جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "زنان" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The traditional paradigm of "man the hunter" has dominated interpretations of prehistoric gender roles, relegating women to the background as gatherers and caregivers. However, recent ethnographic and archaeological research challenges these stereotypes, revealing that women in hunter-gatherer societies actively participated in hunting and other non-domestic roles. This paper revisits the concept of gendered division of labor in prehistoric societies, exploring evidence from ethnographic studies and archaeological findings to reconstruct the roles of women as hunters. By questioning the male-centric narrative, this study aims to provide a more balanced understanding of prehistoric subsistence strategies and social organization. The findings demonstrate that women, like men, were integral to the survival and adaptability of early human groups, contributing significantly to food procurement and social cohesion.

With the establishment of the Timurid government in the plateau of Iran and the approach of the Timurids to the role of court women in the political, cultural and social arenas, the position of these women underwent a transformation and these effects and the presence of court women can be seen in the paintings of this period. By drawing the faces of the ladies, he tries to show their social status in this age.The purpose of this article is to know the social status of court women in the Timurid period in the paintings on the walls of palaces and illustrated books. This research by collecting library materials in a descriptive and analytical method and extracting information from the paintings of this period, the social status and characteristics of He has drawn a cover and scenes from the life events of the women of the Timurid dynasty. The findings of the research show that painting in Iran during the Timurid period was prominent as an art and is one of the influential sources in historiography, and while it reflected the Iranian artistic spirit by recording the lives of the women of the Timurid dynasty, they were influential and influenced by politics. And the rule of Timurids and the introduction of social status and presenting an image of the dress and some court rituals, showed scenes of the events of the lives of the women of the Timurid dynasty.

 After the fundamental modernizations in the early Pahlavi era, Iranian women’s life underwent many changes. In the meantime, the Gilan region as a connecting bridge between Iran and the northern neighboring countries became one of the important regions in the women's modernization movement. Although this process started after the establishment of girls' educational institutions, it accelerated at the beginning of Reza Shah's rule and the formation of special women's communities in Rasht, that main goal was to promote the cultural and social thoughts of the people, especially women. Among these associations, "Paik-e Sa’adat-Nesvan" magazine, with Roshanak Nodoost management, in 1921-1931 had an effective role in the cultural activities of Rasht. According to the hypothesis of rationalism and modeling of women’s life in other nations, the main goal of the Paik-e Sa’adat- Nesvan was to raise awareness and women's reforms. Now this question is raised, what effect did the Paik-e Sa’adat- Nesvan have on Rasht women’s cultural and social life? The findings of the research show that this publication aimed to create self-confidence among women, break tradition in society, encourage women to new education and fight against injustice in the patriarchal society of that period. This study analyzes and investigates in this field by using the historical and descriptive-analytical approaches. Its data is Paik-e Sa’adat-Nesvan articles, archival documents and library sources. It has focused its investigation on the indicators of education, mothers' health, women’s employment and marriage..

The travelogues of the Qajar period present a narrative of women’s leisure and entertainment, which offers valuable insights into the patterns that govern gender order and its impact on the formation of these patterns. These narratives highlight the position of women within a specific gender discourse, influenced by patriarchal culture, religious beliefs, and traditional norms. In this model of female recreation, the space and place of recreation, the means of recreation, and the behavioral and psychological actions surrounding recreation are shaped by patriarchal gender relations. This research aims to explore how the narratives of women's entertainment in the Qajar era travelogues reflect the effect of gender order on the formation of these entertainment patterns. The hypothesis is that the travelogues, by providing a detailed account, depict women’s entertainment within the context of gender discourse and male authority. This study will employ a descriptive-analytical method.

Feminist historiography, which at the beginning was influenced by positivist approaches to the issue of women, went to historical sources, and then with the help of post-structuralist ideas, made gender the main focus of its historical studies, which sought to expand historical and historiographical issues beyond a specific gender. History studies based on gender were first started by a feminist historian named John Wallach Scott in America. By integrating historiography and philosophy and presenting the gender theory, he discussed the racist use of sexual liberation and proposed gender as an analytical tool for historians. Many researchers and thinkers put this theory as an approach to understanding historical studies in the field of women, and sometimes, regardless of the theoretical foundations of this approach, they used it as the only postmodern theory in the field of women's history studies; Therefore, the article aims to examine the issue of gender in historiography, while introducing Wallack Scott's thoughts, he will reflect on his epistemology and historiography. In line with this purpose, this article explains what propositions and with what kind of epistemological view Wallach Scott proposes gender in historiography in order to understand the meaning of history; while applying post-structuralist thought in criticizing language and denying the natural body based on postmodern feminist epistemology, Scott has presented the theory of gender analysis as a method in historical studies and historiography.

Female waqefs (endowers) has always had a high status among the various groups of Iranian society. Their motivation for endowing includes a vast range of issues. Their endowments have played a significant role in satisfying the needs of society and have been the source of many scientific, cultural, welfare, and health services over the history of Iran. Exploring the content of the endowment documents belong to the women and other endowment deeds is of paramount significance in terms of depicting their presence and participation  in the social affairs of the Qajar era (1210-1344 AH). This study sought to explore the contents of the endowment documents to understand the intentions of female endowers of Amon, Iran, for endowing their properties in the Qajar era. Taking a descriptive-analytical and statistical method, this study focused on the contents of endowment documents and used some historical sources and authentic studies. The results indicated that female endowers of Amol had endowed their properties with religious and social intentions. They have devoted their endowments for mourning, charity, and public benefit affairs, student affairs, and schools of religious sciences. Regarding their social status, the women belonged to the local nobles, merchants, and marketers, religious scholars, and landlords. Accordingly, their endowments have been land, residential houses, shops, and gardens. Their social status in the era has been dependent on the social status of their fathers or husbands (mainly Mollah, Akhond, Mirza, Beig, Sardar, Agha, and Agha Bozorg).

The issue of gender in contemporary Iran has deep ties with politics. The process of politicizing the issue of gender in order to create political legitimacy was started by the Pahlavi regime and then pursued by the opponents of the regime with more intensity for the purpose of delegitimization of it. The delegitimization of the established regime by attacking its gender policy played a central role in building the legitimacy of the alternative system, and on this basis, the gender approach of the Islamic Republic system became one of the most important sources of its political legitimacy. In the upcoming article, we have examined this proposition with a qualitative and historical approach. The findings indicate that within the framework of gender policy, the Islamic system has linked its ideological interests in terms of official supervision in the field of culture and society with the historical approach of Iranian society in relation to ethical considerations in the field of gender and has created a legitimizing policy that has the ability to attract a wide range of society in the most years of the system's life. This policy is the product of a historical process that most of Iran's political forces, due to the combination of the two elements of traditionalism and anti-Westernism, have contributed to its formation.

In the Qajar period, since there were many problems and issues, the spread of superstition raised in the society and it spread rapidly, women were susceptibility to superstition and they showed a-lot tendency towards it. It was inclusive among them and continuous. The practice was generally defined as feminine. This issue had consequences and effects for the society. According on this, the present research investigates the reasons and how women believe and tend to superstition in this period. For this purpose, The ancient method has used. Science was used to describe the discourse environment that forced women to act and believe contrary to reason, and explanations were made based on the paradigm of superstition and it pays attention to this issue from this side. The findings indicate that women in the relations of the traditional system, the society followed a determined path, which resulted in countless problems and sufferings for them if they left or did not succeed in it. In this framework, women could only play the role of wife and mother, the family system, social norms and the legal system arising from this discourse environment, women faced many challenges, the feeling of insecure about their position, lack of financial and emotional independence, lack of identity, illiteracy and ignorance were among the things that women were constantly dealing with them. So, the willing towards superstitions was to compensate for women's practical and social incapacity.

The legal position of women and their presence in production and construction activities is one of the most effective components of social development. In this regard, the tablets of the ramparts of Persepolis contain interesting points about the legal status of women in Parse state during the era of Darius I Achaemenid. The present study, relying on the analytical descriptive method and using archeological evidence and surviving documents, examines the impact of the economy of the Achaemenid Empire on the legal status of women in the Parsa state during the era of Darius I Achaemenid, and seeks to answer the question that the economy of the empire in What effect has this age had on the legal status of women in Parse state? The findings of the research show the influence of the legal status of women in Parse state on the economic conditions and financial policies in the era of Darius I Achaemenid, which had an impact on the legal beliefs towards women and brought new conditions in terms of citizenship rights for women. In the sense that In the process of economic growth and income distribution, the women of Parse state found a strong motivation for economic participation in royal projects and engaged in productive activities alongside men.

During the Qajar era, the familiarity and confrontations of the Iranian society with the Western world and the thought of modernity and awakening and the emergence of internal thoughts and movements of the society that had religious and national motivations caused some changes in the system, structure and political, social and cultural relations of the Iranian society. One of the most important developments in the recent history of Iran was the attention to the political and social rights of women in the society. Constitutional revolution is the only movement that for the first time, paved the way for participation of a wide range of women and organized and consolidated their presence. In this period, women spontaneously formed women’s associations and established schools and magazines as well as experienced an active and prominent presence in other developments of this period. During the constitutional revolution, Iranian women had the opportunity to overcome intellectual and political limitations and show and emphasize their political and social capabilities in the Iranian society by helping the constitutionalists. What is discussed in this article is the social position of women and their role in the constitutional revolution and its achievements. The role of women in political developments in a special period of Iran’s history, i.e. the constitutional revolution, in comparison with other periods, has been more independent from the government and had different achievements in people level.

Social rights are one of the most important issues that have been among the social demands of women during the constitutional period and after. In this regard, and since the constitutional era, magazines were published by the efforts of women, which followed the legal demands of women. These demands were generally in line with gender equality. In a patriarchal society, gender inequality is the result of men’s dominance and women’s subordination and women have less benefits and social positions than men. After the rise of Reza Shah’s government and the spread of western culture in Iran، modern social changes also appeared in women’s society. Under the influence of the modern atmosphere of the Reza Shah period, independent women’s newspapers were published in Gilan. Payk-e Sadat-e Nesvan magazine, one of the most reliable magazines of the Pahlavi period, was managed by Mrs. Roshanak-e Nudoost in 1306 was published in Rasht. In the direction of the modern politics of the Pahlavi era, this publication had a modernist approach and its social components were based on modernity and its civil concepts, such as women’s freedom, civil rights, gender equality and modern schools in women’s society. Th research, using a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to answer the main question, why is the importance of women’s education emphasized in the Payk-e Saadat-e Nesvan magazine? Regarding the freedom of women and their demands, the researcher has put some factors as the basis of his hypothesis. The researcher believes that women’s awareness of the causes of the growth of gender and social inequalities in Iran was formed following the influence of western culture after the constitutional revolution, and familiarity with models such as equality of social rights formed the basis of women’s new ideas in society. Based on the findings of the research, Payk-e Saadat-e Nesvan magazine has condemned the ignorance and illiteracy of women, targeting all sections of the society. This publication considered women’s literacy as a suitable educational model for mothers in order to raise patriotic children and students, manage their husbands and homes and social development of women. This publication also believed that the education of women through the development of new schools for girls.

During the era of Mohammad Reza Shah, when women became more present in social arenas and had various rights, the issue of women and their social presence became one of the controversial issues in society. With Reza Shah’s departure, men took up the pen and challenged the unique privileges given to women by Reza Shah’s government. Especially women working in offices was difficult and bitter for men, maybe because they thought that women had set their foot in this position and intend to occupy their position. But the women were not ready to leave the office desk and return home. That’s why they wanted to answer. In addition to these, other manifestations of women’s presence were also discussed by them or by men. In this article, we tried to represent this intellectual conflict in the city of Isfahan and through the press published at that time.

One of the important sources of Iran’s social history, which narrates unknown topics of Iranian life, is travelogues. Among the issues of concern to travel writers are women and their social status. The issue investigated in this research is the evolution of the role and social position of women, including the political and economic role, the type of clothing, powers, the scope of power, and even the violence applied to them, from the Safavid period to the Reza Shah period, based on the travelogues and newspapers of that time. Since the Safavi era, Iranian women have had a special cover in the framework of religious beliefs and lived in veils, but from the era of Shah Abbas onwards, they became an important political pole and had a direct role in determining the successor of the Shah. In the Qajar period, the strictures regarding the social status of women decreased to some extent. According to the various trips that the Qajar kings took outside of Iran, it seems that the Qajar kings were to some extent looking for changes in the way of life of women, especially the women of the harem. During the period of Reza Shah, the modernists sought to change the mentality of society towards women, and even though the government agreed with women’s education, employment, and optional clothing, society was still not receptive to such concepts. This change and evolution process required time and society’s adaptation to new conditions.

Literature men in Iran have been thinkers in the fields of culture and science, and their thought has always been influential due to their high cultural position. Throughout the history of Iran, women have always been one of the subjects studied and pondered by men literature, and their thoughts in this field have remained as a cultural statement from generation to generation in Iranian culture. Having used descriptive- analytical method and library study and by studying works and poems of some Iranian men literature, in this paper we are going to show the manifestations of the presence of women in the sphere of thought of Iranian men literature. In the study, it was observed that although women have been neglected by Literature men for a long time, but mothers, loyal wives and brave women have always been admired and praised, and even sometimes their position has risen above that of men and has a superhuman appearance. For criticizing the misogynist and anti-feminist thoughts of these poets, the culture of their time and the context of their thinking should also be taken into consideration and a fair judgment should be made.

Feminism is one of the important social movements in the world, which was able to bring about extensive changes in the status of women, but the perception of educated people in different regions of the world about this movement has not been the same. Educated men and women of Iran were also influenced by the intellectual foundations of this movement. The main question is, what was the process of growth and expansion of feminism in Iran from the First World War to the end of the first Pahlavi? And what were the backgrounds of the formation of feminism in Iran and what were the influences of the intellectuals from the feminism movement? The current research aims to explain the feminist requests of women, the supporters, and opponents using the analytical and descriptive method and relying on library sources, journals, and publications. The findings of this study show that feminism formation in Iran were different from the western countries, and women's rights activists in Iran had their own special conditions, which were different from the situation of western women. Therefore, the feminist movement that was formed in Iran was not the same as the western movement. But due to the extensive changes in the status of women after the constitution, a quasi-feminist trend occurred in Iran, which grew after the constitution and the First World War and during the period of Reza Shah and following her trend of modernism, it progressed and continued.

This research deals with the representation of the role of women in the oil nationalization movement until the August 28 coup in the years 1329 to 1332 and tries to investigate the participation and efforts of women as part of the society during the oil nationalization movement. The main concern of the research is finding an answer to the question, "How did women react to the process of nationalization of oil? “The first hypothesis is that, as some sources have written, women were passive and behind the scenes, and did not take a role in the oil nationalization movement. But the second assumption is the opposite of the first assumption, and that is that women were actively present in this process; But historians and researchers have ignored and marginalized them for various reasons. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and the researcher proved the role of women in the oil nationalization movement by relying on archival documents. According to the findings of this research, despite Mosaddegh's government's lack of respect for their demand to have the right to vote, women stayed with the government and the parliament and worked side by side with men in school and university, in factories, in offices and on the street in the path of oil nationalization.

Bahrām II was crowned as the fifth Sasanian king in 276 A.D. When he came to the power and crowned in the court, like his ancestor, Ardaxšīr Bābakān, he tried to depict his victories over the enemies and also his crowning on the rock reliefs in order to legitimize his kingship and stabilize his power. Among Bahrām II archeological and artistic works, his rock reliefs and coins are very various and prominent, compared to his ancestors which shows a change. Also, among Sasanian kings, women’s presence in Bahram II rock reliefs is more seen than any other Sasanian king, especially in his coins. Based on written evidences and in a descriptive-analytical way, the current research aims to analyze the position of women in the reliefs and coins of Bahram II. Based on the written and archaeological evidences, the widespread presence of women in the coins and reliefs of Bahram II -compared with his predecessors- can be attributed to the special status of some court women and their empowerment during the reign of Bahram II.

The era of imposed war and sacred defense is considered one of the most important events in the contemporary history of Iran, and its various dimensions have been analyzed by researchers. With the beginning of the Baathist enemy's attacks, during this period, women also voluntarily started their various activities in front and war support headquarters. The aim of the current research is to examine the components of women's sacrifice in the field of supporting and protecting the warriors during the Iran-Iraq imposed war based on archival documents and oral history interviews that have been published in a book. This research, with descriptive-analytical method, tries to answer the question that the manifestations of women's self-sacrifice in the activities of the war support headquarters during the imposed war included what components? The results of the research show that women in the war preparation and support department took selfless actions in meeting the needs of the warriors, such as providing food, attracting cash donations, helping the wounded warriors, laundry and sewing, which were effective in their own way. By playing their role and as an active element in the society, selfless Iranian women compensated for their lack of presence in the front with these activities and fulfilled their religion, which of course were role players in their own way.

Women’s education is one of the important elements since the time of constitutionalism. The lack of suitable educational facilities was one of the obstacles to the realization of the widespread interest in higher education among girls. Karim Fatemi, one of the educational directors of the second Pahlavi era, knowing the cultural roots of obstacles of the aforementioned problem, realized the importance of girls' high schools in 1343 and designed the educational programs of the school in compliance with the country's educational laws. His effort was to design and launch courses that train specialized skills that will be made students ready for employment opportunities. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical approach, we have analyzed the possible effect of the educational programs of the seven majors and extracurriculars of these schools in improving the students' skills until 1353. The scoring of students entering university, as well as the demand for interns from many institutions, shows the positive effect of the course headings of the programs and extra programs in changing the cultural atmosphere of society regarding the education of women and the use of their specialized capabilities.

Oral history is one of the methods of collecting information in contemporary history. In oral history, there are some approaches give importance and credit to the narratives of activists and consider their mission to hear the voices of groups that have been less in the spotlight. Women are one of the groups that try to play their role in history and reflect it by using oral history, either in narration or in choosing the subject. Therefore, women's oral history can be presented in two main parts: a. When the narrators of the oral history are women, regardless of whether the subjects of the interview are women or men, b. When the subject of oral history is women. In this research, attention has been paid to the second type of women's oral history and it tries to draw attention to the type of women's narration. To improve the content, the book "Mother of Iran" has been chosen as an example, and the discussion of women's narration is explored in this book. He is present with the benefit of reading his book, i.e. oral history, with the benefit of how to explain to me where the plural of the result of that narration is based on an adulterous narration that may be combined with a masculine narration that is very disparate. An adulterous novel, my novel is based on the nature of adultery in a type of person, its context and its personal characteristic are the same, the type of person in it and its circumstances, such as its reasoning and even its reasoning in adultery. A collection of literary works that can be easily analyzed in this context. This is the subject of the issue, so that it becomes completely transparent. The occurrence of adulterous companions and adulterous companions in the process of generating an oral history corpus that often contains a very different language.