothesis of this research is founded on the idea that the Fourteen Point's concentration on idealistic objectives regardless of the political realities of Europe after World War I led to the failure of attaining the objectives of the Fourteen Points.
The results of this study, carried out using the historical method, indicates that the incompatibility of Wilson`s the Fourteen Points with the diplomatic realities of after-war Europe, its incongruity with the interests of big European powers and the lack of agreement between the way peace negotiations were held up and presided, with the first principle of the Fourteen Points were the decisive diplomatic obstacles failing the fulfillment of the aims of the Fourteen Points in Europe.

Thanks to Islam and Muslims throughout history, civilization created in Islamic countries that the Islamic civilization. This civilization is taken up at some point in history, and in a short time, in addition to mastering a wide range of countries in the world that day Brphnh , extended the frontiers of science and culture so that, radical changes occurring in the world Vrdkh can not ignore the magnitude of its impact on other civilizations Grft.dr this article, we explain the major factors that play a role of Islamic civilization in Europe was the awakening? Islamic philosophy and how it's going to affect the philosophy of medieval Europe during the Renaissance intellectual groundwork for Europe and its transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era provided? Secondary research questions are:- What factors are driving the growth and flowering of Islamic civilization was at that time?
- What is the status of Europe in the Middle Ages?
- How the translation movement in Europe could familiarize them with the work and achievements of Islamic thinkers?
It looks and it is assumed that during the Crusades and business travel and cultural exchanges and scientific Muslims and Europeans offering information and scientific achievements between the two civilizations was provided. This research method to validate data collection, library and the credibility of the fundamental objective and the nature and method validation, Ali - historical and analytical.

Iran, a country which has always been the center of attention due to its special geopolitical status and natural and historical attractions, has attracted a great number of visitors and tourists in the course of history all over the globe. In the Safavid period, as the history shown, a numerous European visitors and tourists who have been visit Isfahan, have written many itineraries in different areas. Some of them presented worthy descriptions about Isfahan's historical buildings and their architectural circumstances that reminded us of tailored viewpoints in addition to the comparison between Isfahan’s architectural buildings and European ones; paying attention to them can help identifying the transmitted concepts and thoughts in this age. The reason of the visitors’ attraction towards these kinds of architectural styles in the Safavid period, the way of describing and exploring the buildings and their architectural elements and key concepts in itineraries that provided the way to study the artistic stylistics of later periods, are the questions for which this study is supposed to answer. The research results revealed that views and perspectives of European tourists toward Isfahan's art and architecture and their attention to identifying Iranian concepts and architectural thoughts in Safavid period itineraries, have provided the circumstance of these concepts by means of publishing itineraries in Europe; also, the pictures that some of the tourists have taken from Isfahan's historical works and the influence that these pictures have exerted on art and west architecture, have provided the penetration areas as well as transfer of ideas of Iran's architectural style in Europe. The present study, through application of the descriptive-analytical approach, examined the identification and conveying ideas of Isfahan’s architecture of the Safavid era from the viewpoint of itineraries.