صلاح الدین ایوبی

Salah al-Din Ayyubi is the only Muslim sultan who was revised and reworked in the "European medieval imagination" and reinvented in the imaginary history of the Christian-Latin world of that time. It seems that what is "represented" of him in the literature containing the collective memory of Europeans after the 13th century until the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment is not in reality but in the realm of "imagination." This article, with the historical meaning analysis of the narratives in the literary and historical texts of the European Middle Ages, the process of evolution of the representation of Saladin's image in the European imagination during the Middle Ages, and the explanation of the foundations of its semantic transformation in the history of the European imagination, has been considered as the question of this study. The following article is based on "Imagination in History" by Paul Ricoeur and "Medieval Imagination" by Jacques Le Goff. Based on these ideas, the reinvention of the object (Salah ad-Din) was shown by considering the context and time of literary and realist texts of the Middle Ages. It was concluded that in the imaginary history of the Christian-Latin world of the Middle Ages, Saladin was from "another" (Saracen Antichrist) and had become one of "us" (Christian knights).

Saladin Ayubi is one of the great Muslim commanders. He has not only emphasized the military aspect, but also paid attention to the development and expansion of cultural and scientific affairs. The conquest of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Crusaders are among his military actions. On the other hand, he founded dozens of educational centers, including mosques, schools, hospitals, and monasteries, with the help of Khwaja Nizam-ul-Molk Tusi and Nuruddin Zangi. He established numerous schools such as Nasiriyah, Qomhiyah and Sufiyya in Egypt and two Salahiyah schools in Damascus and Jerusalem and other educational institutions and determined endowments for each of them to provide teachers' salaries and students' allowances, accommodation, food, treatment and even provide Free writing software has brought about a tremendous change in education and its systematization. Following him, his relatives and courtiers started building educational institutions and endowed them with sufficient income such as shops, hot springs and agricultural lands. This approach worthy of Salah al-Din Ayyubi and his family became the basis for the training of many scientists in the educational institutions built in Egypt and the Levant. In this article, the author aims to explain and clarify the educational actions of Saladin Ayyubi in a descriptive way and using written sources.

In the middle ages, the Crusaders possessed some parts of the western territory of the Islamic world and continued their establishment until the 6th and 7th centuries. Considering religious teachings regardless of ethnic, political, and religious diversity could have played a strategic role in how Muslims faced the crusaders. The main question of the research is how Islamic unity doctrines in the three periods of the beginning, middle, and end of the crusades influenced the confrontation between Muslims and Christians? Using a descriptive-analytical method, the results of the research indicate that the application of the doctrines of unity on the Islamic side faced some obstacles such as the lack of political cohesion, ethnic diversity, religious fragmentation, and the independent activity of some paramilitary groups like The Isma'ili. Despite all that, sometimes by rereading some common religious doctrines such as the finality of the Prophet (PBUH), the comprehensiveness and superiority of the Islamic religion, the necessity of jihad against the infidels and obeying the ruler, Islamic unity has been accomplished. Changing the political structure in a convergent form with the coalition of some governments in the region by ʿImād al-Din Zangī, the integration of the ideological structure by Nūr al-Dīn Zangī and their integration by Salah al-Din Ayyūbi were the strategies that facilitated the formation of the Islamic United Front and became a model for the Mamlūk sultans.

The purpose of this article is to examine the Christians' view of the Muslims throughout the Crusades. To do this, in addition to echnical sources, newer sources and researches have also been used. After a brief introduction on the reasons, trend and results of the Crusades, the status of the Muslim World at the times of the Crusades and the Christians' view of the Muslims in these periods are discussed. Next, the view of a Crusades eyewitness, the well-known Christian archbishop, William ..., towards Islam and Muslims is dealt with as a case study.