جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « امنیت اجتماعی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Leprosy was one of the oldest diseases and one of the issues that humans were involved in all societies including Iran. The present research, by raising the question, what effect did social security have on the health system and the status of lepers in the middle period of Iran? It examines the relationship between the social health system and social security with a case study of lepers. The result of the research, which was carried out with an interdisciplinary approach and a descriptive-analytical approach, confirms that the society and government of Iran in the middle period, like many societies of the pre-modern era, had social rejection of lepers on their agenda. "Hot disgrace" of the mentioned disease had imposed a distinct, independent, but inferior and deprived of existing facilities on the lepers. This shame used a negative approach in dealing with lepers by implicating the sufferers and accusing them of guilt in contracting the disease. This approach turned leprosy from a medical-biological issue into a cultural-social issue and inevitably forced the lepers to accept conditions that they themselves had no part in creating. Social security in the society's agenda covered only the non-leper majority and excluded lepers as those who threatened the existing health and security system from its safe inclusion; In a way that the lepers also accepted these conditions and suffered the suffering and consequences arising from it.

In Imam Ali (AS)'s intellectual dictionary, social security is a multiple and multidimensional concept, and for this reason, its roots can be seen from the world of politics to the world of economics and the heart of the social system. This research is carried out with an analytical approach in the political and social ideas of Imam Ali (AS) in order to discover his theoretical insight about the strategies of providing social security in the rule of Imam Ali (AS).In this research, library method and historical and narrative studies have been used to collect data. The qualitative method of contextual theory has also been used to analyze the data. The findings of this study illustrate the conditions and processes that are needed to ensure and maintain social security at the micro and macro levels.Analysis of historical and narrative data shows that Imam Ali (AS) has adopted various strategies to ensure social security in society. According to narrative data from the behavior and speech of Imam Ali (AS), it can be said that he has adopted four main situational, social, correctional and criminal strategies to ensure social security and deal with insecurity. In the field of social security in the context of society, examples of various social, political, economic and military contexts have been proposed, which show the complexity of social security and the need to use different capacities to provide it. Finally, the data show that in the security strategies of Imam Ali (AS), the comprehensive security domain is the most important consequence and security performance of the Imam.

Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced special challenges and obstacles. In addition, in the Lorestan region, the Ili Haro region itself had more special conditions: due to the social unrest in that region, it was more difficult to establish order and security and to carry out modernization measures.In this article, the implementation of Reza Shah's renovation plan in Haro region is examined through a historical study method to answer the question of what were the obstacles to the implementation of the government renovation program in Haro region and how were they removed? The results show that despite the opposition of influential groups in the region (such as Khavanin Beyranvand), the government implemented the renovation program with measures such as general disarmament, road construction, nomadic settlement, deportation of dissidents, establishment of schools and other cases, with authoritarian procedures. Due to the adoption of non-expert methods of renovation program in the Haro region had some unfortunate consequences in the social life of the people.

In this study, social insecurity in the politics and practice of the first Pahlavi is briefly discussed. Reza Shah's efforts and policies to establish a modern government and the expansion of comprehensive modernization (economic, social, political, etc.) at a basic and clear stage It is the history of Iran that, by linking the first Pahlavi government with modern ideologies (nationalism) and historical backgrounds (archeology), was able to create important actions and policies in that time frame. Although this modernization and populism could have positive functions in the field of security and its components in the political and social sector, but it also paved the way for fundamental and dangerous social insecurities, which we seek to explain and analyze in this article. This article seeks to identify the causes of social insecurity created in the first Pahlavi modernization programs and to answer the question of what consequences the policies of the first Pahlavi era had for social security and what were the social security strategies in the first Pahlavi era. The research method used in this research is a descriptive method through which the obtained historical information can be better analyzed.

In this research, the explanation and analysis of the status of social security of the first Pahlavi era has been studied. The reign of Reza Shah, due to the government's attempt to establish a modern state and the expansion of Westernism, and the efforts of Reza Shah and his intellectuals along with him to gain political legitimacy by linking the Pahlavi monarchy to the ancient kingdoms of Iran, is an era of effective and timely formation of intellectual foundations Iran is new. Meanwhile, nationalism, which was consolidated as one of the main ideologies of the modernization process, was conquered by the victory of the Constitutional Revolution in the political and cultural contexts of Iran, played a central role in the intellectual changes of the first Pahlavi era. The first Pahlavi government made changes In various areas of Iran's social life, among these changes, were the changes that took place in the field of social security and subsequent social insecurity. In Iran, despite efforts made in the era of Reza Shah, modernization did not lead to the creation of a modern and developed society. This article seeks to understand the causes of social insecurity, which was created in the first Pahlavi rehabilitation programs, and to answer the question of what constitutes the consequences of the Pahlavi era policies for social security and the solutions to social security in the first Pahlavi era. The research method used in this research is a descriptive method to better analyze the historical information obtained.

Historiography has become a source for teaching and transmitting social knowledge, identity building, legitimation, and political and social activism in terms of the major political and social functions it plays in human life. In state-nation thinking, historiography is the basis for creating and strengthening social concepts, values ​​and norms on which political and social structures are based and have organized social solidarity, security and political order. On the other hand, following the issue of identity becoming a major problem of many societies and social groups, social security has become an important discourse in the field of security and research. The main theme of social security focuses on how to maintain and perpetuate the social and cultural identity of society, values, traditions, patterns, beliefs and religions of social groups in changing social conditions and threats to it. Accordingly, the main question of the research is "what is the relationship between the basic functions of historiography and social security?" The findings of this article, which have been done via a descriptive-analytical method and analysis of basic concepts of social security and political and social functions of historiography, indicate that there is a direct relationship between political and social functions of historiography and social security. Social security is based on the authority of identity and culture and social concepts, values ​​and norms are the main factor in creating and strengthening social security. Historiography plays a significant role in promoting social security through functions such as providing social knowledge, individual and collective identity, legitimizing the government and political units, and paving the way for social cohesion and joint socio-political action.

The failure of the Qajar – era security agencies and organizations to act on legal standards has created a climate of mistrust with fear and concern among the citizens. Therefore, the Tabriz State Association as an institution arising from the Iranian constitutional aspiration, along with the establishment of institutions such as justice and the Appellate Court, considered the establishment of order and security an essential element of modern urban society and established the Tabriz Police Department. The present study aims at examining the causes of the formation of the “Tabriz Police Department” and comparing its performance with pre-constitutional security organizations by focusing on Tabriz, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and newspapers. The findings of this study show that despite encountering numerous problems arising from the Tabriz’s eleven month resistance period and some of the misconceptions of the pre-constitutional period,Tabriz’s Police Department could perform its duties in accordance with the legal norms and avoidance of repetition in the short period after its formation and it have earned the trust of the citizens and, more importantly, helped to create an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual interaction between the people and the security and police forces.

Provision of Societal security in human societies by governments is specifically one of the requirements of most of them. The second Pahlavi government ,after the exile of Reza Shah and the beginning of a new era of government, sought to pay special attention to the issue of Societal security. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze Societal security in the second Pahlavi era, which is done in a qualitative method of historical and analytical type and by studying library sources it tries to describe and analyze this question that: according to the social, economic and cultural policies, how was the  Societal security like in the society of that time? The findings of the study indicate that in this period more than in the era of Reza Shah ,following the westernization and obedience to foreign governments especially satisfying the demands of the US and British governments such as the approval of the capitulation bill to grant political and consular immunity to Americans in Iran and land reform, the result was nothing except migration to cities, unemployment, poverty and increased marginalization. Other erroneous functions such as: gross Westernization, unreasonable and un-Islamic freedom among women, anti-religion and destruction of religious and cultural identity, prevalence and use of drugs, lack of independent national security doctrine in accordance with Islamic and social characteristics of the time and inability to meet security needs, including Societal security, the crisis of legitimacy, the feeling of insecurity and political pessimism in the people, were signs of weakness in providing Societal security in the second Pahlavi government.

Qajar’s vicissitudinous era is getting many researchers attention in various fields of humanities. However, in the field of criminological studies this period has been neglected. The issue of this article is to study the underlying factors of the occurrence of crime in this era. This descriptive-analytical study based on the contents of first-hand historical sources have shown that the factors are derived from the socio-political structure of Iran in this period such as authoritarian rule and kingship, leading to phenomena of societal class, lack of security, migration, lack of enforceable law and, governmental, military, judicial and cultural corruption. The occurrence of these phenomena lead to increasing of poverty, unemployment, migration and thin agriculture and domestic and traditional production. According to criminological theories, these phenomena and bottlenecks provide and accelerate the causal roots of the occurrence of crime in the Qajar era.

Egypt was on a widespread social unrest on the threshold of the Fatimids’ arrival and Johar Saqli, the representative of the Fatimid caliph in Egypt, tried to make security and peace by presenting a security strategy and to institutionalize the Ismaili religion and the position of the Fatimid Caliph through it. This article explains the characteristics of social security from the Johar Seghelli viewpoint and his strategies in establishing political and military authority, social security, institutionalizing the Ismaili religion and consolidating the position of the Fatimid caliph. The results of the study indicate that Johar with a strategy of social security indicators, such as: freedom of thought and behavior, military political power and authority, empowerment and opportunity, justice, coexistence and solidarity, hope for the future, social and psychological peace, The hope for a savior, the fight against the oppressors, as well as the characteristics of military security, such as: military authority against threats, the fight against social insecurity, the fight against the opposition and the disruptors of order and security, and the establishment of the Court of Oppression, started to institutionalize the religion of Ismailis in Egypt.

The most important issues of the Zand, Review and analysis of the performance of Karim Khan In various spheres of government Especially in the field of social and economic. More sources of Zandieh, The establishment of Karim Khan in Shiraz Social and economic peace have introduced safety courses .The analysis of this issue, Research in this paper is the question. The extent to which this is the most important question of the research was confirmed. Article descriptive analysis based on historical primary sources attempts Argue that Historical sources have spoken of peace and security that is not consistent with historical facts And with regard to some components, the sources said the suspect is. Karim Khan's actions only in the capital have an impact on other areas of influence and such a view can not be accepted Karim Khan. His performance in the city of Shiraz in article discusses the factors that must be considered relatively to be associated with historical reality.

The occupation of Iran by the Allies in August 1941 encounters the country with a growing social crisis. Iran came to the scene of Allied intervention in the life of Iranians. The emergence of social anomalies, such as murder, plunder, rape, estate seizure, and property confiscation by foreign military forces in the occupied areas,led the social space of the country to insecurity. Enjoying capitulations during the occupation, the Allies were immune from thepersecution and punishment of the foreign offenders by Iranian government. The decrease ofcentral government influence and the weakness of military and police forces caused the emergence of domestic insurgents and the rebellion of tribes in the south and west of the country. The agriculture economy, industry, internal an international trade were damaged. Agriculture, which was a major part of the country's economy and had been attracted the most labor forces, suffered a decline in production and caused widespread unemployment. Reducing production and increasing demand for public foodstuff due to sending supplies to Soviet Union, the presence of a large number of foreign forces and the arrival of Polish immigrants, caused a shortage of basic items such as wheat in many parts of Iran.

During the Safavid era, some of the structural and functional aspects of executive and administrative positions in Iran underwent a series of changes. Some of these positions were more developed and expanded in order to perform the related official, political, economic, and social duties more efficiently. In the light of such changes, the administrative and political roles and functions of these positions also changed in line with their social place and significance during the reign of Safavid kings. The structural pattern and functions of the administrative-financial structure which emerged in this era began to decline in later periods and were completely annihilated during the late Qajar period. The present paper reports on a historical study of such structures and functions in the Safavid era based on available documents and data. It also examines the administrativefinancial structure of the Qajar period and, eventually, compares these two periods with respect to such structures. The findings of this study demonstrate that during these two historical periods, because of the development of the functions of the administrative and financial systems, the related positions were assigned to military and administrative high ranking officers. They also reveal that many posts in those times entailed a variety of important responsibilities and functions in administrative, judicial, and social security fields. The official and social significance of high ranking authorities sometimes made it necessary for them to serve as ambassadors, counselors, and financial delegates in addition to performing their main assignments. Moreover, they were sometimes required to go on military missions or undertake other similar responsibilities.

One of the divisions in the administrative institutions of Muslim governments was Hisba division which played an important role in establishing the social security of the cities, protecting the public morality, maintaining safety of the work environment as well as observing the religious affairs in the society. This division appeared due to the necessity of implementing the obligation of promotion of good and prevention of evil in the society. It was dependent on the justice institutions. However, the scope of its duties encompassed economic, social and public security of the Islamic society. In this article, the various functions of Hisba as well as its role in establishing social security and preserving the values and religious norms in the community were investigated. The results indicated that the outcome of the functions of this institution in the field of monitoring the implementation of religious issues and maintaining ethics in the community as well as maintaining order and safety in the economic affairs and monitoring the performance of the traders and merchants, in the economic field, had led to the establishment of social security in the cities.

Social security experienced conceptual and semantic contraction and expansion under the circumstances of Iranian internal transformations regarding political power and general domain. This research attempts to explore why and under what circumstances the issue of social security was noted by some of the elites in power and modern intellectuals and what components affected its functional and conceptual development. Utilizing the historical analysis method, it can be declared that in Naseri period, as a result of the entrance of modern concepts and the necessity of the establishment of new institutions for appropriate management of the affairs and on the other hand the rise in social awareness and modern approaches to the problem of social rights, a relative alteration in the concept and the functional scope of the social security, in spite of the permanence of the previous dominant structuralist discourse, could be seen. Such an orientation determined a kind of dual life and mixed or integrated condition. Active parts of the general and public domains were strengthened by the establishment of new disciplinary and civil institutions, growth of cities, as well as educational development and it was how the awareness of the community members in case of citizenship and civil rights was enriched as well. These were the society elites who aimed at altering the socio-political structure via the establishment of new institutions to reach their own desires and ambitions regarding individual and social security and presentation of the concept of the national security and safety. Consequently, the new structure, while developing the social institutions and strengthening the general and public domains, took a significant step towards the process of transformation of the dimensions of social security along with its required contextualization and execution.

Establishment of social peace and security by political systems brings aboutserenity and peace of mind, satisfaction, security and wellbeing for the public, and continuation of political power for the rulers. Depending on circumstances and their capabilities, rulers have always tried to prevent anti-security challenges and ensure the security in their domains through different measures. Qajar dynasty was no exception either. Qajar governments, during their reign, encountered factors which disrupted their security and order and challenged their status. Their reactions to crises consisted of measures taken to reduce unrest and disorder. Despite their tight security measures; however, they failed to establish a durable peace and order for different reasons including the vastness of their territory, the nature of their political structure, presence of internal crises, and complexity of conditions resulting from the presence of foreign powers.Based on historical and itinerary sources, and in a descriptive –analytical manner, the present historical study focuses on some factors which had a role in social unrests during the reign of Nasser-al-din Shah from beginning to the end, and the measures taken by Qajars to establish peace and order. Findings show that the security measures taken by Qajars were mostly based on sending troops to suppress riots, employment of traditional security forces, and imposition of violent punishmentson human agents of the unrest. Given lack of foundations for durable security and inappropriateness of taken actions, social unrest was a recurrent phenomenon during the reign of Qajars.

aying attention to security is one of the requirements of every state. The modernist state of First Pahlavi seriously considered social security from its own perspective. The aim of this research is to describe and analyze social security in the First Pahlavi era. The method is qualitative and historical-analytical one. By using written sources, this research deals with the question: Given the economic, social and cultural policies of First Pahlavi modernist state, how was social security in that era? The findings indicate that in the First Pahlavi era, the most significant task of modernist state, particularly police forces (Shahrbani), was to support absolute power of monarchy and preventing from every kind of political and social movements and legitimate freedoms. It was organized in a way that up-down policies and authoritarian measures of the regime could be implemented in social, economic and cultural dimensions, particularly weakening clergymen, uniform clothes, eliminating Islamic veils, anti-religion measures including destroying religious identity and culture, formal parliament, press censorship, property arrogation, horrible security organizations and so on, were not only the sources of fear and suffocation in society but also indicated the lack of social security in the First Pahlavi society.

o doubt, establishing order and security is one of concerns held by sovereignty and executive institution. This issue has been discussed during history by rulers in the form of specific structures and in most cases, in the form of commands, orders and instructions. In the Teymurid Era, the principles and rules of establishing order and security were emphasized within two norms: Mongolian and Islamic. In the Mongolian tradition, following Genghisian Yasa of which Teymur regarded himself as its inheritor, beside Islamic doctrine and Sharia were interwoven and the result was a series of commands, recommendations and rules issued by Teymur. These laws and plans were compiled and written in the famous book "Teymurid Tazukat" by Abu-Talib Hosseini Torbati. The main problem of this research is the amount of accordance between Teymur's recommendations and his emphasize on Mongol and Islamic traditions regarding Teymurid king's performance. The main question of the article is: What is the relationship between Teymur's statements in Teymurid Tazukat and the Teymurid king's measures in society and how this trend took place in the Teymur's substitution period? The findings indicate that in different periods, the Teymurid king's performances towards social order and security were different according to their policies and authorities. Also these conditions in the era of Teymurid dynasty decline caused the trend of establishing social order and security by Teymur could not taken place and it was neglected.