ساختار نظامی

In the last and critical years of Qajar reign the lack of a powerful central government caused Reza Khan to reach positions such as “Head of the Cossack Division”, “Minister of War and the commander-in-Chief of the Army (=Sardar Sepah)”, “Prime Minister”, and then he took over the temporary government and overthrew the Qajar dynasty. During this period, Reza Khan issued many declarations that contained various contents about the military, social and political situation of the country. The study and analysis of these declarations makes it possible to understand the causes, factors and the process of his rise to power, the way of changing the monarchy, and the important governmental, military and political changes of Iran in the 20th century. An important part of these declarations is about the military structure of the country, the security situation and its organization, prioritizing the independence of the fatherland, patriotism, establishing order, safety and welfare of Iranians, and social and political priorities. The research question is about:” What points did Reza Khan’s declarations contain about the situation of Iran during the end of Qajar period, and which political and social components did he emphasize? The findings of this research show that the study of the history of Reza Khan’s period from the time he became the Head of the Cossack division to the position of king, in addition to revealing his thinking and activities, also shows the change in his intellectual and political approaches from a soldier to a military ruler.

Islamic conquests in the Khazar territory in comparison to other territories which invaded by Muslims, was faced with failure. Accordingly, the present research,by using the method of historical research, wants to answer the question of what factors had been impressive in failure of Islamic conquests in the Khazar lands? this research reaches to this conclusion that there are some important reason which leading to Muslimschr('39')s failure . this paper wants to say that Muslims couldnchr('39')t conquer khazars land because of  the Khazar military structure, especially its powerful strength in mobilizing forces, superior military equipment, having a defensive fortresses, and they were supported  from Khwarizmians and the Russians besides the possession of a powerful and dynamic economy and the existence of a relative social justice which leading to the general satisfaction of the khazarchr('39')s state and finally their remoteness from the caliphate centers, the existence of natural obstacles and the cold weather of this land were the effective factors On the failure of Islamic conquests in the land of the Khazaria.