اصلاحات ارضی

One of the major and controversial policies of the Pahlavi government was the approval of the Land Reform Bill in the 1960s. This bill faced various reactions from numerous social, political, and economic groups. On the one hand, supporters of this bill considered it a measure to reduce poverty and create social justice in the villages and believed that these changes could lead to the modernization of the country's agricultural structure. On the other hand, opponents of the bill, especially landowners and some political forces, saw it as a threat to their interests and authority and were concerned about its unintended consequences. The present study examines the reasons for each of these reactions by deeply analyzing the views of those in favor of and against land reform, using a descriptive-analytical method. The question of the present study is what political, social, and economic factors led to different reactions to the Land Reform Bill in Iran and how did these reactions affect the implementation of this bill? The proponents of land reform in the historical period under review included various political groups in Iran, including Marxists, each of whom had specific positions on peasant issues and land reform. The various leftist parties in Iran, despite differences in approaches and solutions, generally emphasized the necessity of land reform and changes in the ownership system. The opponents of land reform in Iran which officially began in the 1960s with land reform and the policies of the White Revolution, included a wide range of political and religious groups, spiritual leaders, and figures affiliated with the court. These oppositions were formed from various perspectives, from legal and economic to religious and traditional, and originated from various groups such as the National Front, the Freedom Movement, some prominent clerics, and even individuals close to the imperial court.

Among the goals of land reform in Iran, in addition to transforming the structure of rural society and eliminating the lord-serf system, was to provide facilities and facilities necessary for the relative prosperity and gradual strengthening and growth of the villagers. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1320-1357sh) tried to act in favor of farmers by forming rural cooperative companies, agricultural joint-stock companies, creating rural culture houses, forming rural social insurance organizations, and finally Corps of Knowledge (Sepah-e danesh). During the implementation of land reforms, Fars province was one of the most important and largest agricultural provinces of Iran. This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using historical documents and books, seeks to find an answer to the question with the implementation of the land reform law in Fars, how did the rural cooperative companies perform in improving the lives of farmers? According to the findings of the research, with the establishment of rural cooperative companies in Fars, the abuse of village chief and village owners as the board of directors of cooperative companies increased. The establishment of these companies not only did not improve the living conditions of the villagers; Rather, it led to their destitution. This issue has been reflected in people's complaints to the Fars Governorate, Governance in the Ports and Agrarian Reform Organization.

The White Revolution or the King's Revolution was one of the basic plans and plans of the Pahlavi government, which was implemented in the country by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in 1341 AH. This plan was initially proposed as a social, political and economic revolution, but after it was implemented, due to mismanagement, it did not reach the main goal, which was the growth and production of large-scale agriculture in the country, and it led to the widespread poverty of the villagers. Many organizations and bodies started to work and advertise widely in order to make it operational, and one of these bodies was the General Directorate of Gendarmerie of Iran. This organization played an influential role during the implementation of the land reform program in the villages of Iran and was the only safe support and representative of the government at the level of the country's villages. One of the basic activities that the Gendarmerie carried out during the land reforms was the formation of a stability force and its educational activities at the level of remote villages of Iran. The villages of Bushehr province were also among the areas where the force of sustainability was widely active, and the positive and negative effects of these activities on people's thoughts and opinions in the long term were visible. This research was conducted with the method of qualitative content analysis and historical analysis and based on documentary studies and oral history, and its purpose is to investigate the impact of training programs of the sustainability force on the implementation of the White Revolution programs and especially land reforms in Bushehr province and its villages. The main question of this research is, what effect did the educational plans of the sustainability force have on the implementation of the reform programs of the White Revolution and especially the land reforms in Bushehr? The result of this research shows that this force was able to influence the awareness and understanding of the people of Bushehr villages with the world outside their life.

With the implementation of the Land Reforms Law officially in 1962, the distribution of land among the peasant villagers began. Consequently, in the process of land division, many protests and complaints were made by farmers and owners about the manner of land division and ownership interests. Some apparent and superficial causes can be seen and investigated in the occurrence of writing such complaints, but the causes of its occurrence depended on other hidden layers as well, which caused the land reform organization to not function properly in the way of land distribution. In this research, with the research method, "causal layered analysis (CLA)", it deals with the causes and factors of farmers' and owners' complaints, and in this method, there are four layers of causes, from the apparent and superficial layers to the deep and hidden layers. is checked. The findings of the research show that the causes of the complaints of farmers and landowners range from external factors such as the involvement of land reform agents, gendarmes, the influence of landowners to the weakness of the structure and organizations involved in land reforms the dominant discourse to carry out reforms and the confiscation of this discourse by the ideal model of Shahi It had caused weaknesses, injuries and shortcomings, and finally complaints. This research deals with the subject as a case study of Kermanshah province in the process of implementing land reforms.

The land reform plan at the beginning of 1965 was a part of the modernization and change of the social structure of Iran project during the Pahlavi era. This plan had many consequences in political, cultural and social fields. Although land reforms in Isfahan destroyed a traditional and old order; but it could not replace it with a new system and it led to social tensions between the owners, farmers and implementers of land reforms (the government). The purpose of this research is to document social tensions resulting from land reforms in Isfahan province.

This descriptive-analytical research has been done with documentary method and historical research based on archival documents.

The land reforms plan in Isfahan not only did not create social balance, but also resulted in fragmentation of lands, lack of fair distribution of land and consequently unemployment, poverty and deep differences between owners, farmers and Pahlavi government. This involved the villagers and caused the urban balance and migration and marginalization disruption..

The Village Culture House was one of the institutions that was established during the Pahlavi period, under the supervision of the Ministry of Agrarian Reform and Rural Cooperation, to improve the living standards of the villagers, improve the country and strengthen the sense of social responsibility in most cities of Iran. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the performance of the village culture house during the Pahlavi period during the years 1968-1978 AD. It focuses on the villages of Isfahan. This research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and based on documentary sources, seeks to answer the question, what was the function of Isfahan Rural Culture House and in which evaluation committee was it more successful? The findings of the research indicate that this institution was effective in improving the living standards of the villagers by forming committees in cultural, social, educational and sports fields in the villages of Isfahan. However, compared to other committees, the physical education and healthy recreation committee, in order to provide the necessary facilities and infrastructure, discovered and nurtured the sports talent of the villagers and was able to win many honors in various sports fields.

Ali Amini entered different fields of politics during his life. Due to his political position, he was noticed by America and because of this, he became the prime minister with the support of America. He took important actions during his chancellorship. Land reform, which was a program from Kennedy, the president of the United States, was entrusted to him, and this caused him to have more troubles with the Shah. Because the king wanted to make these reforms for his own benefit. So, when Amini was trying to implement reforms, Mohammadreza Pahlavi was trying to finish his land reforms in his name during his travel to America. As a result, the continuation of reforms fell into the hands of the Shah and Amini was dismissed. The purpose of this article is to analyze the political conflicts between Mohammad Reza Shah and Ali Amini. The question of the current research is why Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was afraid of the American support for Amini and tried to prevent land reforms in the name of Amini? The findings of the research show that the Shah was afraid of the great power of Amini and fear of losing the monarchy and tried to preserve his power. The method of gathering resources in this research is the use of documents and library resources.

The third development program is the first comprehensive development program of Iran, which was one of the successful programs of the Pahlavi era. In terms of economic growth, 6% has exceeded the targeted growth rate. The White Revolution or the Revolution of the King and the People was a series of economic and social developments and reforms in Iran that were implemented during the era of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with the help of the then ministers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the interference of the White Revolution on the implementation of the third development program. This research is qualitative and has been done by document analysis. The research aims to answer the question of what effect the interference of the White Revolution had on the implementation of the third development program. The White Revolution, which witnessed an increase in principles (from 6 principles to 19 principles) since its approval and implementation, was a grand program with bigger and long-term goals in terms of time and strategy, while the third development program was medium-term (5 years) which had limited goals (6% economic growth) with three fixed strategies (increasing domestic savings, effective use of budget and birth control). Most of the goals and principles of the third development program are included under the principles of the White Revolution, so that there is a great content relationship between the principles of the White Revolution and the third development program. Therefore, this two program s are in some way aligned and therefore, although with different titles, they have moved in the same direction. The performance results of the third development program show that its interference with the White Revolution had a positive effect and this interference made the group of influential powers in governance to try to achieve the set goals.

According to the specific geographical climate and agricultural life, and the central shepherd that was institutionalized and common in Iran and Lorestan, land, owner and servant, determined the political and economic relations of each region. The land reform that was issued by the Shah in 1341 to get out of many internal and external social tensions was designed and implemented to grow and develop and improve the indicators. The heterogeneous socio-economic and political structure due to the regional power of landowners and subjects caused what was interpreted as the law and the manner of implementation and division of property between owner and subject from Tehran to Romeshgan. Different interpretations based on the material and spiritual interests of both parties Took, the lack of awareness of the executive agents and the peasants against the power of the owners caused a lot of tensions in the Romeshgan area. Now we are; In this article, we will examine the economic and social impact and its results in Romeshgan through the methods of field, descriptive and analytical studies.

Contradictory historical reports and the lack of reliable documents have caused differences of opinion among historians about the presence and activity of marginalized people in the developments that led to the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the research problem is to explain the role of this deprived social class in the revolution and the reasons and contexts of their entry into the process of revolutionary struggles with a case study of the marginal residents of Tehran. The findings of the research, which were carried out in the framework of historical and social studies and descriptive-analytical and documentary studies, show that the presence of the marginal residents of Tehran in the process of revolutionary struggles is limited to the last months leading to the revolution and as It has been subordinated and followed by other militant groups, especially the clergy; However, the religious and economic motivations that caused the dissatisfaction of this deprived and unprivileged class and finally their entry into the revolutionary movements are important due to the expansion and consolidation of the social foundations of the revolutionary movement.

The government of Mohammad Reza Shah undertook land reforms with the aim of achieving important economic and political results in order to improve the situation of the Iranian villagers and radically change the traditional rural relations. Large landowners and landowners also donated land in or around villages to get rid of the land reform law so that the proceeds could be used for religious and charitable purposes. Among its uses, in addition to religious affairs, was the maintenance and protection of public welfare affairs, such as the protection of canals. Later, with the change of the land reform law, public endowments were subject to sale. Also, the withdrawal of endowments from the supervision of the Ministry of Culture and Arts and the transfer of its affairs to the "Pahlavi Foundation" caused changes in the traditional rural system. This article will analyze the above phenomenon in Azerbaijan based on documents in a descriptive and analytical manner. Findings show that the traditional construction of collective land acquisition and exploitation was broken in many rural areas and in addition to reducing the use of land, disrupted the sale of mass production endowments. With the fragmentation of agricultural lands, in addition to reducing the use of land, mass production, which was known in Iranian villages as Beneh, Sahra, Harath, etc.,; It changed its members to a maximum of 2-4 households, increasing the migration of villagers to cities and turning farmers into wage earners in joint-stock companies and agro-industrial companies.

The third phase of land reform, along with government modernization and modernization policies in agriculture, included three parts: establishing agricultural joint stock companies, selling leases, and encouraging agro-industrial capitalism. The reduction of agricultural products after the first and second phases of land reform forced the government to take action and compensate with government capital and the use of mechanized methods to reduce agricultural production. One of the new methods of agriculture, the laws and regulations of which were passed in 1967, was the establishment of agricultural joint stock companies. The first agricultural joint stock company (Aria Mehr Company) was established in Fars in 1968 and after that 14 other companies were established in Fars. Most of these companies were built around Shiraz, Marvdasht and Firozabad. In this research, we try to study how the establishment and performance of Fars agricultural joint stock companies and the social and economic consequences of these companies. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical based on historical documents and sources. According to the research findings, the government, by creating agricultural joint stock companies, apart from the economic goals that were included in the establishment of these companies, established these companies in a special area and closed the passage of part of the tribes, by announcing the area of ​​the joint stock company. Agriculture led to the forced settlement of tribes and nomads within these companies. On the other hand, these companies, using more mechanized methods, made the farmers unemployed, and this led to the migration of more villagers to the city.

The main issue of the present research is to illuminate the process of passing from the land ownership and its reasons, the strategic conditions and the consequences of this phenomenon in the political economy of Iran from the tobacco movement to the land reform. This qualitative study has taken advantage of documents and library sources and survey method of research. The findings clarify that the architype of land ownership has undergone changes from the middle of Qajar era (1175-1304). The change from feudalism to land ownership caused the stabilization of private land ownership and this issue has led to the increase of authority of the central government in the rural centers. This process developed in line with the advancement in Iran can be considered as the elements effective on the occurrence of Islamic revolution

Migration from rural to urban areas, as the dominant form of migration in Iran, has two aspects; One aspect is the natural conditions that lead to the migration of excess population or the so-called overflow of the rural population, the other aspect is due to government policies and the implementation of incomplete reforms in the villages, such as land reform. The collapse of traditional production methods in Iranian society, which culminated in land reform in the 1961s, can be considered as a turning point in accelerating the process of internal rural-urban migration and the growth of urbanization in the country. In this research, an attempt is made to investigate the conditions that accelerated the process of rural migration in Persia in the sixties and seventies. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and based on historical documents and sources. The most important event taken by the government in the early 1961s to improve the social life of the villages was land reform. According to the findings of the study in Fars after the land reform, there were many conflicts over cropping patterns and the type of land and water division. The lands of Persia were different in different parts of the province. In most areas, farmers owned land; But with the lack of water, they practically did not have much use for their land. On the other hand, successive droughts were one of the major problems in this province. In addition to these conditions, some government projects (construction of dams and formation of agricultural joint stock companies) also worsened the situation, which resulted in the formation of large-scale rural migration and urban growth in the province.

Government reform policies in rural areas have steadily increased through a variety of economic and social programs from 1962 to 1978. One of them was the implementation of land reforms in 1962 that changed the structure of land ownership and consequently transformed the construction of socio-economic classes. The present article seeks to answer the following question with a descriptive-analytical approach: what are the social and economic consequences of demographic changes after land reforms in Ilam? The results showed that while the goal of land reform was to balance ownership and the rational use of lands by the villagers, the outcome was different and most peasants lost their independence due to the lack of credit, capital, and suitable land, and not only the influence of the owners didn’t diminish, but their economic conditions also gradually weakened. This situation largely destroyed the aspirations of villagers regarding land forms and other agricultural policies of the government. This happened in Ilam province and caused the migration of villagers to the city, increasing the population and suburbanization in Ilam city. Suburbanization in this city caused the spread of social harm, the destruction of agricultural lands, the physical development of the city in unsuitable lands, and the creation of slums.

One of the actions of the Iranian government in the 1960s was the approval of six bills including land reforms to address the lower classes of the society. The land reform that was passed to divide the land among the farmers and for the welfare of the farmers was practically the transfer of land ownership to the landless peasants and farmers, which led to changes in the relations of production and the structure of the society through the promotion of national power. These reforms were generally welcomed by the peasants and farmers, but in practice, and after the implementation, their shortcomings and problems became apparent that had a profound effect on the political, social, and economic structure of the society. Despite the abolition of the landlord-peasant system and the abolition of traditional management of farmers’ agriculture production, these reforms led to a decline in agricultural production, migration, and the growth of suburbanization in cities. The increasing population of cities was actually due to the migration of villagers and the liberated manpower of the agriculture sector in the village and their turning to the cities. Large landowners and capitalists also diverted their capitals to the cities and built financial, service, and industrial institutions due to the transfer of land to the peasants. In the process of agricultural modernization in the second Pahlavi period, the community of tribes and nomads who had the traditional method of production was integrated with the rural community in order to develop modern agriculture. This changed agriculture and the land ownership system. Land reforms caused the transformations in the social and economic situations of Ilam city including more nomadic settlement in the villages, the growth of rural migration to the city of Ilam, and the expansion of suburbanization in the city. Land reforms were approved on January 10, 1961, and their annexes were added until the end of these reforms in 1972. Land reforms have gone through three stages. The beginning of the first stage was in 1961, which lasted one year. The second stage began with the approval of 7 February 1962 and was implemented with the approval of 22 February 1964. Finally, the third stage began in 1968 and officially ended in 1972. These land reforms also took place in Ilam.  

The present study, based on library information and data, documents, and interviews, examined the impact of land reforms of 1962-1978 on the Ilam population. The main question of the research was: what were the effects of land reforms on the population of Ilam city? In answer to the question, this hypothesis was considered: land reforms caused the migration of villagers and increased the population of Ilam city.  

Land reforms in Iran were proposed by the government in 1963 and were approved by two parliaments and were implemented in three stages. The first stage began in 1963, according to which anyone who owned more than one land had to sell the surplus to the government. Arsanjani presented at this stage, and 700,000 people became landowners. The second stage began in 1965. At this stage, the land was leased to the farmers who cultivated it. This guaranteed the ownership right of landowners. Finally, the government decided to start the third stage in the 1970s, according to which the lands that were leased for 30 years were sold to the tenants. The aim of land reforms was to carry out a series of complementary and continuous measures to bring about fundamental changes in agriculture including the ownership of arable lands, the system of exploitation and the method of production, and the increase of income and the welfare of farmers. Land reform also sought to divide the lands and eliminate the influence of major landowners. With the implementation of the land reform law, Ilam province was included in these reforms, and parts of the government properties in Mehran, Dehloran, and Darrehshahr counties, as well as parts of the properties in Ilam, Ivan, Sirvan, and Chardavol counties were purchased by the government. In the central part of Ilam, 32 plots of land were subject to land reform regulations. Thirty-one plots of land were purchased during the implementation of the third stage of the land reform law, and one plot was purchased by the government (cooperative and Rural Affairs organization), which was owned by the Agriculture Bank. In most of Iran’s major cities, land reforms have led to the migration of a large number of poor and small peasants to the cities, especially large cities, and the expansion of suburbanization in these cities. Land reforms in Ilam province and consequently in Ilam city caused the influx of immigrants in this period and the rapid growth of the city and the expansion of suburbanization to the city. This issue eliminated the opportunity to plan for the future expansion of the city and the establishment of the necessary elements and applications in a balanced way in the city and neighborhoods. Land reforms in Iran have created many inequalities in various economic, political, and social fields. While the purpose of land reforms was to create an independent and self-reliant class of peasants, but the result was inverse, and most peasants lost their independence due to the lack of credit, capital, and adequate land, and landowners’ influence didn’t decrease, as expected. At the same time, political power was transferred to the government. The government also strengthened the remnants of wealthy landowners and peasants. All these factors caused more poverty and inequality in the villages, the gap between the poor and the rich increased day by day, and the level of development in the villages not only didn’t increase but also decreased.

Each social revolution has various factors of emergence. Iran Islamic revolutions also has various political, economic, social, cultural and…factors that together led to its victory. Studying each of these factors is important. But this article focuses on studying economic factors of the victory of the Islamic Revolution, without intending to downplay the role of other factors. There for, the article's main question is what role did economic factors play in the emergence of Islamic Revolution in 1357/1979 The article's research method to answer this question is causal and descriptive and World Bank Economic Statistics are used. Dependent variable is economic factors and independent factor is Islamic revolution. General result of the article shows that economic factors of Revolution emergence are implementation of land reform, incomplete implementation of economic development plan, dependent development and downturn.