جنگ جهانی اول

With the beginning of the First World War, the Ottoman Turks, with the help of the Germans, proposed the idea of a great Islamic Jihad against the Allies in order to put pressure on the Russians and the British on different fronts. The goal was to exploit the capacity of Islamic anti-colonial movements and threaten the interests of the Allies with Islamist slogans. This article tries to analyze the process of issuing Ottoman jihadi fatwas against the Allies and its effect on the political and military participation of the Muslims of the world by using Ottoman Turkish sources and the archives of the Ottoman Prime Minister. The findings of the research show that as a result of the issuance of five fatwas, the tension between the people of Muslim countries and the Allies increased, especially in the Caucasus region, and several local uprisings were formed in Azerbaijan and North Africa against the Allies. But the declaration of Jihad did not fulfill all the expectations of the Turks. This plan was accompanied by extensive propaganda and left a great spiritual impact in Islamic societies, but it did not lead to significant achievements in the field. Because Osmani did not have a strong political, financial and military support to advance the Great Jihad, and the territorial reality and the formation of Arab nationalist movements had largely overshadowed the slogans of the Islamic Union of Turks. Also, most of the Islamic governments were against involving their country to protect Ottoman interests and analyzed the World War as an opportunity to end the centuries of Ottoman Turks showing power in their borders.

The outbreak of World War I between the Maghreb states affected different countries of the world. Iran, like some other countries, could not escape the effects of this war, and this conflict had several consequences for Iran, the most important of which was the German influence in Iran, which was able to drastically change the course of contemporary Iranian history. The issue of this research is the study of German influence and how this influence in Iran. To investigate this issue, the research question is what was the way or factors of German influence in Iran? Relying on the theory of influence, it can be hypothesized that Germany has tried to influence various aspects of Iranian society in different ways. In this process, political and military factors had the greatest application and influence in expanding German influence in Iran. This research is a library method and based on the method of historical research, ie, descriptive-analytical, seeks to answer the question and understand the factors affecting German influence in the First World War in Iran.

During the First World War, Mustafa Asim Bey was appointed as the Ottoman ambassador in Tehran. The Ottoman diplomatic apparatus in Iran was responsible for persuading Iranians to join forces with the Ottomans, to cut off the Russians from Azerbaijan, and to help advance Ottoman military goals in Afghanistan and India. In order to achieve these goals, Asim Bey and his associates believed in soft politics with influence among the constitutionalist men and tribes of western Iran. But the Turkish military, led by Rauf Bey, believed in an aggressive policy with violence in order to neutralize the propaganda of the Allies. Two policies that led to a serious challenge between the Ottoman military and diplomats in Iran and put the policies of the Great Turks under the spotlight, including the Islamic Union plan. Despite Asim Bey's efforts, Iran did not join the alliance plan with the Ottomans, Akbar's jihad did not achieve its goals in Iran, and the subversive policies against the Russians and the British in the west and southwest of Iran did not succeed.During the two years that Asim Bey was the Ottoman ambassador in Tehran, he had various correspondences with the Highness in Istanbul and the Ottoman and German political and military officials. This article has been compiled according to the documents left by Asim Bey, which are kept in the Records Organization of the Republic of Turkey, and aims to analyze the challenges of the Ottoman Turks' diplomatic system in Iran from the point of

In examining the editorials of the Iran newspaper in the winter of 1297 AH, the authors' attention to the necessity and process of reforms in Iran is remarkable. It should be noted that World War I had a profound impact on Iran. The disintegration of the political and administrative organization, the effects of famine and disease, and the weakening of social and economic infrastructures had all made the situation critical. In the years after the war, the need for reforms was felt among politicians in society, but there was no clear plan for this. On the other hand, the failure to convene the Fourth Parliament as a place for discussion and decision-making for the future of Iran added to the problems. Different individuals and groups did not have the opportunity to present their various opinions. In the meantime, the Iran newspaper, as a semi-official media outlet of the government, opened the door to discussion in this field. In the winter of 1297 AH (1919 AD), this newspaper asked various experts to present their proposals for necessary reforms in Iran. Nine long and short texts from people with different views were published in this newspaper, which is the main basis of this research. In this regard, by examining these texts and categorizing the concepts raised in them, we seek to clarify what aspects of change the elites of society considered necessary at that time and which issues they considered a priority. This study, using a qualitative research method and a descriptive-analytical approach to the content of these articles and several texts accompanying them, shows that, according to experts, the priority was to carry out reforms in the administrative organization and to improve economic performance in the field of trade and agricultural production.

The massacre of 150,000 Qashqai’s during the occupation of Iran by the Allies would have erased the Qashqai clan from the scene of the times and put the Qashqai name on the pages of history. Time was passing quickly; military planes were full of explosives and the armed forces under the command of Marshal Jahanbani were ready to encircle the Qashqai’s. A moment of delay was enough to change the fate of one of the Turkish clans. To prevent the massacre, Jamal Hassanu Tarai suggested to the British ambassador in Tehran that we can settle the Qashqai’s in Turkey. But for some reason, this proposal was rejected, and a military attack was put on the agenda. The Turkish ambassador prevented this huge tragedy from happening due to his close relations with Marshal Jahanbani and some officials, as well as persuading Khosro Khan Qashqai to compromise with the British ambassador. In 1963, the Turkish ambassador wrote his memoirs under the title "Hidden Leaf of Contemporary History" in Cumhuriyet newspaper. What you will read ahead is an unknown page of Qashqai history and of course a brief description of the political situation in Iran in 1943. İranın müttəfiqlər tərəfindən işğalı zamanı 150 min qaşqayın qətlə yetirilməsi Qaşqay tayfasını zamanın səhnəsindən silib, Qaşqay adını tarix səhifələrinə yazdıra bilərdi. Vaxt sürətlə keçdi, hərbi təyyarələr partlayıcılarla dolu idi və general-leytenant Cahanbaninin komandanlığı altında olan silahlı qüvvələr qaşqayları mühasirəyə almağa hazır idi. Bir anlıq gecikmə türk tayfalarının birinin taleyini dəyişməyə kifayət edə bildi. Qətliamın qarşısını almaq üçün Camal Husnu Tarai İngiltərənin Tehrandakı səfirinə təklif etdi ki, biz qaşqayları Türkiyədə məskunlaşdıra bilərik. Amma bəzi səbəblərdən bu təklif rədd edildi və hərbi hücum gündəmə gətirildi. Türkiyə səfiri general-leytenant Cahanbani və bəzi məmurlarla yaxın münasibətləri, habelə Xosrov Xan Qaşqayı Britaniya səfiri ilə güzəştə getməyə razı salması sayəsində bu böyük faciənin qarşısını aldı. Türkiyə səfiri 1963-cü ildə “Cümhuriyyət” qəzetində “Yaxın tarixdən gizli qalmış bir yarpaq” adı ilə xatirələrini yazıb. Qarşıda oxuyacağınız yazı Qaşqay tarixinin naməlum səhifəsi və təbii ki, 1943-cü ildə İrandakı siyasi vəziyyətin qısa təsviridir.

Despite the outbreak of the Second World War (1318-1324/1939-1945) between the United States (Germany, Italy and Japan) and the Allied States (Russia, England, Japan and America), the flames of war and the economic consequences and crises following the war, It also affected some other countries. The entry of Allied troops (especially Russia and England) into Iran in Shahrivar 1941/1320 and the removal of Reza Shah from the throne show that Iran has been affected by the effects of World War politically as well as socially and economically. Russia, in addition to occupying the northern provinces of the country and monitoring the government offices of these areas, monitored the entry and exit of goods and food items and even the movement of people in these areas. The British also had influence and colorful presence in many parts of Iran, especially in the south. The presence of foreigners in Iran and the problems of the Iranian governments in providing the items needed by the people, caused 12 cabinets to come to work within 4 years. This instability of governance and frequent changes were affected by inefficiency in crisis management. Among these crises, the crisis of lack of basic items (such as wheat, sugar, tea, fuel and oil) stood out more. According to the researches that have been done before in the field of lack of basic items such as wheat, sugar, and sugar, the focus of this article is on tea as one of the most consumed basic goods of the people. The spread of tea consumption in the Islamic world has been taking place over many years with ups and downs. In tracking the spread of tea consumption and the hierarchy of distribution of its consumption from the courtiers to the middle classes, various issues such as historical, social, jurisprudential and cultural changes and developments of Islamic societies should be taken into consideration. The popularization of tea consumption in Iranian society, like other Islamic countries, has come a long way from the 10th to the 13th century AH/16-19 AD. The peak of the popularity of tea, at the cost of the abandonment of a more traditional drink, namely coffee, mainly took place at the end of the Qajar era (Metin, "The History of Tea in Iran", 2018, pp. 1 and 2). Despite the innovativeness of the subject of this article and the lack of relevant and independent research background in the field of the tea crisis at the mentioned time, there are cases that mainly use a descriptive approach to express the importance of tea consumption and status among Iranians. Including the article "Tea" written by Peyman Metin, which was published in 2018 in the Big Islamic Encyclopaedia, it has provided valuable information in the field of etymology, the history of tea consumption and cultivation, and the status of its consumption among Iranians. Also, in the article "Tea Preparation Tools" published in the previous work, Nasim Moqrab introduces tea preparation tools at the beginning of tea consumption. The article "Analysis of the evolution of Iranian taste from coffee to tea in the Qajar era" by Sohaila Torabi Farsani and colleagues, has discussed the importance of tea consumption in Iran during the Qajar era and the factors influencing the change of Iranian taste from coffee to tea. The article "Looking at the history of tea and the role of Kashif al-Sultaneh in the revival of this industry in Iran", written by Emaduddin Fayazi and colleagues, has examined the process of planting tea and its arrival in Iran. Contrary to such researches, which have described the place and importance of tea consumption among Iranians, the present research is dedicated to why and how the tea crisis occurred in Iran compared to World War II and the strategies of Iranian governments to control this crisis.   In expressing the importance of this research, aside from the close connection between the lack of basic items and the economic crisis and the need to benefit from historical experiences in economic studies, the place of tea in the Iranian society of those days and the effect of the tea crisis on the lives of Iranians at that time should be considered. . The consumption of tea in Iranian society compared to the Second World War was so high that tea along with sugar was the country's highest import figure. Due to this, Reza Shah was able to finance the construction of the north-south railway from the tax on sugar and tea. At this point, despite the prevalence of tea cultivation and the activity of several domestic tea processing factories, a significant amount of tea was imported due to the impossibility of meeting the country's needs internally or the poor quality of domestic tea.   This research, relying on the contents of documents and newspapers and with a descriptive-analytical approach, tries to answer the question of why and how the tea crisis occurred in Iran during the years 1325-1320. The hypothesis of the research is that external and internal factors have been effective in the emergence and escalation of this crisis, respectively. Factors such as the sharp decrease in the amount of tea imports, the intervention of the Middle East procurement center in the import of tea, the control of the allies over Iran's affairs and the taking of transportation facilities were involved in creating the tea crisis; Also, factors such as hoarding, corruption of government officials, failure to properly implement the government's decisions and measures to resolve the crisis, and monopolization of this commodity were effective in the escalation or consistency of the tea crisis in Iran.

From the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1906 until the end of Qajar rule in 1925, Iran experienced a prolonged period of political weakness and instability. During this time, the western regions of Iran, particularly Kurdistan, faced significantly greater instability and insecurity compared to other areas. The revolt of Salar al-Dawlah in western Iran, occupying of northern parts of Kurdistan by Ottoman forces and the successive occupation of Kurdistan by hostile foreign forces during World War I resulted in widespread poverty and disorder in the region. This research aims to examine the impact of political changes during this nearly 2 decade on agriculture, rural life, and the population of Kurdistan. Utilizing data mining and analysis of archival documents, as well as historical and library sources, this study seeks to answer the question: How significantly did the events of this period contribute to the destruction of human resources of Kurdistan and its marginalization during the Pahlavi era? The findings indicate that the devastation of villages, economic resources, and human casualties in Kurdistan was more severe than in other parts of Iran. Many villagers and nomads were either killed on the battlefields or migrated to Mesopotamia and other regions. As small landowners weakened, some landlords aligned with the state seized more villages, leading to the emergence of a new class of landowners.

 With the outbreak of the First World War, due to its geopolitical situation and the establishment of Russian forces since 1909/1288 AD, Azerbaijan was unintentionally involved in the conflicts and wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Before the war, Ottomans had strengthened their positions against the Russians because Azerbaijan, especially the western corridor of Lake Urmia, was considered a strategic and suitable route Tsarist Russia to reach Mesopotamia and the warm waters of the Persian Gulf. In the spring of 1295 AH, the whole region was gradually occupied by the Russians, and the last attempt of the Ottomans to capture the positions of the Russians in the West of Azerbaijan under the title of Dillman (Salmas) war between Russia and the Ottomans in May 1295 AH led to the defeat of the Ottomans. At the same time as the Dillman War, the Assyrians and Ottoman Armenians revolted in Anatolia. The return of the Ottoman forces to Eastern Anatolia led to the suppression of the Ottoman rebel Armenians. The consequences of this war were mass migration of Ottoman Assyrians to western Azerbaijan, including Urmia and Salmas. This article, written based on Ottoman documents and Iranian sources on a descriptive-analytical basis, tries to answer these questions: what was the cause of this war and the process of the incident, and finally, what were the consequences of this war for Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia?  It was concluded that following this war, the western region of Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia were captured by the joint Russian-Armenian forces. The subsequent events led to various incidents and events for both Muslims and Christians in Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia. It is clear that both the Ottoman countries and Tsarist Russia sought to gain more wealth and power in this region without considering the interests of the Iranian people and their partiality with these groups was temporary and based on their short-term and long-term hidden and overt interests.

 Qazvin is one of the cities that were occupied by the allies in both world wars. During the Second World War, the forces of all three countries, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were present in this city, and Qazvin was used as one of the command centers of the Soviet forces and their main base to control the capital. The presence of the allied forces in Qazvin caused many problems for its residents, the effects and signs of which can be seen in the documents and sources left from that era. The purpose of the current research, which is carried out with aanalytical method and relying on documents and library sources, is to investigate the situation of Qazvin during World War II and wants to answer the question of what consequences the occupation of Qazvin by the allied forces had for This city and its inhabitants have had. The result of the present research shows that the presence of the Allies in Qazvin, which continued from the first days of their arrival in Iran until the months after the end of the World War, caused insecurity, chaos, murder, looting, theft, famine, high prices, smuggling, There was hoarding, disease, conflict and conflict in Qazvin and its surroundings.

he invasion of British, Soviet, and American forces in September 1941 led to the abdication of Reza Shah, resulting in Iran’s involuntary entry into a war that had various implications in political, economic, and social aspects. According to Article B of the Tripartite Agreement, the Iranian government was obliged to place all its communication facilities, including telephone, telegraph, and wireless services, at the disposal of the Allies. Thus, throughout the war, the Allied powers took control of telegraph and postal services. Documents indicate that the unrestricted operation of the Allies in employing the postal and telegraph communication system facilitated their full-scale interference in Iranian domestic affairs, leading to the disruption of the economic system and incurring numerous damages in various sectors of the Iranian economy. This research evaluates and investigates foreign domination over the postal and telegraph systems as an example of these consequences.While in recent years, there has been a growing trend of examining World War II and investigating its causes, backgrounds, and outcomes, many documents and records related to Iran are still preserved in archival centers in the form of data, which can provide a clear narrative of Iran’s situation during and after the war. The present research aims to investigate the conditions of Iran in this period through the lens of the postal and telegraph situation, relying on the available documents in Iranian archival sources. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What were the effects of the Tripartite Agreement imposed on Iran, as a result of the occupation during World War II on the state of Iran's postal and telegraph services? What was the significance of interference in postal and telegraph services for the Allied governments? How did the Iranian government react to foreign interference? This research endeavors to provide clear answers to these questions by using documents and analyzing historical data.

This article uses a descriptive-analytical approach. The subject is initially described comprehensively and then a historical analysis is conducted by utilizing the documents available in Iranian archives.

Following the occupation of the country by foreign forces during World War II, internal affairs in Iran were severely disrupted, and as a result, key sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industry, railways, postal and telegraph services, and foreign trade suffered serious damage. These events took place due to the presence of Allied forces. The Allies, through interfering in various political, economic, and social spheres during the war, took control of the country's vital administrative arteries, not only causing disruptions but also inflicting significant financial losses. One of the important economic sectors of the country was the postal and telegraph communication system, which, albeit at great expense, arrived in Iran with British and Russian support and it was a significant source of government revenue. With the occupation of Iran, this source of income fell into the hands of the Allied powers, leading to a decrease in its revenue. Disruption in the operations of merchants and traders, who relied on the postal and telegraph system to conduct business within and outside Iran, resulted in their financial losses. Reduction in the level of services provided by ministries, departments, and organizations related to economic and financial matters, as well as the reduction in the government revenue due to people’s payments for postal and telegraph expenses, are among the consequences of Allied interference in this crucial communication sector. With the occupation of Iran, not only did the postal and telegraph lose its role as an income source, but significant financial burdens were also imposed on the Iranian people and government.

Based on the research findings, the Allies, using the Tripartite Agreement, laid the groundwork for their direct interference in postal and telegraph services. This led to disruptions in trade, a reduction in the level of services provided by ministries, departments, and organizations related to economic and financial matters, a decrease in Iranian government revenue due to people’s payments for postal and telegraph expenses, and ultimately, a reduction in government revenue from this important economic source.

With the start of the First World War, both sides of Azerbaijan were involved in an unwanted war between the Ottoman and Russian states. With the defeat of the allies of the Ottoman government, it was forced to leave Azerbaijan on both sides of the Aras River, and the field became more open for the invasion of the Armenian armed forces.The Muslim Turks, in front of the invading Armenians, who attacked the Muslim areas to expand their borders, the government of "Araz Turk government" (Turkish Republic of Aras), "Daghlar government " (Republic of the Mountains) in Dagestan, "Qars Islam Shurasi" Kars Republic) in the Kars region in eastern Anatolia and "Akhiska Republic" in present-day Georgia and "Southwest Caucasus Government" (Southwest Caucasus Government) in the Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia and "Azerbaijan Republic" (Azerbaijan Republic / Equality State) ) set up.These states were dissolved after the attack of the Bolshevik Russians and their lands were merged into the states of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia and Turkey.

Kermanshah was one of the strategic places in Iran during the First World War (1914 - 1918). This state was damaged a lot economically and commercially during that war. The research question is how the First World War effected Kermanshah's economic and commercial situation to the end of Qajar dynasty. This research is based on a descriptive-analytic approach using library sources and especially documentaries depending on travelogues and memories. Findings of this research indicate that economy and trade of Kermanshah for owing to factors such as local competent rulers, the policy of the Iranian government, and the commercial allies of Iran was prosperous from the 19th century to the beginning of the First World War. However, with the beginning of the war and the occupation of Kermanshah by the allies and its consequences such as the destruction of agricultural and livestock products, looting and occupation of customs, disturbance in the post and telegraph process, circulation of hostile countries' currency, absence of safety and destruction of infrastructures, the great famine and prevalence of disease after the war made recession in the trade. However, after the end of the war the economy and business in Kermanshah, due to external and internal factors, became prosperous again to the extent that in 1924 it was the most important imported city in Iran.

On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made the region faced with new events. While the Ottomans had officially entered the war, the buffering of Kurdistan between Iran and the Ottomans could not keep Kurdistan away from its consequences. The study tries to explain the causes of the expansion and continuation of the war in Kurdistan, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical sources of documents, local and national newspapers. The investigations showed that the political and religious differences in Kurdistan and the confrontation of nomads with each other, along with the strategic importance of this region for foreign forces were the essancial factors behind the spread of the war to Kurdistan. Also, political instability in Kurdistan, intensification of tribal conflicts, presence of disaffected Sheikhs, competition of hostile governments and finally false promises of independence led to the continuation of the war in the region.

The First World War and the occupation of Iran by foreigners, especially Britain in the south, is an important field in the issue of resistance against foreigners. The people of Bushehr, Tangestan, Dashti and Dashtestan regions were the main focus of these stability. Despite the all-out defense of the people of these areas against the British and their mercenaries, this persistence failed in the end. One of the important issues in this context is the dispersion of local forces and their lack of unity, especially local chiefs against foreigners. The basic question of this research is that what was the nature and positions of the local forces of the above-mentioned regions at this historical point and what effect did it have on their stability against the British? It seems that the different political and economic tendencies and interests of the local chiefs in these areas, the weakness of the central government and the British conspiracies caused the complete and proper exploitation of the potential forces and facilities against the foreigners. This article is done with descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and especially documents. The findings of this research indicate that the conflict of political and economic interests of the local leaders in the south and the fundamental differences between the northern and southern areas of Bushehr along with the British conspiracies became the main factors of the failure of these stability and heterogeneous arrangement against the British.

One of the consequences of the occupation of Iran in September 1941/1320 AD is the spread of leftist ideas in the country. This issue was directly related to the Soviet strategy towards Iran and the chaotic conditions of the country during the occupation period. Although the domination of the Red Army over the northern regions of Iran had provided the necessary conditions for the growth of leftist ideas in these regions, the negative reactions of the Iranian society in the mentioned regions were considered to be one of the effective obstacles in preventing the spread of these ideas in the north of Iran. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors and reasons influencing the formation of negative reactions of the Iranian society against the behavior and political performance of the pro-Soviet left movements in the northern regions of the country. The findings of the research show that factors and reasons such as the occupation of Iran by foreigners and the concern of jeopardizing the political independence and territorial integrity of Iran, as well as the efforts to prevent the division of the northern regions of the country by the left forces, along with the support of the centers of power to these currents to strengthen the nationalism caused in the Iranian society and gradually, as one of the effective factors, provided the grounds for the failure of the pro-Soviet left movements in Iran.

Iran enjoys a strategic and important position, and this issue has been one of the most important reasons that has caused it not to be spared from major world events throughout history. The World War I is one of the events that affected the history of Iran. In the meantime, the role of a large tribe such as the Sanjabi tribe in protecting the homeland is clearly evident. This clan, led by Ali Akbar Khan faced the Russian, British and Ottoman governments and was able to gain credit in order to preserve and prevent the disintegration of Iran. In this article, an attempt has been made to address the question of how Sardar Sinjabi played a role in mobilizing people against the Russian, British and Ottoman governments in World War I by using the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources. The findings of the research show that due to his authority and popularity in the tribe, Sardar Sinjabi played an important role in the formation and organization of the popular mobilization to confront the great governments of Russia, England and Ottoman in World War I.

At the beginning of World War I, Iran decided to adopt a policy of neutrality in foreign policy and international relations. Iran's statesmen thought that by adopting this policy, they could keep the war away from Iran's borders; however, this prediction did not occur and the war entered Iran's territory and caused huge losses to Iranians. Even though for the majority of statesmen, the policy of neutrality was an unquestionable matter and the best strategy to get rid of this devastating crisis, weak voices were reflected in that space, which did not consider this policy to ensure Iran's territorial integrity and national security. This study made an attempt to present some of these criticisms and doubts. The arguments and opinions of the opponents of the policy of neutrality were neglected at that time, but by investigating them, it may be possible to achieve results for Iran today.

In the age of modernism and women’s efforts to transfer their social position, created different characteristics in the type of women’s clothing. The adaptation of Qajar women’s clothing developments to women’s clothing developments in Europe has received less attention and, in this study, matching with British women clothing especially London has not been done. This research tries to answer the question that how much the social effect changes woman in Tehran and London in a period of time in their clothing style, and created a similar meaning of modern woman? The theory, shows the difference of the nature of social changes of two countries and the older history of modernism changes in Britain that revealed in Iran in the form of modernization. The present research is of qualitative type and descriptive method and its approach is comparative art studies. Findings show that developments in women’s clothing does not correspond to the expected social role of contemporary women in Iran. Developments in women’s clothing in Britain in pursuit of greater civil liberties made clothes easier, freer and more in a variety, but in Iran, the changes in women’s clothing were imitative and was not in proportion with social developments. In a way that most changes occurred in woman’s inner clothing that affected some factors like unregulated imports of different textiles and sometimes costs cheap, sewing machine import and etc. It changed to western style like dress, two pieces and etc. and Qajar woman’s outdoor clothing such as veil, mask, was in accordance with common social custom. In other Words, European Women changed their dress in accordance with social activities, but Qajar women were not able to change their social costume in contrast to the tradition of society.

Although Iran declared neutrality in World War II; But following the expansion of the war in the eastern fronts, Iran's neutrality was violated and this country was occupied by the Allies. Regarding the incident of Shahrivar 1320 and the foreign policy of Iran and its allies, many documents and research works have been published; However, it is necessary to investigate the unknown and obscure aspects of this important event. Considering such a vacuum, the purpose of this article is to analyze and explain the hidden angles of Iran's military policy against the occupation policy of the Allies in World War II. According to such a goal, the question that is raised is whether the Iranian government followed a specific military policy beyond its official policy against the occupation of Iran by the allies? What were the components of this policy and how successful was it? The findings of the research show that the government of Iran, in parallel with the abandonment of hostilities and the policy of military surrender imposed by the military superiority of the Allies on Iran, had also adopted a minimal military policy, the purpose of which was to preserve the structure of the army and the military achievements of the Reza Shah period in order to preserve Internal order and security and dealing with threats from foreign enemies and threats from neighbors; Because in case of resistance, the Allies would fear disbanding the army. The research method in this article is the post-objective method.

After the occupation of Iran in World War II, Lorestan was located in one of the main corridors of the railway and the routes of Shoseh north to Jeno, the location of Souq Al-Jishi (adjacent to Kermanshah, Iraq, Khuzestan, and the north of the country) and the presence of clans with capacity Dissatisfaction with the central government was noticed by the occupiers. The presence of foreign military forces in Lorestan quickly caused disturbances and unfortunate consequences from the economic and social points of view.In this review, we will discuss why and how the allied military forces entered the Lorestan region and also study the consequences of their presence from an economic and social point of view. The results of the research show that after the defeat of the Lorestan mixed brigade (subordinate to the 6th division of Khuzestan) and the occupation of Khuzestan, the allied forces entered the region from the south of Lorestan without resistance. The presence and operations of these forces gradually caused insecurity, lack of food, famine, inflation, and disruption in education in some areas of the region. These issues had long-term effects on the lives of cities and villages.