جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نوسازی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The policy of centralization and the implementation of modernization programs were put on the agenda in the form of various programs and different forms during the Reza Shah period. During this period, the implementation of programs and laws such as the mandatory duty system, civil registry, the discovery of hijab, the Settlement of nomads, the new judicial system, the registration of documents and properties, tax affairs, and so on. It was necessary to organize the divisions of the country in a modern framework. Therefore, Reza Shah changed the structure of the country's divisions to implement his goals. This research is trying to answer the main question, what was the process of changes in the country's divisions during Reza Shah's period, and what was its relationship with the goals of modernization and centralization in this period? The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on archival documents, periodicals, and written sources. The findings of this research showed that the changes in the field of country divisions in this period greatly increased the political concentration and influence of the government from the provinces to the villages. After that, the modernist policies of the government gained more momentum in various economic, administrative, and educational fields especially the strengthening and development of the new army.

Basically, influence in various forms is one of the methods of subversion and domination over countries. From the genealogical point of view, Iran's enemies throughout history have used different methods to influence the country's management, power and independence. In the recent years, the issue of influence has become very popular in the political literature of Iran. The present article seeks to answer the question of what was the pattern of British influence in Iran during the Qajar period?. Can the answer to this question provide a good knowledge for political management in the present time Based on the collection of documents, library and expert panel, 12 main components and factors in the formation of the pattern of influence in Iran during the Qajar period with the slogan of modernization have been identified. A network analysis based on the Mick Mac software shows that the pattern of British strategic influence in Iran is based on two central factors including arms smuggling, combating the slave trade and piracy (component D) and the creation of freemasonry and freemasons (component H), changing the economic structure and forming dependence (component L) and creating differences and conflicts between social forces (component K) have been under the guise of modernization. In other words, the relationships of the four components of H, D, L, and K among the set of existing relationships show stronger and more effective relationships in the formation of the pattern of failure. Continuity of most of the above components in the conditions and governance of the Islamic Republic of Iran. can also be seen.

Astan Quds Razavi as an endowment organization in line with the goals of Islamic Revolution and emphasizing on Razavi culture and tradition could have an outstanding role in different domains. Participating in the Iran-Iraq war by supporting the frontiers of the war and the presence of its employees in the war are considered important steps in the history and changes of this organization. When Hoveyzeh was taken back in 1982, Astan Guds Razavi proposed and Imam Khomeini ordered the organization to reconstruct it. Considering the facilities, materials and human resources, designing managers tried to design and reconstruct the city according a project timeline. Reconstructing Hoveyzeh in the least possible time and using the best materials and the knowledge of Iranian specialists show undoubtedly Jihadi thought and Islamic management in reconstructing war destructed regions. Investigating different reconstruction steps of Hoveyzeh and the problems it faced, this study sought to answer the questions: Why Astan Quds Razavi started reconstructing Hoveyzeh in the middle of the war? Were the urbanism style, the historical identity, and the urban architecture of the reconstructed city based on the culture of that region? Taking a descriptive-analytical method and using documents on the reconstruction of Hoveyzeh and interviews, the study tried to answer these questions.

In determining and explaining the political and social direction of the newly established constitutional system, Sourasrafil newspaper had a special reading and was influenced by the ideology of modernization and developments. What was the understanding of the writers of this newspaper about the ideology of modernization and transformations and how did they combine it with Islam and Iranian traditions? According to the writings of Sorasarafil newspaper, it can be said that the process of modernization and changes in the form of national government is based on political and social vision. Sourasrafil newspaper emphasizes on components such as people's sovereignty and rule, independence, freedom and legal equality of individuals and assumes the realization of these issues as a necessary condition for the transition to the process of modernization and transformations. In addition, socialism has been mentioned as the ultimate goal and horizon of this political system, which will be realized little by little by reforming the existing situation. This newspaper, with a desire to put an end to religion and a new perception of religion in the form of a monotheistic worldview, has combined socialism with a monotheistic vision and made it the theoretical and philosophical basis of its reading. Although the evidence shows that this integration has not been able to establish a natural connection between these aspects and build a new discourse, but this effort can be mentioned as the starting point of the thought of creating a discourse in the process of modernization and transformations in Iran.

Hassan Hanafi is one of the thinkers whose mental concern was the issue of degeneration and departure from it, and he had a specific civilization plan in this field. This article, with a descriptive and analytical method, attempts to answer this question: what is the main cause of the backwardness of the Islamic world from Hanafi's point of view, and what is his plan to get out of this situation? Based on the findings of the research, Hanafi considered the main problem in the non-renewal of the Muslim cultural heritage and its ineffectiveness in responding to the needs of the time, and based on this, he focused his plan on the renewal of the heritage. This plan consists of three main parts: 1. Our position towards the old heritage; 2. Our position towards the West and 3. Our position towards the current reality. He is trying to reread the heritage, especially the scientific heritage of Muslims, and modernize it based on the current events, by using the modern scientific methods of the West, to provide the ground for the revival and modernization of Islamic civilization. despite its strengths, this plan, can also be criticized from some aspects, the most important of which is the influence of some western schools of thought, intellectual eclecticism in the type of attitude towards religion and its heritage and the method of its renewal, and the harms of the humanistic and practical attitude towards religion and It is a religious heritage.

The laws of the third, fourth and fifth development plans can be considered as the introduction and basis of the most effective development projects in the Pahlavi state. These laws were, indeed, the foundation of strategies that Pahlavi state legislated for advancing development projects and because of that, by studying them we can understand the essence of development plans and the way that government looked at development project. This article by using institutional grammar is going to extract institutional statements and analyze these laws in order to show the essence of these laws according to different aspects of institutional statement such as attribute, deontic, aim, conditions and or else. The findings of the research show that legislation of development plans, the government was placed in the center of the plans as the main factor. In none of the 111 existing institutional statements, non-governmental organizations are mentioned as attribute. Also in 108 statements, deontic has been used. It is worth considering that in deontics, obligation has been mentioned 81 times. This shows mandatory nature of the development plans. In addition, not mentioning any time and place condition in the condition part indicates the generality of development plans that ignore the biological, cultural and social diversity. And the most immediate consequence of such a look, is involving the state in different affairs, putting aside people’s potential forces and rejecting public participation.

Mirza Malkam Khan known as Nazem-Al-Dole is among the thinkers who has written numerous notes and writings about the clergy and their position in the future of Iran. His most important work was Qanun newspaper which from the viewpoint of most experts, it played a very important role in developing the Constitutional Revolution. The present study intends to examine the motivations and intentions of Mirza Malkam Khan in terms of his attention to religion and specially its missionaries, and it also answers the following question: “What was the position of Shia Ulama (scholars) in the analysis of Malkam about the modernization of Iran?” to answer this question, researchers believe that “Malkam’s attitude towards the Ulama should be based on two “motivations” that are the increasing power of the Ulama and the opportunistic character of Malkam (background and context) in line with two “goals” known as modernization and his taking revenge on Qajar court (intention).” In this regard, the paper will distinguish three attitude towards the clergy in Malkom’s political and intellectual career. To analyze the hypothesis of the present study, Content analysis methodology and the conceptual framework of Political Modernity by Maurice Barbie were used.

Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced special challenges and obstacles. In addition, in the Lorestan region, the Ili Haro region itself had more special conditions: due to the social unrest in that region, it was more difficult to establish order and security and to carry out modernization measures.In this article, the implementation of Reza Shah's renovation plan in Haro region is examined through a historical study method to answer the question of what were the obstacles to the implementation of the government renovation program in Haro region and how were they removed? The results show that despite the opposition of influential groups in the region (such as Khavanin Beyranvand), the government implemented the renovation program with measures such as general disarmament, road construction, nomadic settlement, deportation of dissidents, establishment of schools and other cases, with authoritarian procedures. Due to the adoption of non-expert methods of renovation program in the Haro region had some unfortunate consequences in the social life of the people.

This movement was based on the formulation of a set of laws and the establishment of new educational institutions. This article aims to analyze the issue of modernizing the educational system based on the laws approved by the First Islamic Council during the constitutional period. To answer the question, based on which challenges, demands and problems did the representatives of the first parliament formulate the laws and guidelines And review the laws and negotiations of the representatives of the first parliament in relation to the expansion of public education and the strengthening of the country's schools and the change of the old educational structures. Related to education. And what were the most important indicators of educational modernization in the field of schools and teachers? Surveys show that some parliamentarians were trying to prepare the ground for local modernization in accordance with the country's requirements by taking ideas from western educational reforms. This article tries to explain the effect of the parliament on the establishment of new education in Iran by analyzing the debates of the parliament and review the laws and negotiations of the first parliament representatives regarding the expansion of public education and the strengthening of the country's schools and the change of the old educational structures. Also, the examination of these indicators along with the demands and problems of the field of education in a coherent manner in this article shows the continuation of the problems in the next periods and the need to address them

The present study seeks to analyze the consequences of hijab removal in the period of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1300-1320). The main question is whether hijab removal could have an effect on modernization and development? According to the documents, the research method is descriptive-analytical, using theories of development and modernization and the method of data collection is library research. In the era of Reza Shah, due to the efforts of intellectuals, magazines, women and the Shah's visit to Turkey, serious work was done in matters related to women. The development of the country and the need for industrialization, the need for abundant and cheap labor, justified the presence of women in society to meet this need. The findings of the research indicate that the announcement of the law on the hijab removal on December 17th, 1314 by Reza Shah, ostensibly provided the preconditions for the presence of women to advance the goal of Reza Shah's modernization. Building schools and colleges and encouraging girls to study, and publishing articles in women's magazines also helped. Of course, the use of force in the implementation of this law caused opposition and resistance of some people, and in exchange for the women who entered the community with this action, many women and girls also chose forced housework. In fact, with this action, Reza Shah was able to achieve his goal of women's presence in society to a large extent, but he had many positive and negative consequences.

The basis of a civilized and law-abiding society is based on security. Of course, no component is more important to the development of society than the element of security. One of the security organizations is the police organization to regulate and enforce social laws. However, throughout Iranian civilization, numerous institutions have been established to maintain security; but the new system of internal security in Iran dates back to the Qajar era. The modernization of the structure of order in Iran can be considered as one of the achievements of Nasser al-Din Shah's second visit to Europe. By inviting a police advisor, he laid the foundations for a modern police structure in Iran. Accordingly, the present study seeks to investigate the question of what was the necessity of the presence of a police advisor in the modernization of the structure of Nazmiyeh? And what were the consequences? In addition, how is the presence of this advisor in Iran explained in accordance with the three scientific principles of structure and organization management, namely formality, complexity and concentration? Historical studies based on historical documents and sources showed that his actions led to specialization, division of labor, multiplicity and diversification of levels in the organizational hierarchy and focus on decision-making in order and he can be considered the founder of the new police in Iran. Due to the historical nature of this research, the research method relies on the collection and accurate description of data and analysis and explanation of historical events.

The diary of Vakil al-Tawliyyah written by Mirza Seyyed Mohammad Nawab Razavi known as "Nawab Vakil" is one of the important sources for studying the Nasiri era until the middle time of Reza Shah. Meanwhile, "The Four-Hour Journey and the Discovery of Facts", which includes the final part of the memoir, through its critical look at how modernism entered the country and its challenges in religious and cultural fields. It is very important on the type of actions and policies of the Qajar and Pahlavi rulers, which is also the main issue of this article. Accordingly, the author of the present article clarifies different dimensions of the subject by analyzing the content of the mentioned work and using related sources and researches. The study by using a descriptive-analytical approach argues that this work is one of the most important and lesser-known representatives of the traditionalist current, which, with its historical arguments and ingenious interpretations of religious texts and showing the era of Fath Ali Shah as an ideal period, opposed modernization, especially in the Pahlavi era. Of course, relatively personal issues such as following the conservative attitude of Haj Mohammad Karim Khan, the leader of the Sheikh Kerman, the gradual loss of his place in the traditional bureaucracy and the decline of his social and economic status, influenced his approach.

n the process of modernizing Iran's education system, the constitutional period is the beginning of fundamental changes. Various figures, institutions, associations and spectrums of people played a role in this development, but the role of parliamentarians has received less attention. In this article, while examining and analyzing the various opinions in the first parliament in the field of education, we will answer the basic questions of why such positions were adopted in this parliament. What problems did the Iranian society face in the structure of education at that time? And what proportion can be drawn between the laws passed by the parliament, the positions of the deputies and the problems of the society? By formulating these views and positions in the form of indicators related to the field of modernization of the educational system, we try to follow up on the consequences and examine the continuity or rupture of the votes and approaches of the first parliament until the next decades.

 The Nasiri period can be considered one of the most important periods in the history of Iran. During this period extensive contact with Europe awakened the Iranians. Awareness of the developments in Europe had caused the Iranian revolutionaries to call for the strengthening of the means of communication to acquire the components of the power of the Europeans. The press could play a decisive role in awakening Iranians and transmitting the foundations of modernism. From Akhtar's point of view, this study aims to address the importance of the press in the modernization of Iran and to determine in what aspects the press could contribute to Iran's modernization. European developments played a decisive role in introducing modernism. According to the editors of Akhtar newspaper, the press, while leading to the development of other developed countries, facilitated the generalization of knowledge and in domestic affairs, by protecting the law, was introduced as the first mediator of reforms and the language of the nation in the country's progress. In the present study an attempt will be made to examine the position of the press in the modernization of Iran in an analytical descriptive manner based on the contents of the Akhtar newspaper.

Moguls' devastating invation to Baghdad from Holoko with command of Big Khan "Mogoghaan" in 656. Hijri Lunar year, led to slaughter, ruin and destruction of Baghdad. This research, investigate about Ilkhanan's effort on restoration and business boom of Baghdad during 656 H.L until 750 H.L and analize Ilkhanan's causes and motivation in restoration of Baghdad and the effect of political structure and attitude of ruler class indluding Ilkhanan and Ministers on Baghdad's social and economic structure. According to this research founds, in spite of Ilkhanan's effort on construction, economic and social boora of Baghdad, its improvement and development was not satisfactory enough, because of various reasons.

rehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and the explanation of the strategic conditions of the irrigation systemmodernization program, are as the objectives of this research. The present study has aqualitative approach. Data was collected from the archives of documents and otherlibrary resources, based on targeted sampling. To analyze the data, the grounded theorymethod is used. The findings show that, under the conditions of insufficient averageannual rainfall, it was imperative to use artificial irrigation techniques in agriculture. Thedevelopment of commercial agriculture, and the expansion of planting of crops, led tomore attention to artificial irrigation systems. The use of pressurized irrigation systems,along with other traditional irrigation techniques, is one of the most important strategicplans in modernizing the irrigation system. Modern damming, deep and semi-deepexcavation, irrigation network development and rehabilitation, and the integration oftraditional irrigation systems in regional irrigation administrations, including theactivities of an independent irrigation firm in western Iran. Increasing the level ofcultivation of cash products, such as opium, beet and cotton, was based on the importantimplications of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran, utilizingmodern irrigation knowledge, increasing irrigation efficiency, reducing tension andimproving social relations.

The subject is the study of the effect modernization on the status women in social and family in the first Pahlavi rule. This is aimed to response ambiguity that what changes are created during the modernization on the status of women in society and family. The theoretical framework is based on concepts status and role. The status indicate the position of the individual in society and it is the collection of duties and rights. The initial hypothesis is improvement of the status women in this duration. Modernization in duration of Pahlavi the status of women in society and family were revised. For Construction the modern Iran, women were responsible to grow up the new generation that were patriotic and progressive. The motherland and mother were the holy concepts. The monogamous family was highlighted. The marriage law of 1310 was an important step in regulating the relationship between women and men. Education and social-economic participation of women were considered .At the beginning, the women were in society as teacher, mother, typist that were based on gender division of jobs. In middle of period, the other roles that were limited to men were occupied by women such as scouts and pilot. So, these changes ended to enter the women to political at next duration of the Pahlavi rule. Rebuilding women's status as mother led to cooperation of the women in society and increase the social role of the women using the legal proceedings and culture, however the gender attitude created in the period. The data gathering is based on attributive- library and the method is descriptive- analytical.

The objective of modernization of the education system in the Qajar’s and the Pahlavi’s periods were twofold: to acquaint their citizens with modern sciences and train skilled scholars. The sixties and the early seventies saw the culmination of the modernization of the education system in Iran. Due to the national and international necessity of such modernization, the Pahlavi government made the educational modernization as one of its prioritized missions. The mission alongside with its developmental programs was heavily supported and endorsed by the US government. Furthermore, the steep increase of oil prices helped the Pahlavi government to provide the necessary financial backing for the mission and its related programs. After finding the cultural and financial backings, the government started passing and implementing some laws and regulations so that the mission can find its legal ground as well. Some of these laws and regulation had already been included in the Shah’s White Revolution as the revolution’s principles and guidelines and as result, the government held a number of annual conferences to prepare some reports and follow ups on how these principles and consequently the necessary laws and regulations for the mission were being observed and developed. Held between 1968 and 1976, the series of these conferences was called "Ramsar Educational Revolution". Through a descriptive-analytical methodology, the present study aims to analyze the grounds and objectives of the Pahlavi’s modernization of the education system. The study also investigates the resolutions of the Ramsar conferences. The findings of the study suggest that the prime objective of modernization of the education system was to compensate the obsolete nature of Iran’s education system till that time, to supply the country with the skilled manpower and strengthen the legitimacy of the Pahlavi Government. Despite the expansion of the education system in the sixties and the seventies, there were wide ruptures and discrepancies between the aforementioned objectives, the adopted implemental measures and realities of Iran’s contemporary society.