جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فتحعلی شاه » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The role and status of the Pashalik of Baghdad and the Baban Emirate in Iran-Ottoman relations has been mostly neglected. The Ottoman government established the Pashalik of Baghdad sometime after the Treaty of Zuhab (1049 AH/1639 AD). Baban Emirate had relative independence in the Kurdish regions of northern Iraq. For 214 years, from the Treaty of Zuhab to the Second Treaty of Erzurum (1263 AH/1847 AD), Iranian government faced three centers of power: İstanbul, Baghdad and Baban. During these two centuries, the western territory of Iran was exposed to various threats. In the present research, based on Iranian and Ottoman sources, and using the data-mining method and analytical-critical approach, the role and status of the Pashalik of Baghdad and the Baban Emirate in Iran-Ottoman relations has been elaborated. The findings of the research show that when Sultan Mahmud II came to power, a series of reforms began in the Ottoman government, which gradually led to the revival and increase of the influence and power of the Ottoman central government over its eastern provinces. By changing the power structure in Baghdad, the ground was paved for dismantling of Baban's Emirate. With Baghdad's victory over Baban, Iranian-Ottoman relations entered a new phase.

The relationship between religion and politics was affected by relatively unstable political conditions during reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (1212-1250 A.H.). In early years of his rule, there was relative stability, and similar to previous centuries, religion played a traditional role in social developments. Beginning of prolonged wars with Russia and border tensions with Ottomans prompted ulama to revise religious teachings and principles according to the mentioned circumstances and accordingly arranged their relations with the government. The resumption of political stability after the war changed the link between religion and politics once again. The question is how was the relationship between religious leaders and the government considering stable conditions before and after and during it? At the beginning of Fath-Ali Shah’s reign and the first stage of stability, interaction between religion and politics followed a peaceful course and the ulama mostly acted as religious leaders, whereas after the threat posed to realm of religion after war, they adopted a converging policy with the government. After the return of stability, a divergent process followed, and reactions toward government were of critical, protest or indifferent type. Taking a descriptive-analytical method based on resources of this period, our research seeks to answer the above question. In addition to convergences and divergences, the most important outcome of relationship between religion and government during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah was that ulama laid t foundations of theocracy two centuries later by reinforcing the institution of power in the hands of a competent (jame ol-sharayet) faqih.

During the Qajar period, power was the focus of court iconographic paintings. One of the official subjects of court paintings to show the power of Shah Qajar is military paintings which have valuable information as a historical document. This type of painting was commissioned by the court during the reigns of Fath Ali Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar. In military paintings during the reigns of Fath Ali Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah, the king and crown prince are seen on military visits to war scenes. This type of military paintings is one of the official subjects of the court and has a historical reality in the first Qajar period due to the Iran-Russia wars. Considering the importance of military paintings in the Qajar period as a military and visual document of this period, the purpose of this study is to study military paintings and their characteristics and their similarities and differences. The method of the present research is qualitative and the method of collecting information is documentary-library and deals with the hypothetical analysis of the research. The results of the research indicate that this type of painting is a kind of formal painting and court iconography that has been used as a historical document to record events in the first period and to show power in the second period. The presence of the Crown Prince in the military images of both periods emphasizes the legitimacy of the second person of the monarchy.

By applying the policy of appointing his children to states and provincial governments, while expanding his dynasty power throughout Iranian lands, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar created an intense competitive atmosphere among the Qajar ruling princes. The competitions among the three powerful and power-seeking princes of Fath Ali Shah (born in 1203 AH / 1789 AD), i.e. Mohammad Ali Mirza, Abbas Mirza, and Hossein Ali Mirza - were more pronounced. Hossein Ali Mirza was appointed as the governor of Fars and southern regions of Iran under the name of Farmanfarma, ruling in the area until the kingdom of Mohammad Shah. His establishment in Fars led him to be influenced by the ancient kings and Muslim rulers of Fars. During this affectedness of Shiraz court, he took the royal glamorousness and grandeur, and the princes ruling Fars thought of ruling the whole Iranian lands. Until the second period of the Russo-Persian War, Hossein Ali Mirza had always obeyed the central government and demonstrated this citizenship by constantly sending taxes to Tehran. But since then, when the authority of the Shah and Abbas Mirza, the Crown Prince, collapsed, his centrifugal policies increased. He disobeyed the central government by expulsion of Nouri family which was affiliated to the Tehran court, and not paying taxes regularly. After the death of Abbasmirza, Hossein Ali Mirza rose to the position of crown prince against Mohammad Mirza and intensified the competition after the death of Fath Ali Shah, declaring himself the official king of Iran in Shiraz. In spite of the support of the Russian and British governments over the reign of Mohammad Shah and the internal disputes of Fars, Hossein Ali Mirza was defeated by his crowned nephew, Mohammad Shah and surrendered. Via a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study aims to present Hussein Ali Mirza's political-military achievements in Fars to examine his position and role in the early Qajar succession competitions.

In the XIXth century, Sultāniyya plain became an important region; this importance is due to favorable climate, rich pasturage, strategical location, including proximity to Tehran and Tabriz and the borders of Ottoman Empire and Russia. Thus during this period, a large number of evidences were written that show the various aspects of Sultāniyah plain’s cultural landscape. Political condition was required that Fatḥ Alī-Shāh spent several summers in Sultāniyya, he set up an encampment and a palace near the grass or Čaman Sultāniyya. Now, this monument is destroyed completely and remained two mounds with 25 height that are called “Tepeh qaleʿh”. The analysis of historical and cultural context in which the palace was constructed and the study of its architectural structure, can help us to understand the cultural landscape of Sultāniyah in the XIXth century, and also it can be a great step to preserve the actual site or Tepeh qaleʿh. The aims of this paper are why the Qajar chosen and stayed in Sultāniyah and built such palace here, and also the analysis of architectural aspects of this building. This paper shows that the choice of Sultāniyya as a summer residence was initially linked to the military operations against Russia. Hence Fatḥ Alī Shāh built a palace or a summer residence to train the army in the grass or Čaman and called it “Sepehr Barin”. This building contained several spaces that were related to the interconnected elements such as Garden, Qanat, Hamams, yards, mosque and other small constructions around it. Studying this palace beside the other contemporary buildings show that this building was not specified to the women (Haram), rather than it was constructed for political purpose. The Women’s apartment was only a part of this complex and other parts like Divan khāneh and Khalvat khāne was the places for kings and elites.

Qajar kings were of Shi'ite religion and tried to stay loyal to the Shi'ite. Therefore, Shi'ite ulemas were reacting to Qajar kings’ socio-political changes. In fact, Shi'ite ulemas function regarding Qajar period events was due to their jurisprudence thoughts. Consequently, in this study Kashif al – Ghatta’s jurisprudence thought and political function regarding Fath Ali Shah Qajar was taken into consideration to clarify that to what extent Shi'ite Qajar kings sovereignty was legitimate? Findings of the research indicate that Kashif al – Ghatta has accepted Qajar king legitimacy due to political considerations and time necessity. Therefore, his thought, like that of the previous ulemas, is viewed as to legitimize the fair king actions, and Kashif al – Ghatta was interfering in political affairs intending to establish an Islamic government. The result of this thought caused adjustment of Kashif al – Ghatta’s jurisprudence consideration and personal tendencies and acceptance of the legitimacy of Qajar kings and Fath Ali Shah.

Iran was put exposed on the politics and intervention of the European countries on the eve of the nineteenth century, when Iranian politicians were not enough primed to face such a situation because of the undeveloped state of the country along with their own ignorance. The first round of Russo-Persian Wars was one of the most important instances of the involvement of Europeans in Iran, which ended with the imposition of the Treaty of Gulistan with the mediation of the UK ambassador to Iran, Sir Gore Ouseley. This study tried to analyze the role of Sir Gore Ouseley in the events leading to the end of the first period of the Russo-Persian Wars especially the aforementioned treaty. The results indicate that Sir Gore Ouseley acted as a mediator in the negotiations between Iran and Russia since 1227 AH /1812. However, he had an important role in defeating Abbas Mirza's forces in Aslanduz, with his tendency toward Russia and his removal of British officers from the Iranian troops. Promising the reclaim of the Iranian lands by the Russian emperor, and using other promises and threats, he also forced other people to accept the unequal conditions of peace with Russia.

The Qajar period is one of the most important sections of art in Iran. The explicit effects of West art culminated in the age which the painting were also affected. In the Qajar period painting consciously inspired by the art of the Safavid period. In this period, traditional art retracted versus the various effects of western art that was received superficially, and affected the same and contradictory effort for returning to court traditions and following the Western achievements. The result of these efforts, no serious, true and independent return to the traditional format and no complete receipt of western academic achievements, but its expression came superficially eclectic at artwork and Its result is nothing but the gradual loss of Iranian method and copying the works of the masters of the Renaissance at the Iranian painters, and creating fusion styles especially in the era of Naseri. The present study aims to investigate the process of influence of Western styles in the Iranian painting from the beginning of Qajar period (1210 A.H / 1795 A.D.) to the end of Naser al-Din Shah rule (1313 A.H / 1895 A.D.) and consequently the approach of Qajar kings and court painters by the descriptive-analytical method and based on recent research and scrutinize and analyze it.

Rusians’ greeds in Caucasus and encroaching upon it and its confrontation with Qajar Iranian elites’ policy to revive Iran’s historical frontiers in the area‚ caused starting Iran - Rusia’s wars first period.Iranian rulers being ill – informed of international policy‚ military infirmity and the English interference‚ led to Goledtan Agreement and separation a larg part of Iranian - Shiite’s areas from Iran territory. But Qajar Govermment‚ specially dignitaries and Abbasmirza in Tabriz Court considered themselves the loser and beign deceived in Golestan Agreement‚ started their diplomatic efforts to take missed lands back. Diplomatic defeat in the way‚ caused Qajars turn to military endeavours by backing of the clerics’ crusading (jihadi) idea‚ to take the lost areas back.In this article‚ we‚ in an analytical – historical method, try to explanate the causes and reasons of starting Iran - Rusia’s second period wars in 1241 A.H. The wars started‚ because the Qajars‚ specially Abbasmirza‚ tried to take missed‚ areas on the basis of Golestan Agreement‚ back. Therefore‚ fath – ali Shah and Abbasmirza tried to ontain the Iranian elites’ and common people’s fiscal – military supporting‚ by inviting the clergy to Iran and receiving them a crusade religious edict (fatwa) and their direct interfering in the wars and by their commanding give legitimacy to the wars against Rusians.