ملی گرایی

Sadegh Hedayat, a Western-leaning intellectual of 13th and 14th century (AH), is a pioneer in the field of modern Persian fiction. He composed several literary works and the historical works has a distinct position within his oeuvre. Enjoying a descriptive-analytical method, this study endeavored to show a depiction of Hedayat's literary works, specially those works with historical contexts and themes. The aim was to explore his attitude towards history, especially ancient Iranian history, and tried to see the status of ancient history in Hedayat's works. It tired as well to find out about his most significant historical components in his approach to ancient history. This study showed the remarkable existance of ancient history in the books. The most fundemanetal historiographical features of Hedayat’s works are nationalist tendency, emphasis on Iranian authenticity, and the rejection of racism and marginalization of non-Iranian elements.

As a new form of writing, playwriting found a significant popularity in contemporary Iran to express modern political and social concepts. In fact, play had the potential to address more audiences than what had the pre-modern classic literature. Focusing on play’s of Constitutional and Pahlavi periods, this essay aims to discuss nationalism as a strong discourse in modern Iran. Playwrights tried to redefine Iranian nationalism with emphasizing on symbols such as the flag, the map, the national anthem and nostalgic look at the ancient past. Their suggestions for strengthening nationalism in Iran have focused on modern education, raising children and defining a modern concept of homeland. What’s more, plays of these two era are not categorize in the same way. During Pahlavi period the central government supported nationalism, thus this concept takes on an authoritarian aspect. In this period, nationalism discourse have been dominant and playwritings influenced by this discourse. A comparative look at the plays of Pahlavi period and the constitutional era shows this discourse turn. This turn has clearly reflected in the approach of plays to the issue of nationalism.

In the 19th century, under the pressure of imperialism and due to the neo-Shinto developments along with the national-aristocracy revolution of Meiji, the empire of Japan came out of isolation and began to carry out the process of modernization. One of the requirements of modernism is globalization and knowledge of the nations and peoples around the world. From this point of view, especially after the formation of pan-Asian ideology, Islamic studies also started in this country. Pan-Asiaism soon merged with extreme Japanese nationalism, and the idea of Hakkoichiu, which was its most extreme form, was dominated by the military. The main data of this research are the articles and research of Japanese people during the Hakkoichiu era, also the approach used in this research is the 19th-century national-global studies that emphasize the interactions and the nature of native culture. The question of the present article is that How Islamic studies from the perspective of Hakkoichiu during the years 1926-1945 was created and what process did it go through? The result of this research is that due to the political conditions of Japan, which was connected to its economic power, indifference towards the Islamic world gave way to large investments not only to study this region but also to attract the support of Muslims to create harmony between Islamic and Japanese values.

In the last and critical years of Qajar reign the lack of a powerful central government caused Reza Khan to reach positions such as “Head of the Cossack Division”, “Minister of War and the commander-in-Chief of the Army (=Sardar Sepah)”, “Prime Minister”, and then he took over the temporary government and overthrew the Qajar dynasty. During this period, Reza Khan issued many declarations that contained various contents about the military, social and political situation of the country. The study and analysis of these declarations makes it possible to understand the causes, factors and the process of his rise to power, the way of changing the monarchy, and the important governmental, military and political changes of Iran in the 20th century. An important part of these declarations is about the military structure of the country, the security situation and its organization, prioritizing the independence of the fatherland, patriotism, establishing order, safety and welfare of Iranians, and social and political priorities. The research question is about:” What points did Reza Khan’s declarations contain about the situation of Iran during the end of Qajar period, and which political and social components did he emphasize? The findings of this research show that the study of the history of Reza Khan’s period from the time he became the Head of the Cossack division to the position of king, in addition to revealing his thinking and activities, also shows the change in his intellectual and political approaches from a soldier to a military ruler.

Archaism is one of the cultural currents, which has played an important role in changing the ruling values and causing chaos in the cultural-political structure of the society during the last century. Therefore, in this paper, while identifying this phenomenon and its components, the tendency of the Tehrani youths towards archaism has been investigated. Documentary and desk study methods were used to collect data for the historical section of the paper, and survey method and questionnaire tools were used for the field section. In the historical section, data analysis has been done using qualitative content analysis method, while in the field section the statistical method has been employed. The results of the research indicate that there is a high level of Archaism among the youths today. According to the findings, 0.8% of Tehrani youths shows a very low level, 17.2% a low level, 31% a medium level, 29.4% a high level, and 21.6% a very high level of tendency towards Archaism.

In this paper, we seek to understand the historical attitude of Afghan historians in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries and what has been obtained from this research shows that in the historical attitude of historians such as Maḥmūd al-Ḥussaynī, Shekārpūrī, Khāleṣ, Nūrī and Rīyāṡī, there is a kind of destiny, historical determinism and sanctity. Moreover, these historians have mainly mythological, ethnic and elitist views towards historical events. Historians such as ‘Alavī, Khāleṡ, Khwāfī, and Rīyāṡī have also emphasized the usefulness, lesson learning, and enlightenment of history. However, with the passing of Feyṡ Muḥammad Kātib as an important turning point in the transformation of historians attitudes towards history, we come to twentieth-century historians who, from Ghobār, Kohzād, Ḥabībī and Kākar to ‘Aṭā’ī, Farhang and Sīstānī, have been more influenced by nationalism, and have given Afghanistan a 5,000-year history with the Aryan race. Based on this view, they have identified different periods of Ariana, Khorasan and contemporary Afghanistan for the history of Afghanistan.

The place of Iranian historical dynasties in nationalistic historiography of the modern era in general, and the image of the Qajar dynasty in the nationalist historiography of the Pahlavi period in particular, are among the reflections of the nationalist approach in modern Iranian historiography. In fact, the nationalist approach, which forms the main aspect of Pahlavi historiography about different eras of Iranian history, became a tool for gaining political and national legitimacy by Pahlavi dynasty,and Pahlavi Shahs, unlike the previous sultans who needed political legitimacy based on religious principles, sought to gain the necessary political legitimacy by abandoning religious principles and values and turning to national values and principles, and in the meantime, history and historiography became a very vital tool for gaining legitimacy, origin and national prestige for the Pahlavi dynasty.The inevitable and major result of this was the politicization and ideology of history and historiography in contemporary Iran, an inconsistent phenomenon that still plagues Iranian academic and non-academic historiography.In this approach, the Pahlavi government extensively tried to show a more ideal and legitimate image by destroying the image of the Qajar government and to introduce the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty as a movement and a national necessity. In the present paper, by examining some of the most prominent nationalisticliterature created in that period, the dimensions and manner of historiography in question with the approach of examining the image of Qajar government in the national historiography of the Pahlavi period have been studied.

In the final years of Qajar tribal government some western- oriented intellectuals gradually brought about the basis of nationalist thoughts in Iran.with the fall of Qajar and overtaking Pahlavi regime cultural centers and organizations tried a lot for institulization of national royalism.Organization of cultivation of thoughts (1317)was the last advertizing and cuttural of Pahlavi regime ,that with the help of six commissions,based and followed its most impotant duty ,regarded exective articales of association,focusing on features such as Roylism and patriotism .the present research,organized on the basis of analytical descriptive method tries to illumiuate field of activities, the role and the amount of success of this organization in instiatuliztion of royalism.as a result the organization of cultivation of thoughts along with promotion of patnotism,introducd and set in its progrom other refelections such as love of historical ,honors,an Aryan racial introduction of Iran to the world and developement of national and langue geunity and tired to lead its progrom in this way.

The growth of capitalist relations in the 19th century and the effects of the growth of socialism led to a shift in women's social status, women's participation, and the rise of feminism in the West. A movement that led to the unification of women around the world and the struggle for equal rights with men. In the 20th century, the use of women force by communist and fascist regimes, along with the growing nationalist tendencies, increased the scope of women's activism in developing societies influenced by relations with the West, such as Iran. As a result, at the same time as the constitutional movement, Iranian women, in an effort to gain a share of their social rights, took steps that had already been seen in the process of the European women's movement. From 1285 to 1342, the spread of modernist and Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to answer the fundamental question of how nationalism in contemmovement and what is the relationship between nationalism and women's rights? The research findings show that nationalism and anti-colonial and anti-authoritarian actions paved the way for women to enter society, and despite the nationalists' enjoyment of women's participation and the affirmation of their social and political freedom, the rights that women demanded; They were not granted, and this led the women's movement to pursue other methods of obtaining their rights. Other legal and socio-cultural practices that have kept Iranian women dynamic in the current century.

Nationalism in the framework of new definitions and influenced by the West is one of the important discourses of contemporary Iranian political and social thought, which was considered by familiar Western thinkers during the 19th century and mainly from the Nasserite era onwards and became quite apparent in the Pahlavi era. Nationalism has various elements and forms in the period under discussion, including archeology, which is associated with a strong attachment to the heritage of the pre-Islamic Iran. Accordingly, the analysis of the relationship between archaism and nationalism and in the more general perspective of nationalism based on archaism and its differences with other forms of nationalism and its consequences is the main issue discussed in this article. Thus, the present study has tried to clarify the dimensions of the subject by analyzing the content of resources related to the library method, by answering the basic research questions in the field of the connection between archeology and nationalism. On the one hand, the research findings show that in addition to the elites of the familiar West, the Persians of India also played an important role in shaping the idea of ​​Archaism and combining it with nationalism. On the other hand, archaism has basically distinguished between the two discourses of nationalism focused on the present and the existing realities and relatively emotional and past nationalism in this period.

To examine Iranian nationalism ideology central elements in the First Pahlavi ageShahrzad Roomz, PhD student in Islamic Iran history, Najaf Abad unitIslamic Azad University, Najaf abad, IranSeyyed Alireza Abtahi (responsible author)Assistant Professor of history group, Najaf Abad unit, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IranNaser JadidiHistory group associate professor, Najaf Abad unit, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, IranAbstractConstitutionalism movement in Iran led to irregularity and chaos rather than democracy governmental establishment since Iran society social, economical, cultural and political beds weren't ready, and foreign countries interfered.In such a condition, to establish security and maintain integrity in country was Iran society the most important necessities. Patterning European countries,Intellectuals found that the best solution for Iran chaos conditions was to reinforce national unity through forming powerful government. In the present study, while examining nationalism in the Reza shah age, and what were nationalism ideology central cimponents inthat period? it is tried to examine this using historical and analytical method relying on valid resources.it is tried to answered to this question which are central elements and components of Iranian nationalism ideology in the First Pahlavi age?It seems that national union, archaeology; Patriotism and Royalism have been Iran main nationalism central components in Reza shah age.

In East nationalism is known as a movement against imperialism and for self- protection. This movement influences the Iranian World – the World which had one cultural and political literature at least in urban societies and elites – and ties the concept of nation to concepts like race, language, territory and history. For nation- building, the Iranian World intellectuals uses new European scientific methods and knowledge. They find it more appropriate for their nation-states’ benefits. Applying new methods developed a new scientific literature that emerged the knowledge of Iranology. This article is used the archaeology of knowledge to study the texts, which introduced Iranian Studies at its early emergence. The hypothesis is even Iranology discourse in Iran is impressed by Orientalism archives, it is affected by the Iranian World’s political and social context. So Iranology appears when Iranian society interacts with modern changes in Iranian World and needs an Iranian identity. Then Iranology actuate Iranian cultural identity to a national cultural identity.

During Reza Shah's reign, the policies of centralization, authoritarian modernity, and national unity led to reforms in the field of education. This period is considered as an important period in the history of Iran due to the efforts leading the society towards modern education in the shadow of nationalism and centralism. The present article seeks to answer this question, "What effects did the nationalist and centralist policies of Reza Shah era have on the situation of schools of religious minorities (Armenians, Zoroastrians and Jews)?" This work implemented a descriptive-analytical method and relied on the available documents. At that time, religious minority schools were affected by these two policies. In some educational programs, schools activities were not in line with the new educational policy, and there was resistance from the minority community, which challenged the schools. The findings of this study show that education among religious minorities was affected by the new changes in terms of Persian language teaching, curriculum, school names, holidays and extracurricular activities. The closure for some schools was permanent and their students merged into public schools, and for some schools, it was temporary (one or more months) until they were required to implement the ministry programs. The reason for their resistance to the new educational policy was the tendency towards educational independence and the fear of losing their identity, and the consequence was the relative control of the government and the dissatisfaction of the minorities with the rule of the time.

The local historiography of the Qajar period changed under the influence of this period's political and social developments. This study examined three indicators in 6 works of local post-constitutional historiography by introducing them: nationalism (archaism), the reflection of constitutional political events in these works, and lack of overseas attitudes and perspectives. This study aimed to determine the extent to which local post-constitutional histories were influenced by the constitutional movement and writers' positions about this. The data was examined using the library method and descriptive-analytical method. The research results indicated that Bakhtiari history and Evaz Delgosha's history were pro-constitutional and somewhat familiar with the concepts of nationalism and reflected them in the same way. Still, the two anti-constitutional works, Asar-al-Reza and Nesf-e-Jahan History, were disregarding nationalism and constitutional events. Two books of Bandar Abbas and the Persian Gulf and the history of Larestan, which have expressed a neutral position, reflected nationalism. Still, they did not address the constitutional events, and in general, did not have a broad and foreign perspective.

The emergence of nationalistic historiography in the contemporary history of Iran has been efficient on the scientific historiography of Iranian historiographers as well as the development of their historical viewpoints towards the history of their country and it has led to the advent or strength of some intellectual trends such as the literary nationalism, authentic writing and archaism.
Among the numerous elements effective on the development of this school, it can be named Orientalogy and Iranology as the most important of them.
This trend led to the semi- national pride and exaggerated superiority complexity of Iranian historiographers and illuminati as well as their interpreting Iran and Iranian civilization as unrealistic and exaggerated and assuming it as the main foundation of all of the world’s civilizations in various eras and underestimating their previous neighbors and knowing them as the reason of annihilation of civility and majesty of old era.
In the present article, it has been investigated this issue from Qajar up to end of Pahlavi the first by taking advantage of descriptive-analytical method and relying on the first and the most important works in regard with Orientalogy and Iranology and later on, it has been studied the mode of emergence of the first nationalistic histories by the Iranian historiographers.

Yusuf Akçura (1876-1935) is one of the most important political figures in contemporary history of Turkey and a prominent ideologue of Turkism/ Pan-Turkism. He played a key role in the development of the Turkish nationalism and the idea of Pan-Turkism among the Ottomans and later on became one of the cultural architects of the Kemalist Turkey. This research, while analyzing the roots of Akçura's idea about Turkism, has focused on the importance of Nationalist and Marxist concepts and themes in his view. For Akçura, Turkism was considered as a tool for realizing his cultural, political and social goals for transition of the Muslim traditional societies to the modern world. Akçura was not an ethno-nationalist but an intellectual-activist who sought to present a roadmap for the modernization of the Turkic Muslim societies in accordance with the Eurocentric modernization model.

The reign of Reza Shah is one of the most important periods on formation the thought basis of modern Iran for governmental attempting to make modern state, westernization, and especially attempting of Reza Shah himself and his intellectuals to connect Pahlavi regime with ancient Iran. At the same time, Nationalism, one of the modern ideologies, gradually has become one of the major elements of Iran’s modernization in the era of Pahlavi I. Additionally, the consequent changes of constitution revolution which made large insecurity and incompetence in political structure of Iran, brought more affection from nationalism and its consequences such as National State for intellectual and political activists to provide Iran with stability, security and development. In this situation, Reza Khan stepped in power scene and achieved reputation via control of military force and establishment of relative stability and security in country. Then, he attempted to become the Shah of Iran with adopting nationalism, in addition to contracting a stable political legitimacy.