خلیج فارس

The port of Bushehr in the Persian Gulf is a treasure trove of history and civilization that has witnessed significant events over the centuries. This article explores the ancient heritage of this port and its role in archaeology. Archaeological excavations in Bushehr, which began in the late 19th century, were led by German, French, and Iranian scholars. These investigations led to the discovery of Elamite tablets and inscriptions, offering new insights into Elamite history and civilization. French archaeological missions, headed by Maurice Pézard, unearthed unknown chapters of Elamite history on the northern shore of the Persian Gulf. These discoveries highlight the significance of Bushehr as a major cultural and historical center in the region. Yaghmai’s excavations at the Achaemenid palaces of Sang-e-Siah and Bardak Siah, played a crucial role in unveiling hidden aspects of Achaemenid history and reviving the national identity of Iranians in the southern and coastal regions of the Persian Gulf. Overall, this article demonstrates that Bushehrs strategic location has made it a focal point for regional powers throughout history, and archaeological explorations in the province, including Dashtestan, have yielded valuable information about ancient Iranian civilizations.

Shahdad is one of the prehistoric sites in southeastern Iran, where the discovery of a large number of objects related to daily life, especially ceremonial objects, from a cemetery indicate that the city had an important place in the interregional exchange during the Bronze Age. A group of stone objects from Shahdad are objects made of chlorite stones. Chlorite stone objects are scattered almost throughout the eastern and northeastern regions of Iran, and these examples in Susa, Tepe Yahya, various sites on the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia, and the north of the Arabian Peninsula led to the invention of the term “intercultural” for them, but with the discovery of their main production center in the Jiroft Plain, this theory was rejected and archaeologists applied the new term “Jiroftian” to this group of objects. Chlorite stone is found in dark green, black, and gray colors, and its mines are found in several places in Kerman, including the Orzueeyeh Garden Tower. All three colors of chlorite are seen among Shahdad objects which this article deals with.

The period of 1320s is considered as an important era of Iran's contemporary history with lots of turbulence. Plentiful number of remarkable national and international events distinguishes this time section. During this decade some parts of the country witnessed the formation and evolution of several separatist, sectarian and tribal armed risings and unions. Consequently these groups could successfully take a few vast territories under their control for a while. Therefore investigating the entity, objectives and agents of the mentioned challenging movements can light up some unknown angles of Iran's contemporary history and especially the era of Mohammad Reza Shah. Accordingly this research tries to find out the intentions and activities of minor union of southern landlords led by Fath Allah Khan Hayat Davoudi in 1325. Finding out the reasons, factors and backgrounds of the formation of the union makes up the main question of the survey. Study findings which are achieved by the newly found documents approve that this armed rising was not a real nationalist movement and basically was designed by the central government in order to confront the separatist manoeuvres by the Toudeh Party and Democrat Communion supported by Soviet Union in north west of country. When the other sects were suppressed and the occupied territories were evacuated, the southern unions in cooperation with Qavam's cabinet, retreated and after delivering the weapons, the lords were forgiven. This research follows descriptive_ analytic method and library resources and archived documents of SAVAK were applied to accomplish the survey.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, two powerful and nationalist figures came to power in Germany and the Ottoman Empire. Wilhelm II came to power with the slogan of modern politics in Germany and Sultan Abdul Hamid II with the slogan of Islamic unity in the Ottoman Empire. Both personalities wanted economic, military and industrial progress in their empires, which led to cooperation between the two countries in the Berlin-Persian Gulf railway project. On the other hand, at this time, the Persian Gulf suddenly became the arena of conflicts and colonial rivalries of powerful European states, including Germany.The main issue of this research is to study and explain the reasons for the construction of the Berlin-Persian Gulf railway by the Germans and the reasons for their failure in this project. This article has been done using descriptive-analytical method and documented text analysis and using historical sources. The findings of the study indicate that the Germans, after failing in the Persian Gulf by sea, thought of infiltrating the Persian Gulf by land and by rail, but due to the lack of strong allies could not succeed in this project good luck.

One of the most important potteries used in Persian Gulf (Middle East) maritime trade with a large part of the ancient world, including the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, and finally the country of Thailand. (Suriname ship cargo) earthenware jar called Torpedo-jar or storage jar. Although this type of pottery was dated by most researchers to Sassanian era, this type was used in trade and burial from the Parthian period to early Islamic era or 3rd century BC to 9th century AD (Kennet, 2004: 85). The most important feature of these types of jars is the coating of bitumen on its inner surface. So far, archaeologists have not succeeded in finding a kiln for the production of this type of pottery, so it is very important to know the place of pottery production and the bitumen mine used in them.  In this article, using the method of geochemical laboratory studies and a comparative study, the bitumen samples taken from the torpedo jars from the south and southwest of Iran were investigated. In this research, 15 pieces of pottery with tar coating belonging to the archaeological excavations of Siraf and Mahruban ports on the coast of the Persian Gulf (south of Iran), related to the Sassanid and Islamic period, and samples from Shush and Shushtra region from the Parthian and Sassanid periods were selected.The sample of the Susa area is from the Iran National Museum and belongs to the archaeological excavations of Susa region, the sample of Ivan-i Karkheh is related to the Dezful region, and the sample of the Dastova area is also related to the Shushtar region in Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran. All bitumen samples were analyzed geochemically with the aim of determining the origin of bitumen in its specialized laboratories in Europe and America. The main result of the research shows the use of bitumen from the bitumen springs of Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam and Kermanshah provinces in the studied pottery (Fig.1).

The southern shores of the Persian Gulf are considered a significant and strategic region from political, military, and economic points of view. This strategic significance drew the attention of Western colonial governments, particularly the Portuguese to try to dominate trading hubs and ports of this region. Thus, colonial forces easily dominated many of these regions by the beginning of the 10th century AH. Nevertheless, the people of these areas, especially the Shiites, did not remain silent in the face of foreign powers and organized numerous uprisings against them. This study aims to explore the emergence of anti-colonial struggles led by the Shiites along the southern shores of Persian Gulf, using a descriptive-analytical approach based on library sources. It examines these struggles through the viewpoint of Ted Robert Gurr’s “Relative Deprivation Theory”. The findings reveal that several key factors contributed to the formation of these anti-colonial movements, including the weakening of the economic and commercial life of the Shiites, the oppression and violences committed by colonial powers, anarchy and lack of social security, and finally the weakening of religious values.

With the formation of the Saljuq government of Kerman during the 5th century AH, and especially since the Saljuq king Turanshah; Gradually, an important transformation took place in the economic structure of the southern regions of Iran and the trade between the ports and islands of the Persian Gulf with other commercial centers outside the borders of Iran, such as the ports of the subcontinent of India and China. Therefore, the present article, using the historical method and using library studies, aims to analyze the results of the relations between the Saljuq rulers and the local Rulers of the Persian Gulf on the trade situation in the southern regions of Iran. The findings of the research indicate that the support of the Saljuqs of Kerman.to the kings of Bani Qaisar of Kish not only strengthened their political power, but also caused this island to become more and more prosperous and replace Siraf.

The Bushehr Bazaar is one of the oldest bazaars on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf. The history of this bazaar dates back to the founding of the Bushehr Port during the Afsharid period, and it further evolved during the Zandiyeh and Qajarid dynasties. During the Pahlavi era, the Bushehr Bazaar underwent numerous ups and downs. Although it had lost its past prosperity, it fell under the strong influence of the dominant discourse of modern Iran, to the extent that other institutions were influenced by it.The purpose of this article, with a focus on the Bushehr market during the Pahlavi era, is to shed light on the aspects and set of supervisory actions of the Pahlavi I government. At the same time, attention has been paid to the question of how the Pahlavi government controlled and supervised the Bushehr market. The Bushehr Iranology Foundation Archive and the National Documents Center and newspapers form the main basis of this research. Newspapers such as the Persian Gulf and Koshesh are among the sources used in this research. A descriptive-analytical approach has been used to advance the research question. These sources have provided new and fresh information about the research. Finally, it seems that in addition to being the center of gravity of commercial and economic activities during the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, a variety of goods from around the world were offered in the Bushehr market and it was influenced by trade relations with India and the attention of European powers. With the rise of the Pahlavi I, the Persian Gulf commercial hub was transferred from Bushehr to Khorramshahr and Bandar Shahpur, but Bushehr still thrived. The Pahlavi government intensified its supervision of the market by creating new institutions such as the Municipality and the Finance Department, and tried to bring Bushehrs economy under its control. The governments policies on commodity smuggling, commodity pricing, combating overpricing and under-delivery, and addressing food shortages indicate an attempt to regulate the market and address peoples livelihood challenges. In times of crisis, such as the upheaval caused by the fall of the government in September 1941, which led to the collapse of Irans political and economic stability and had negative impacts on the Bushehr market, the government took immediate action, such as drafting by-laws and supervising guilds, to bring order to the chaotic market. They tried to meet peoples needs by importing items such as sugar and wheat. Meanwhile, the government carried out its supervisory activities through the Municipality, which was the driving force behind the Bushehr market. Therefore, in order to supervise the market, the government had to take important steps such as a series of deterrent actions to control commodity smuggling, price commodities in the market, regularly visit shops, census shops, address shortages such as food shortages, and confront hoarders and overpricers, organize active guilds in the market, and organize and prepare a charter for coffee houses, cookhouses, and barbershops.The Bushehr Chamber of Commerce also improved the situation by liberalizing monopolized goods such as sugar, sugar cubes, and tea. Commercial ships, and even English ships, docked at the Bushehr pier and unloaded their cargoes, which included sugar, wheat, and other essential items. This led to an increase in the flow of goods into the Bushehr market.The collective efforts of the municipality and market inspectors yielded positive results. Food shortages were largely addressed, and more items were made accessible to the public. Similar measures were taken to reduce the prices of other essential commodities. Despite these efforts, challenges persisted. A scarcity of bread and cereals led to public discontent. The shortage of rice also resulted in hoarding and economic strain on citizens. To address these issues, rice was imported from other cities, and rationing of sugar was implemented.The Bushehr Municipality and the Finance Administration, along with other institutions, made relentless efforts to improve the situation. Regular health inspections and supervision were part of these efforts. However, the market remained unstable, and complete satisfaction among the people was not achieved, but these same actions in the field of market services and its non-closure as the economic center and the beating heart of the city were achieved.