جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "دوره ی قاجار" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

After a period of political instability, when Qajar dynasty took power, Iran experienced an apparent stability. Understanding the backwardness of Iran in the Naseri period, Amir Kabir and Mirza Hossein Sepahsalar, two reformist chief ministers, tried to remove the obstacles of development and reform everything pertaining to industry, communications, and culture. Applying a descriptive-analytical method and using documentary sources, newspapers, and primary sources, the study tried to answer the questions: What effects did Amir Kabir and Mirza Hossein Sepahsalar’s reforms have on the industry, communications, and culture in Naseri Iran? What are the similarities and differences between the reforms made by Amir Kabir and Sepahsalar? Amir Kabir and Mirza Hossein Sepahsalar identified the weaknesses of industry, science and culture as the reasons of underdevelopment of Iran. Regarding the industry element, both of them tried to modernize industries by establishing factories and industrial zones. The approach that Amir Kabir took in industry domain was establishing modern European industries financed by Iranian investors and supporting local industries, but Sepahsalar was interested in European countries and granting them the concessions of constructing the industrial zones. Regarding the communications, both of them tried to make post offices with specific regulations. This led to the flourish of businesses. Moreover, their program in establishing new schools with modern fields of study, industry, and newspapers, resulted in a huge group of people educated and trained in various fields.

After developments in military technologies in Qajard period, the importance of warm weapons was added and cold weapons found less use in wars, but their production continued in limitted quantity because of other side applications. During this period, various kinds of cold weapons were used in battlefields, such as bladed weapons, knockers and pounders, throwing wapons, and some tools for capturing castles. The focus of research is on daggers, knives and PishQabzes which all of them have sharped bladed but short ones. The main purpose of this article is investigating features of the daggers, knives and PishQabzes, and function of these weapons, the possible relationship between their decorations and their warlike or ceremonial functions, in order to have better understanding and recognition all of these weapons and their evolutions during Qajar period. In this regard, answering these questions was considered: what are the characteristics of forms; motifs, themes and techniques decorations in the daggers, knives and PishQabsez in Qajar period? How is the relationship between the quality and quantity of decorations with the function of those weapons? This research was conducted by a historical-descriptive and analytical approach; and the founding methodology based on library resources and field studies on 17daggers, 17knives and 3PishQabzes Which are mainly from museums inside and outside of country. The results of research show that these weapons vary by scales and levels of curvature of blades. The various parts of these weapons are decorated with vegetal-geometrical, human-animal and inscriptive motifs, and decorated mostly by gilded and metal emboss working and enamel techniques. Vegetable-geometrica and human-animal motifs have feast and party themes and inscriptive motifs have religious, diatribe, charm and literary themes.The execution of decorations motifs mostly by costly and magnificent techniques such as enameling or inlaying on daggars and knives(which didn’t use these techniques on PishQabzes) suggests that these two weapons were used mostly for decoration and not for real use on battlefields in Qajar period.

The system of Waqf not only made many of the valuable spaces and elements of cities; but also has been closely links to religious affairs to the sustainability of urban spaces over time. The Continuity of Waqf with Islam caused considerable attention from society; as in the history of the Islamic period would be seen many schools, mosques, tekyes, caravansaries, baths and markets that product of Waqf. In Kermanshah, the tendency to the Waqf more than the preceding periods has become popular; especially more prosperity with the coming of Mohammad Ali Mirza Dolshah and Emad Al-Dawlah sons and descendants of Fat Ali shah. According to the necessity, this research intends to use historical documents such as the endowments and written works of researchers who have studied in this regard, Analyzed the important elements of architecture and urbanization in city of Kermanshah during the Qajar period.Therefore, the fundamental question of research is Waqf as a religious factor, has played what role in the development and prosperity of the city of Kermanshah during the Qajar period? Considering above issue, it is assumed with the support of the Qajar princes from the waqf system and the economic prosperity created during this period, the waqf of numerous monuments is expanding considerably, as important buildings of the city such as mosques, tekyes, shops and caravansaries have been dedicated. The Waqfs of the city of Kermanshah have played a significant role in the prosperity and development of the city during the Qajar period. During this period, Donors has devoted a lot of buildings that if we remove these buildings from the urban context of Kermanshah, virtually no remarkable building will remain. The only material presence in the form of a mosque, shrine, market or caravanserai is not important; But their significance for the city even more because of their presence as important social and economic institutions.

Climate change trend is at the forefront of global research priorities, so that in the case of rising temperatures in most countries, in particular, the warm and dry climate will be reduced by the presence of people in open spaces and refuge in open spaces. This reduces the health of people and diseases caused by the increase in temperature, in addition, energy consumption in buildings due to long-term use of closed space. Therefore, due to the need to provide climate solutions to improve the air quality of open spaces, this research seeks to measure the level of compatibility of the traditional courtyard with the climatic conditions in the city of Shiraz. In an attempt to answer this question, the use of a set of conditions such as percentage of open space, orientation, sky viewing angles, vegetation, water and specific materials can influence the comfort of heat and the amount of people using space. Therefore, with the aim of determining the priority of the effect of the above components, seven houses of the Qajar period in Shiraz were selected and using the ENVI-met 4 basic software, the thermal comfort level was calculated based on the PMV index. The results of the research indicate that the courtyards of the houses with the lowest visibility of the sky and the area have more shading, resulting in a better external thermal comfort for the inhabitants. However, factors such as shadowing of trees and the effect of moisture in water basins should not be ignored in stretching the rugged air of the central courtyards. The coefficients obtained from the analysis showed a significant correlation between the "average radiant temperature" and "PMV thermal comfort index" in the warm and dry climate of Shiraz. Kay words: Shiraz’s Houses, Climate wisdom, External thermal comfort, Central courtyard, ENVI-met,ghajar era.

Modernity is the main feature of Tabriz carpets, which is a leading city in the revival of contemporary Iranian carpet weaving. The purpose of this study is to explain the historical contexts of Tabriz being scout in the revival of Iranian carpet weaving and the reason for the prevalence of modernism phenomenon in contemporary carpet of this city. Therefore, in this article, at first, examples of modernity in contemporary Tabriz carpets were identified and introduced by statistical study, based on traditional Iranian carpet standards. The results show that realism is the main feature of the design and color of contemporary carpets in this city. The documentary study of the historical context of this phenomenon showed that the acquaintance of the people of Tabriz with modernist ideas through Russia and the Ottoman Empire, business interaction with Caucasus, the vast presence of foreign commercial and political representatives in this city and the presence of carpet merchants and manufacturers in the context of these developments, provided the ground for the influence of modernist currents amongst the production operates of Tabriz carpet. Utilizing emerging technologies, having capable and modern manpower in all aspects of Tabriz carpet production system, provided the ground for the city to take the lead in accepting and reflecting modernist ideas in production carpets.

During the age of Ghajar, some of the western architecture’s elements were imported to Iranian architecture. At first, these elements influenced the imperial and aristocratic constructions and then they moved to public places, residential buildings and the religious constructions. Before the time that this technique comes to Iran, our architecture language was not changed yet. Up to those years the changes were just to repeat some elements or getting ideas from the constructions and make a new one in a traditional style. So the entrance of these elements and their combination with the traditional Iranian architecture made a different style and new buildings were made based on this style. one of these buildings is the mosque and school of Sepah Salar (Martyred Motahhari). It’s the first and the largest mosque and school in Tehran and it’s the nearest construction to the style of Istanbul’s mosques in this paper, Historic architecture of mosques in different periods studied, the architectural features European architecture so the course will examine the impact of Qajar Iran. The research method is an analytic method and the information is collected through the libraries and fields. The findings show the evolutionary procedure of the components. Sepahsalar mosque and school are two buildings from Ghajar dynasty which changed compared with other buildings that built before them. Mirza Hosseein Khan Sepahsalar built these school and mosque which followed this idea from presented in Ottoman embassy. These buildings are the symbols of integration of Iranian and Western architecture which shows priority of Iranian architect. When we look to Sepahsalar mosque, Ottoman architecture style is clear. The structure of these buildings inspired of Safavi and Teymoori dynast which mixed by western architect style. This impact can be found in mosque plan, under the dome, the dome is located on the bald half, lots of minarets, the clock tower, the arches in the façade, carved on the base of the minarets which designed with flowers and plants, Kofi line used in dome tiles and Building facades which are look like Ottoman dynasty. In addition, we can see these Ottoman architecture styles in designing of building faced, not in structure of buildings. These buildings built by Islamic-Iranian architect style which designed by European style. The method of constructing this building on the half-bones and placing the dome in the dome can be considered an adaptation of the Ottoman architecture and the lightest dome made by the mosques until that time. The most important interaction is in the mosque dome construction technique. This technique can also be seen in the Ottoman architecture. In the bald structure, the dome is placed on the second dome, which is actually larger than the dome, and the upper part and the four parts along the edge of the dome are removed from it. These four components are in the form of four arcs whose surface joins together and form a square. The structure of the bald spine, with its heavy grip on the walls and preventing it from entering the wall itself, makes it possible to create a wide interior space such as the inner space of Ayasofia and the Sepehsalar Mosque. This method of constructing a dome with half baldness was never used prior to the construction of Aesophia. The half-bones not only control the beauty of the dome space, but also control the lateral forces of the dome, and effectively transmit the dome’s weight downwards. With the above interpretations, the impact on the construction of the dome with the baldness method and its localization can be considered as an achievement in the architecture of the Qajar period. So, with the influence of the Sepahsalar mosque from western architecture and the combination of different architectural elements, this mosque can be considered as a link style.

Kurdistan's political and administrative affairs were run by the local Ardalan household and their dependent families, throughout the centuries, one of them being the family of Vaziri. Managing of accounting and aministeative affairs was a main function of the Vaziris in the Ardalan Emirate. By The historical analytic method, this article seeks to examines the ways in Setting up the Vaziri family for the Ardalan government, their position in the administrative structure, political and cultural changes of Kurdistan Ardalan during the first Qajar period.This study shows that the Family of Vaziris had a progressive advance since its first appearance in the Ardalan local government from the Afshari period to the end of the first Qajar period. Members of this family, in addition to establishing a link between the Ardalan emirates and the central government, were active in the political, social, cultural, literary and cultural development of Kurdistan.

Iran is an ancient country with a long history in art and architecture presenting innovative and creative works embedded in different parts. The heritage of effort to ceate wonders representing faith and belief in god and indicator of culture and civilization.The architect artists created mosque for worship ,school for education and Baazar for trade and economic affairs and carvansara for rest of trades and merchants.Iranian baazar is a unified fabric of different elements with a service-trade approach embracing the heart of economics and life in the city.One of these elements is carvansara as the inns on the way dating back to achemenian era.Due to different climates in Iran and distance between cities , the presence of plaes for rest and food provision was necessary without which paving long distances between cities was impossible.In this research ,the history and architecture of and carvansara are paid attention to and carvansara Safrkhani is chosen to get the details of this kind of building and pathology of building.Library documents along with field observations were reied on to get the historical trend of carvansara in Iran and pathologies of this building in restoration. Iranian civilization as other civilizations, convoys were always on the road and traveling. Institutions providing aid stations in certain areas of the road with a long time ago, during the Achaemenid Cyrus was launched. In the words of Herodotus’ invention of Iranians in different sections of roads, stations were set up with Bashgvh guest houses and roads are safe. As always in traffic took place. Number of stations with Sardis to Susa 111 Post Road house number was. “Due to the diversity and beauty of the buildings, many scholars and experts in the field of art, architecture, caravanserais of Iran’s most important architectural landmarks successes and professor of Iranian players in the creation of these buildings have pioneering and Mobtaker. In this article we will cover in this context Caravansary INNS Haj-Safarkhany is studied in this province. INNS can help identify and restore them from being destroyed due to lack of knowledge or forgetting to prevent infection. The introduction and repair and restoration and rehabilitation of caravanserais investigations have been conducted. The research question is: Is this house plan forms the passage of time and changes to street and has changed? In this method, field studies and documentation library and research is descriptive. In general, the evolution and spread of caravanserais in different periods depending on the social, economic, religious, and the acquisition and development has been associated with the above. The inn has held various functions in the past, has caused different names to these buildings is housed in the dictionary, including Karbat, ligaments, and Khan’s tent. Inn combines Caravan (meaning a group of passengers) and house (meaning house or place), in other words we can say that the caravan inn building to accommodate the inn room and porch addition of the clause and the barn and Storage is often called the sheath entrance to the house is a small market and the entrance was a clean room that is dedicated to Karvansalar. Sometimes towers located on both sides of the house and ligaments during the defense and security of the toll taken. Karvansrahayy for keeping horses and cattle that have been used to Rabat, they may watch or ra ra Arab ligament is Pat. Pat way or path past the house, the ligaments in addition to water storage tank and several rooms around the courtyard engulfed and passengers can have one or more nights in the Byasaynd. December Zrpatgan feet and was also the root.

Bathing culture and bathroom in Iran had different functions In addition to its normal health function which explanation and investigation of those functions and dimensions can help us to have a better understanding of Iran cultural history. Thus the problem of this research is to study the aspects، various functions and different dimensions of Iranian bathing culture during Qajar period to answer the question on the features of the Iranian Bathing of that period? The claim of this paper is that Iranian bathing culture during that period had various aspects and roles in addition to its health function in four fields such as health، religious، social and aesthetics which were raised from Iranian and Islamic identity believes and native lifestyle. This paper is trying to show these functions based on descriptive analytical method.